Polarization among the ASEAN member states: a geopolitical analysis

References

• Acharya, Amitav. 1999. “Imagined Proximities: The Making and Unmaking of South East Asia as a Region.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 27 (1): 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1163/030382499X00192.
   Google Scholar
• Acharya, Amitav. 2008. “Four Scenarios of Asian Regional Cooperation. Tokyo.” http://amitavacharyaacademic.blogspot.com/2008/01/four-scenarios-of-asian-regional.html.
   Google Scholar
• Acharya, Amitav. 2014. Constructing a Security Community in South East Asia, ASEAN and the Problem of Regional Order. 3rd ed. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315796673.
   Google Scholar
• Axelrod, Robert. 1997. “The Dissemination of Culture: A Model with Local Convergence and Global Polarization.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 41 (2): 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002797041002001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ba, Alice. 2003. “China and ASEAN: Renavigating Relations for a 21st-Century Asia.” Asian Survey 43 (4): 622–647. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2003.43.4.622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ba, Alice. 2006. “Who’s Socializing Whom? Complex Engagement in Sino-ASEAN Relations.” The Pacific Review 19 (2): 157–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512740500473163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bafumi, Joseph, and Joseph Parent. 2012. “International Polarity and America’s Polarization.” International Politics 49 (1): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1057/ip.2011.34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeson, Mark. 2009. “Geopolitics and the Making of Regions: The Fall and Rise of East Asia.” Political Studies 57 (3): 498–516. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00744.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, Jean-Marc, and Colin Flint. 2017. “The Geopolitics of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative.” Geopolitics 22 (2): 223–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2017.1291503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowles, Paul. 2019. “South East Asian Regionalism and Global Capitalism Revisited.” Pacific Affairs 92 (3): 541–549. https://doi.org/10.5509/2019923541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse, Nikolas. 1999. “Constructivism and South East Asian Security.” Pacific Review 12 (1): 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512749908719277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadier, David. 2019. “The Geopoliticisation of the EU’s Eastern Partnership.” Geopolitics 24 (1): 71–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2018.1477754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, Toby. 2021. “Capitalism, Conflict and Contradiction: South East Asia’s Development and the Reorganisation of Production.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 51 (2): 207–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2020.1734227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Ian Tsung-Yen, and Alan Hao Yang. 2013. “A Harmonized South East Asia? Explanatory Typologies of ASEAN Countries’ Strategies to the Rise of China.” Pacific Review 26 (3): 265–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2012.759260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, Julian, and Alun Jones. 2019. “Geopolitical Teleconnections: Diplomacy, Events and Foreign Policy.” Political Geography 75: 102049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.102049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dent, Christopher. 2006. “The New Economic Bilateralism in South East Asia: Region-Convergent or Region-Divergent?” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 6 (1): 81–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lci127.
   Google Scholar
• Dent, Christopher. 2008. East Asian Regionalism. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203946428.
   Google Scholar
• Dittmer, Jason. 2014. “Geopolitical Assemblages and Complexity.” Progress in Human Geography 38 (3): 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513501405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteban, Joan, and Debraj Ray. 1994. “On the Measurement of Polarization.” Econometrica, Econometric Society 62 (4): 819–851. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951734.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteban, Joan, and Debraj Ray. 2008. “Polarization, Fractionalization and Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 45 (2): 163–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343307087175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foot, Rosemary, and Evelyn Goh. 2019. “The International Relations of East Asia: A New Research Prospectus.” International Studies Review 21 (3): 398–423. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viy015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, Evelyn. 2008. “Hierarchy and the Role of the United States in the East Asian Security Order.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 8 (3): 353–377. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcn011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, Evelyn. 2011. “Institutions and the Great Power Bargain in East Asia: ASEAN’s Limited ‘Brokerage’ Role.” International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 11 (3): 373–401. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcr014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, Evelyn. 2013. The Struggle for Order: Hegemony, Hierarchy, and Transition in Post-Cold War East Asia. Oxford: Oxford Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599363.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Goh, Evelyn. 2014. “The Modes of China’s Influence: Cases from South East Asia.” Asian Survey 54 (5): 825–848. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2014.54.5.825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, Evelyn. 2015. “Evaluating South East Asian Responses to China’s Rise.” China’s Power and Asian Security, 199–213. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315769011.
   Google Scholar
• Gong, Xue. 2019. “The Belt & Road Initiative and China’s Influence in South East Asia.” Pacific Review 32 (4): 635–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2018.1513950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, Xue. 2020. “Non-traditional Security Cooperation Between China and South-East Asia: Implications for Indo-Pacific Geopolitics.” International Affairs 96 (1): 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, Mengchen, and Limao Wang. 2015. “Assessment of Oil and Gas Geopolitical Influence.” Journal of Geographical Sciences 25 (3): 369–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-015-1174-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartono, Arianto Christian. 2021. “The Impact of Geopolitical Influence on Regional Cooperation and Integration in East Asia.” Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 6 (3). https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911211037780.
   Google Scholar
• Harun, Ruhanas. 2015. “Japan: Looking for a Role, But Whither South East Asia in Japan’s Outreach?” The Journal of Defence and Security 6 (1): 70–80.
   Google Scholar
• He, Kai. 2008. “Institutional Balancing and International Relations Theory: Economic Interdependence and Balance of Power Strategies in South East Asia.” European Journal of International Relations 14 (3): 489–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066108092310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrikson, Alan. 2002. “Distance and Foreign Policy: A Political Geography Approach.” International Political Science Review 23 (4): 437–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512102023004007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Wei, Yuejing Ge, Qin Dang, Yu Huang, Yuan Hu, Shuai Ye, and Shufang Wang. 2020. “Analysis of the Development Level of Geo-Economic Relations Between China and Countries Along the Belt and Road.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 12 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12030816.
   Google Scholar
• Huan, Amanda, and Ralf Emmers. 2017. “What Explains the Success of Preventive Diplomacy in South East Asia?” Global Change, Peace and Security 29 (1): 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2016.1259214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Yasheng. 2008. Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511754210.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, Christopher. 2009. “Japan’s Response to China’s Rise: Regional Engagement, Global Containment, Dangers of Collision.” International Affairs 85 (4): 837–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00830.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikenberry, Gilford John. 2016. “Between the Eagle and the Dragon: America, China, and Middle State Strategies in East Asia.” Political Science Quarterly 131 (1): 9–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISEAS. 2021. The States of South East Asia: 2021 Survey Report. Singapore. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/state-of-southeast-asia-survey/the-state-of-southeast-asia-2021-survey-report/.
   Google Scholar
• Jolliffe, Ian. 2011. “Principal Component Analysis.” In International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, edited by M. Lovric, 1094–1096. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_455.
   Google Scholar
• Karim, Mohd Aminul. 2013. “The South China Sea Disputes: Is High Politics Overtaking?” Pacific Focus 28 (1): 99–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/pafo.12003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsumata, Hiro, and Shingo Nagata. 2019. “ASEAN and the BRI: The Utility of Equidistant Diplomacy with China and the US.” Asian Journal of Peacebuilding 7 (2): 333–348. https://doi.org/10.18588/201911.00a088.
   Google Scholar
• Kliem, Frederick. 2020. “Why Quasi-Alliances Will Persist in the Indo-Pacific? The Fall and Rise of the Quad.” Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 7 (3): 271–304. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347797020962620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuik, Cheng-Chwee. 2016. “How do Weaker States Hedge? Unpacking ASEAN States’ Alignment Behavior Towards China.” Journal of Contemporary China 25 (100): 500–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2015.1132714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, Darren, and Zack Cooper. 2015. “Reassessing Hedging: The Logic of Alignment in East Asia.” Security Studies 24 (4): 696–727. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2015.1103130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maoz, Zeev. 2006. “Network Polarization, Network Interdependence, and International Conflict, 1816–2002.” Journal of Peace Research 43 (4): 391–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343306065720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mearsheimer, John. 1990. “Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War.” International Security 15 (1): 107–158. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538981.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mou, Chufu, Limao Wang, Yebing Fang, Qiushi Qu, and Yan Yang. 2017. “Assessment of Geopolitical Influence Based on Climate Change.” Journal of Geography & Natural Disasters 7 (2). https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0587.1000.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, Philomena. 2020. “Managing Security: Reimagining ASEAN’s Regional Role.” Asian Studies Review 44 (1): 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2019.1680605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narine, Shaun. 2008. “Forty Years of ASEAN: A Historical Review.” Pacific Review 21 (4): 411–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512740802294689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, Qi, Shengkui Cheng, Fei Li, Shuwen Zhang, Liang Wu, and Dan Zhang. 2019. “Approach to the Geopolitical Influences of Great Powers in South East Asia: Case Studies of China and the US.” Chinese Geographical Science 29 (2): 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-018-0998-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quayle, Linda. 2018. “Review of The New Asean in Asia Pacific & Beyond, by Shaun Narine.” Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs 40 (3): 527–529. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/714350.
   Google Scholar
• Quayle, Linda. 2020. “South East Asian Perspectives on Regional Alliance Dynamics: The Philippines and Thailand.” International Politics 57 (2): 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-019-00193-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, Robert. 1999. “The Geography of the Peace: East Asia in the Twenty-First Century.” International Security 23 (4): 81–118. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.23.4.81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rymarenko, Margaryta. 2021. “Institutional Strategies in Regional Role Location Process: ASEAN, China, and Great Power Management in ADMM Plus.” International Politics, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00317-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth, Suman, and Mark McGillivray. 2018. “Composite Indices, Alternative Weights, and Comparison Robustness.” Social Choice and Welfare 51 (4): 657–679. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00355-018-1132-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shambaugh, David. 2018. “US-China Rivalry in South East Asia: Power Shift or Competitive Coexistence?” International Security 42 (4): 85–127. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shidore, Sarang, and Joshua Busby. 2019. “One More Try: The International Solar Alliance and India’s Search for Geopolitical Influence.” Energy Strategy Reviews 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2019.100385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey, Ian. 2020. “The South China Sea Dispute in 2020–2021.” ISEAS Perspective. 97.
   Google Scholar
• Stubbs, Richard. 2019. “ASEAN Sceptics Versus ASEAN Proponents: Evaluating Regional Institutions.” Pacific Review 32 (6): 923–950. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1611627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tow, Shannon. 2004. “South East Asia in the Sino-US Strategic Balance.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 26 (3): 434–459. https://doi.org/10.1355/CS26-3C.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, Correy. 2019. “Japan’s Strategic Contrast: Continuing Influence Despite Relative Power Decline in South East Asia.” Pacific Review 32 (5): 863–897. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1569115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltz, Kenneth. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Dong, and Weizhan Meng. 2020. “China Debating the Regional Order.” Pacific Review 33 (3–4): 497–519. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2020.1728576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Shufang, Yuan Cao, and Yuejing Ge. 2015. “Spatio-temporal Changes and their Reasons to the Geopolitical Influence of China and the US in South Asia.” Sustainability (Switzerland) 7 (1): 1064–1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7011064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Shufang, Axing Zhu, Yuejing Ge, Yuli Liu, and Xiao Xue. 2017. “The Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Geo-Economic Relationships Between China and ASEAN Countries: Competition or Cooperation?” Sustainability (Switzerland) 9 (6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9061064.
   Google Scholar
• Wen, Zhao. 1998. “Distance Analysis: A Method for Evaluating Geo-Economic Relationships.” Statistics and Decisions 14 (1): 8–10.
   Google Scholar
• Wirth, Christian. 2015. “Securing Japan in the ‘West’: The US-Japan Alliance and Identity Politics in the Asian Century.” Geopolitics 20 (2): 287–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2014.999155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates, Robert. 2017. “ASEAN as the ‘Regional Conductor’: Understanding ASEAN’s Role in Asia-Pacific Order.” Pacific Review 30 (4): 443–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2016.1264458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimatsu, Hidetaka. 2017. “China, Japan and the South China Sea Dispute: Pursuing Strategic Goals Through Economic and Institutional Means.” Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 4 (3): 294–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347797017733821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Hong. 2017. “Motivation Behind China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ Initiatives and Establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.” Journal of Contemporary China 26 (105): 353–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2016.1245894.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Hong. 2019. “China–Japan Compete for Infrastructure Investment in South East Asia: Geopolitical Rivalry or Healthy Competition?” Journal of Contemporary China 28 (118): 558–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1557946.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar