1,174
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

An evidence-based socioecological framework to understand men’s use of anabolic androgenic steroids and inform interventions in this area

ORCID Icon, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 484-492 | Received 05 Feb 2018, Accepted 06 Jun 2018, Published online: 25 Jul 2018

References

  • Agliata, D., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2004). The impact of media exposure on males’ body image. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 7–22. doi:10.1521/jscp.23.1.7.26988
  • Avilez, J.L., Zevallos-Morales, A., & Taype-Rondan, A. (2017). Use of enhancement drugs amongst athletes and television celebrities and public interest in androgenic anabolic steroids. Exploring two Peruvian cases with Google Trends. Public Health, 146, 29–31. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.01.011
  • Barlett, C.P., Vowels, C.L., & Saucier, D.A. (2008). Meta-analyses of the effects of media images on men’s body-image concerns. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 279–310. doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.3.279
  • Bates, G., Begley, E., Tod, D., Jones, L., Leavey, C., & McVeigh, J. (2017). A systematic review investigating the behaviour change strategies in interventions to prevent misuse of anabolic steroids. Journal of Health Psychology, 0, 135910531773760. doi:10.1177/1359105317737607
  • Blank, C., Schobersberger, W., Leichtfried, V., & Duschek, S. (2016). Health psychological constructs as predictors of doping susceptibility in adolescent athletes. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 7, e35024. doi:10.5812/asjsm.35024
  • Bloodworth, A.J., Petroczi, A., Bailey, R., Pearce, G., & McNamee, M.J. (2012). Doping and supplementation: The attitudes of talented young athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 22, 293–301. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01239.x
  • Boardley, I.D., & Grix, J. (2014). Doping in bodybuilders: A qualitative investigation of facilitative psychosocial processes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 6, 422–439. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2013.766809
  • Brennan, R., Wells, J.S.G., & Van Hout, M.C. (2017). The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: A systematic review. Health and Social Care in the Community, 25(5), 1459–1531. doi:10.1111/hsc.12326
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723–742. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723
  • Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport. (1992). The body image study: A qualitative study of the use of performance-enhancing drugs by non-athletes. Ontario: Canadian Centre for Drug-Free sport.
  • Christiansen, A.V., Vinther, A.S., & Liokaftos, D. (2017). Outline of a typology of men’s use of anabolic androgenic steroids in fitness and strength training environments. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 24(3), 295–305. doi: 10.1080/09687637.2016.1231173
  • Cohen, D.A., Scribner, R.A., & Farley, T.A. (2000). A structural model of health behavior: A pragmatic approach to explain and influence health behaviors at the population level. Preventive Medicine, 30, 146–154. doi:10.1006/pmed.1999.0609
  • Cohen, J., Collins, R., Darkes, J., & Gwartney, D. (2007). A league of their own: Demographics, motivations and patterns of use of 1,955 male adult non-medical anabolic steroid users in the United States. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 4, 12–12. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-12
  • Corbett, K.K. (2001). Susceptibility of youth to tobacco: A social ecological framework for prevention. Respiration Physiology, 128, 103–118. doi:10.1016/S0034-5687(01)00269-9
  • Courtenay, W.H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well-being: A theory of gender and health. Social Science & Medicine, 50, 1385–1401. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00390-1
  • Cramblitt, B., & Pritchard, M. (2013). Media’s influence on the drive for muscularity in undergraduates. Eating Behaviors, 14, 441–446. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.08.003
  • Dallesasse, S.L., & Kluck, A.S. (2013). Reality television and the muscular male ideal. Body Image, 10, 309–315. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.02.004
  • De Savigny, D., & Adam, T. (2009). Systems thinking for health systems strengthening. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Dennington, V., Dillon, P., Finney Lamb, C., & Larance, B. (2008). Qualitative field study for users of performance and image enhancing drugs. Parkside, South Australia: Drug & Alcohol Services Council of Australia.
  • Dolan, A. (2011). ‘You can’t ask for a Dubonnet and lemonade!’: Working class masculinity and men’s health practices. Sociology of Health and Illness, 33, 586–601. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2010.01300.x
  • Dunn, M., Henshaw, R., & McKay, F.H. (2016). Do performance and image enhancing drug users in regional Queensland experience difficulty accessing health services? Drug and Alcohol Review, 35, 377–382. doi:10.1111/dar.12363
  • DuRant, R.H., Escobedo, L.G., & Heath, G.W. (1995). Anabolic-steroid use, strength training, and multiple drug use among adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics, 96, 23–28.
  • Elder, J.P., Lytle, L., Sallis, J.F., Young, D.R., Steckler, A., Simons-Morton, D., … Ribisl, K. (2006). A description of the social-ecological framework used in the trial of activity for adolescent girls (TAAG). Health Education Research, 22, 155–165. doi:10.1093/her/cyl059
  • Evans, J., Frank, B., Oliffe, J.L., & Gregory, D. (2011). Health, illness, men and masculinities (HIMM): A theoretical framework for understanding men and their health. Journal of Men’s Health, 8, 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.jomh.2010.09.227
  • Fussell, S. (1991). Muscle: The confessions of an unlikely bodybuilder. London: Scribners.
  • Golden, S.D., & Earp, J.A.L. (2012). Social ecological approaches to individuals and their contexts. Health Education and Behavior, 39, 364–372. doi:10.1177/1090198111418634
  • Griffiths, S., Henshaw, R., McKay, F.H., & Dunn, M. (2017). Post-cycle therapy for performance and image enhancing drug users: A qualitative investigation. Performance Enhancement and Health, 5, 103–107. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2016.11.002
  • Grogan, S., Shepherd, S., Evans, R., Wright, S., & Hunter, G. (2006). Experiences of anabolic steroid use: In-depth interviews with men and women body builders. Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 845. doi:10.1177/1359105306069080
  • Hanley Santos, G., & Coomber, R. (2017). The risk environment of anabolic androgenic steroid users in the UK: Examining motivations, practices and accounts of use. International Journal of Drug Policy, 40, 35–43. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.11.005
  • Harper, S., & Donnor, J. (2017). Scandals in college sports. London: Routledge.
  • Harrison, K., & Bond, B.J. (2007). Gaming magazines and the drive for muscularity in preadolescent boys: A longitudinal examination. Body Image, 4, 269–277. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.03.003
  • Hawe, P., Shiell, A., & Riley, T. (2009). Theorising interventions as events in systems. American Journal of Community Psychology, 43, 267–276. doi:10.1007/s10464-009-9229-9
  • Hoberman, J.M. (2015). Dopers in uniforms: Police officers’ use of anabolic steroids in the United States. In Moller V, Waddington I, & John M. Hoberman (Eds.), Routledge handbook of drugs and sport. Abingdon: Routledge. (pp. 439–452)
  • Hoberman, J.M. (2017). The hidden world of police on steroids. Austin: University of Texas Press.
  • Hoffman, J.R., Faigenbaum, A.D., Ratamess, N.A., Ross, R., Kang, J., & Tenenbaum, G. (2008). Nutritional supplementation and anabolic steroid use in adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40, 15–24. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a5181
  • Jampel, J.D., Murray, S.B., Griffiths, S., & Blashill, A.J. (2016). Self-perceived weight and anabolic steroid misuse among US adolescent boys. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58, 397–402. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.10.003
  • Judge, L.W., Bellar, D., Petersen, J., Lutz, R., Gilreath, E., Simon, L., & Judge, M. (2012). The attitudes and perceptions of adolescent track and field athletes toward PED use. Performance Enhancement & Health, 1, 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2012.04.002
  • Kanayama, G., Barry, S., Hudson, J., & Pope, H. (2006). Body image and attitudes toward male roles in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 697–703. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.697
  • Kanayama, G., Brower, K., Wood, R., Hudson, J., & Pope, H. (2009). Anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence: An emerging disorder. Addiction, 104, 1966–1978. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02734.x
  • Kanayama, G., & Pope, H. (2011). Gods, men, and muscle dysmorphia. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 19, 95–98. doi:10.3109/10673229.2011.565250
  • Keane, H. (2005). Diagnosing the male steroid user: Drug use, body image and disordered masculinity. Health (London), 9, 189–208. doi:10.1177/1363459305050585
  • Kimergård, A. (2015). A qualitative study of anabolic steroid use amongst gym users in the United Kingdom: Motives, beliefs and experiences. Journal of Substance Use, 20, 288. doi:10.3109/14659891.2014.911977
  • Kimergård, A., & McVeigh, J. (2014a). Environments, risk and health harms: A qualitative investigation into the illicit use of anabolic steroids among people using harm reduction services in the UK. BMJ Open, 4, e005275. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005275
  • Kimergård, A., & McVeigh, J. (2014b). Variability and dilemmas in harm reduction for anabolic steroid users in the UK: A multi-area interview study. Harm Reduction Journal, 11, 19. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-11-19
  • Lin, C.A. (1998). Uses of sex appeals in prime-time television commercials. Sex Roles, 38, 461–475. doi:10.1023/A:1018714006829
  • Lucidi, F., Zelli, A., Mallia, L., Grano, C., Russo, P.M., & Violani, C. (2008). The social-cognitive mechanisms regulating adolescents’ use of doping substances. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 447–456. doi:10.1080/02640410701579370
  • Madigan, D.J., Stoeber, J., & Passfield, L. (2016). Perfectionism and attitudes towards doping in junior athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 34, 700–706. doi:10.1080/02640414.2015.1068441
  • Mallia, L., Lazuras, L., Barkoukis, V., Brand, R., Baumgarten, F., Tsorbatzoudis, H., … Lucidi, F. (2016). Doping use in sport teams: The development and validation of measures of team-based efficacy beliefs and moral disengagement from a cross-national perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 25, 78–88. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.04.005
  • Maycock, B. (1999). Factors contributing to anabolic androgenic steroid related violence. The Journal of Performance Enhancing Drugs, 2, 4–15.
  • Maycock, B., & Howat, P. (2005). The barriers to illegal anabolic steroid use. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 12, 317–325. doi:10.1080/09687630500103622
  • Maycock, B., & Howat, P. (2006). Social capital: Implications from an investigation of illegal anabolic steroid networks. Health Education Research, 22, 854–863. doi:10.1093/her/cym022
  • McBride, J.A., Carson, C.C., III, & Coward, M. (2016). The availability and acquisition of illicit anabolic androgenic steroids and testosterone preparations on the internet. American Journal of Men's Health, [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1177/1557988316648704
  • McVeigh, J., & Begley, E. (2017). Anabolic steroids in the UK: An increasing issue for public health. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 3, 278–285. doi:10.1080/09687637.2016.1245713
  • Michie, S., Atkins, L., & West, R. (2014). The behaviour change wheel. A guide to designing interventions. Great Britain: Silverback Publishing.
  • Midgley, S., Heather, N., & Davies, J. (1999). Dependence-producing potential of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Addiction Research, 7, 539–550. doi:10.3109/16066359909004404
  • Midgley, S., Heather, N., & Davies, J. (2001). Levels of aggression among a group of anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Medicine, Science and the Law, 41, 309–314. doi:10.1177/002580240104100407
  • Monaghan, L.E.E. (2003). Danger on the doors: Bodily risk in a demonised occupation. Health, Risk and Society, 5, 11–31. doi:10.1080/1369857021000069814
  • Morrison, T.G., & Halton, M. (2009). Buff, tough, and rough: Representations of muscularity in action motion pictures. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 17, 57–74. doi:10.3149/jms.1701.57
  • Nicholls, A.R., Cope, E., Bailey, R., Koenen, K., Dumon, D., Theodorou, N.C., … Laurent, J.-F. (2017). Children’s first experience of taking anabolic-androgenic steroids can occur before their 10th birthday: A systematic review identifying 9 factors that predicted doping among young people. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1015. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01015
  • Nicholls, A.R., Perry, J.L., Levy, A.R., Meir, R., Jones, L., Baghurst, T., … Thompson, M.A. (2014). Coach perceptions of performance enhancement in adolescence: The sport drug control model for adolescent athletes. Performance Enhancement and Health, 3, 93–101. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2015.07.001
  • Nixon, D. (2009). ‘I can’t put a smiley face on’: Working-class masculinity, emotional labour and service work in the ‘new economy’. Gender, Work and Organization, 16, 300–322. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2009.00446.x
  • Olrich, T.W. (1999). Perceptions of benefits and losses associated with the use and discontinuance of anabolic-androgenic steroids among male bodybuilders. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 4, 231–242. doi:10.1080/10811449908409732
  • Olrich, T.W., & Ewing, M.E. (1999). Life on steroids: Bodybuilders describe their perceptions of the anabolic-androgenic steroid use period. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 299–312.
  • Overbye, M. (2017). Deterrence by risk of detection? An inquiry into how elite athletes perceive the deterrent effect of the doping testing regime in their sport. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 24, 206–219. doi:10.1080/09687637.2016.1182119
  • Pedersen, W., & Wichstrøm, L. (2001). Adolescents, doping agents, and drug use: A community study. Journal of Drug Issues, 31, 517–541. doi:10.1177/002204260103100208
  • Peters, D.H. (2014). The application of systems thinking in health: Why use systems thinking? Health Research Policy and Systems, 12, 51.
  • Petrocelli, M., Oberweis, T., & Petrocelli, J. (2008). Getting huge, getting ripped: A qualitative exploration of recreational steroid use. Journal of Drug Issues, 38, 1187–1205. doi:10.1177/002204260803800412
  • Pope, H., Kanayama, G., Athey, A., Ryan, E., Hudson, J., & Baggish, A. (2014). The lifetime prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroid use and dependence in Americans: Current best estimates. The American Journal on Addictions, 23, 371–377. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12118.x.
  • Pope, H., Phillips, K.A., & Olivardia, R. (2000). The Adonis complex: The secret crisis of male body obsession. New York: Free Press.
  • Pope, H., Wood, R., Rogol, A., Nyberg, F., Bowers, L., & Shalender, B. (2014). Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: An endocrine society scientific statement. Endocrine Review, 35, 341–375. doi:10.1210/er.2013-1058
  • Ravn, S., & Coffey, J. (2016). ‘Steroids, it’s so much an identity thing!’ Perceptions of steroid use, risk and masculine body image. Journal of Youth Studies, 19, 87–102. doi:10.1080/13676261.2015.1052051
  • Rhodes, T. (1997). Risk theory in epidemic times: Sex, drugs and the social organisation of ‘risk behaviour’. Sociology of Health and Illness, 19, 208–227. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep10934410
  • Rhodes, T. (2009). Risk environments and drug harms: A social science for harm reduction approach. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20, 193. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.10.003
  • Sagoe, D., Andreassen, C.S., & Pallesen, S. (2014). The aetiology and trajectory of anabolic-androgenic steroid use initiation: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 9, 27. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-9-27
  • Sagoe, D., McVeigh, J., Bjornebekk, A., Essilfie, M.S., Andreassen, C.S., & Pallesen, S. (2015). Polypharmacy among anabolic-androgenic steroid users: A descriptive metasynthesis. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 10, 12. doi:10.1186/s13011-015-0006-5
  • Sagoe, D., Molde, H., Andreassen, C.S., Torsheim, T., & Pallesen, S. (2014). The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Annals of Epidemiology, 24, 383–398. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.01.009
  • Sallis, J., & Owen, N. (2015). Ecological models of health behavior. In K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Health behavior: Theory, research and practice (pp. 462–484). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  • Smith, A.C., & Stewart, B. (2012). Body perceptions and health behaviors in an online bodybuilding community. Qualitative Health Research, 22, 971–985. doi:10.1177/1049732312443425
  • Smith Slep, A.M., Foran, H.M., & Heyman, R.E. (2014). An ecological model of intimate partner violence perpetration at different levels of severity. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 470–482. doi:10.1037/a0037316
  • Sniehotta, F.F., Araújo-Soares, V., Brown, J., Kelly, M.P., Michie, S., & West, R. (2017). Complex systems and individual-level approaches to population health: A false dichotomy? The Lancet Public Health, 2, e396–e397. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30167-6
  • Springer, K.W., & Mouzon, D.M. (2011). “Macho men” and preventive health care: Implications for older men in different social classes. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52, 212–227. doi:10.1177/0022146510393972
  • Stilger, V.G., & Yesalis, C.E. (1999). Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among high school football players. Journal of Community Health, 24, 131–145. doi:10.1023/a:1018706424556
  • Stokols, D. (1992). Establishing and maintaining healthy environments. Toward a social ecology of health promotion. American Psychologist, 47, 6–22.
  • Turvey, B., & Crowder, S. (2015). Anabolic steroid abuse in public safety personnel. A forensic manual. London: Academic Press.
  • Van Hout, M.C., & Kean, J. (2015). An exploratory study of image and performance enhancement drug use in a male British South Asian community. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26, 860–867. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.002
  • WADA. (2017). The World Anti-Doping Code international standard prohibited list – January 2017. Retrieved from www.wada-ama.org
  • Westerman, M.E., Charchenko, C.M., Ziegelmann, M.J., Bailey, G.C., Nippoldt, T.B., & Trost, L. (2016). Heavy testosterone use among bodybuilders: An uncommon cohort of illicit substance users. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 91, 175–182. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.10.027
  • Woolf, J., Rimal, R.N., & Sripad, P. (2014). Understanding the influence of proximal networks on high school athletes’ intentions to use androgenic anabolic steroids. Journal of Sport Management, 28, 8–20.
  • Wroble, R.R., Gray, M., & Rodrigo, J.A. (2002). Anabolic steroids and preadolescent athletes: Prevalence, knowledge, and attitudes. The Sport Journal, 5, 1–8.
  • Zahnow, R., McVeigh, J., Ferris, J., & Winstock, A. (2017). Adverse effects, health service engagement, and service satisfaction among anabolic androgenic steroid users. Contemporary Drug Problems, 44, 69–83. doi:10.1177/0091450917694268
  • Zelli, A., Lucidi, F., & Mallia, L. (2010). The relationships among adolescents’ drive for muscularity, drive for thinness, doping attitudes, and doping intentions. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4, 39–52.
  • Zelli, A., Mallia, L., & Lucidi, F. (2010). The contribution of interpersonal appraisals to a social-cognitive analysis of adolescents’ doping use. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 304–311. doi:1016/j.psychsport.2010.02.008

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.