447
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Harm reduction behaviors among polysubstance users who consume ecstasy: can they reduce the negative consequences? An exploratory study

, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 49-59 | Received 21 Feb 2018, Accepted 31 Oct 2018, Published online: 20 Dec 2018

References

  • Allott, K., & Redman, J. (2006). Patterns of use and harm reduction practices of ecstasy users in Australia. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 82, 168–176. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.09.009
  • Barratt, M. J., Kowalski, M., Maier, L. J., & Ritter, A. (2018). Global review of drug checking services operating in 2017. Drug Policy Modelling Program Bulletin No. 24. Sydney, Australia: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, UNSW Sydney.
  • Belackova, V., Janikova, B., Vacek, J., Fidesova, H., & Miovsky, M. (2017). “It can’t happen to me”. Alcohol Drinkers on the 2012 Outbreak of Methanol Poisonings and the Subsequent Prohibition in the Czech Republic. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 34, 385–399. doi:10.1177/1455072517733597
  • Boeri, M. W., Sterk, C. E., Bahora, M., & Elifson, K. W. (2008). Poly-drug use among ecstasy users: Separate, synergistic, and indiscriminate patterns. Journal of Drug Issues, 38, 517–541. doi:10.1177/002204260803800207
  • Bravo, A. J., Anthenien, A. M., Prince, M. A., & Pearson, M. R. & Marijuana Outcomes Study Team. (2017). Marijuana protective behavioral strategies as a moderator of the effects of risk/protective factors on marijuana-related outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 69, 14–21. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.007
  • Bravo, A. J., Prince, M. A., & Pearson, M. R. (2017). Can I use marijuana safely? An examination of distal antecedents, marijuana protective behavioral strategies, and marijuana outcomes. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 78, 203–212. doi:10.15288/jsad.2017.78.203
  • Brunt, T. M., Nagy, C., Bücheli, A., Martins, D., Ugarte, M., Beduwe, C., & Ventura Vilamala, M. (2017). Drug testing in Europe: Monitoring results of the Trans European Drug Information (TEDI) project. Drug Testing and Analysis, 9, 188–198. doi:10.1002/dta.1954
  • Carlson, R. G., Falck, R. S., McCaughan, J. A., & Siegal, H. A. (2004). MDMA/Ecstasy use among young people in Ohio: Perceived risk and barriers to intervention. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 36, 181–189. doi:10.1080/02791072.2004.10399728
  • Chiauzzi, E., DasMahapatra, P., Lobo, K., & Barratt, M. J. (2013). Participatory research with an online drug forum: A survey of user characteristics, information sharing, and harm reduction views. Substance Use & Misuse, 48, 661–670. doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.800117
  • Crean, R. D., Davis, S. A., & Taffe, M. A. (2007). Oral administration of (±) 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and (+) methamphetamine alters temperature and activity in rhesus macaques. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 87, 11–19. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2007.03.015
  • Davis, A. K., & Rosenberg, H. (2017). Specific harm reduction strategies employed by 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetmine/ecstasy users in the United States and the United Kingdom. Drug Science, Policy and Law, 3, 1–8. doi:10.1177/2050324517711069
  • Doumas, D. M., Miller, R., & Esp, S. (2017). Impulsive sensation seeking, binge drinking, and alcohol-related consequences: Do protective behavioral strategies help high risk adolescents? Addictive Behaviors, 64, 6–12. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.003
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2017). European Drug Report 2017: Trends and Developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2016). Recent changes in Europe’s MDMA/ecstasy market, EMCDDA Rapid Communication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2015). European Drug Report 2015: Trends and Developments. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Fernández-Calderón, F., Cleland, C. M., & Palamar, J. J. (2018). Polysubstance use profiles among electronic dance music party attendees in New York City and their relation to use of new psychoactive substances. Addictive Behaviors, 78, 85–93. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.11.004
  • Fernández-Calderón, F., Lozano Rojas, Ó. M., Acedos, I. B., Rojas Tejada, A. J., Giné, C. V., Moragues, E. V., & González-Saiz, F. (2012). Efectos asociados al policonsumo de drogas en fiestas rave [Effects associated with polydrug use at rave parties]. Health & Addictions, 12, 37–59.
  • Fernández-Calderón, F., Lozano-Rojas, Ó. M., & Rojas-Tejada, A. J. (2013). Raves y consumo de drogas desde una perspectiva epidemiológica y psicosocial: Una revisión bibliográfica sistemática [Raves and drug use from an epidemiological and psychosocial perspective: a systematic bibliographic review]. Adicciones, 25, 269–279. doi:10.20882/adicciones.55
  • Fernández-Calderón, F., Lozano-Rojas, Ó., Rojas-Tejada, A., Bilbao-Acedos, I., Vidal-Giné, C., Vergara-Moragues, E., & González-Saiz, F. (2014). Harm reduction behaviors among young polysubstance users at raves. Substance Abuse, 35, 45–50. doi:10.1080/08897077.2013.792760
  • Fernández-Calderón, F., Lozano, Ó. M., Vidal, C., Ortega, J. G., Vergara, E., González-Sáiz, F., & Bilbao, I. (2011). Polysubstance use patterns in underground rave attenders: A cluster analysis. Journal of Drug Education, 41, 183–202. doi:10.2190/DE.41.2.d
  • Gamma, A., Jerome, L., Liechti, M. E., & Sumnall, H. R. (2005). Is ecstasy perceived to be safe? A critical survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77, 185–193. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.014
  • Greene, S. L., Dargan, P. I., O'connor, N., Jones, A. L., & Kerins, M. (2003). Multiple toxicity from 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”). The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21, 121–124. doi:10.1053/ajem.2003.50028
  • Grov, C., Kelly, B. C., & Parsons, J. T. (2009). Polydrug use among club-going young adults recruited through time-space sampling. Substance Use & Misuse, 44, 848–864. doi:10.1080/10826080802484702
  • Halpern, P., Moskovich, J., Avrahami, B., Bentur, Y., Soffer, D., & Peleg, K. (2010). Morbidity associated with MDMA (ecstasy) abuse: A survey of emergency department admissions. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 30, 259–266. doi:10.1177/0960327110370984
  • Hunt, G., Evans, K., Moloney, M., & Bailey, N. (2009). Combining different substances in the dance scene: Enhancing pleasure, managing risk and timing effects. Journal of Drug Issues, 39, 495–522. doi:10.1177/002204260903900303
  • Jacinto, C., Duterte, M., Sales, P., & Murphy, S. (2008). Maximising the highs and minimising the lows: Harm reduction guidance within ecstasy distribution networks. International Journal of Drug Policy, 19, 393–400. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.09.003
  • Kalogeraki, S. (2011). On the benefits and constraints of the web-based illicit drug survey. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6, 239–252. doi: 10.18848/1833-1882/CGP/v06i05/52079
  • Kelly, B. C. (2007). Club drug use and risk management among “Bridge and Tunnel” youth. Journal of Drug Issues, 37, 425–443. doi:10.1177/002204260703700210
  • Kelly, B. C. (2009). Mediating MDMA-related harm: Preloading and post-loading among ecstasy-using youth. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 41, 19–26. doi:10.1080/02791072.2009.10400671
  • Kelly, B. C., Parsons, J. T., & Wells, B. E. (2006). Prevalence and predictors of club drug use among club-going young adults in New York City. Journal of Urban Health, 83, 884–895. doi:10.1007/s11524-006-9057-2
  • Liechti, M. E., Kunz, I., & Kupferschmidt, H. (2005). Acute medical problems due to Ecstasy use. Case-series of emergency department visits. Swiss Medical Weekly, 135, 652–657. doi:2005/43/smw-11231
  • Lim, M. S., Hellard, M. E., Hocking, J. S., & Campbell, K. A. (2008). A cross-sectional survey of young people attending a music festival: Associations between drug use and musical preference. Drug and Alcohol Review, 27, 439–441. doi:10.1080/09595230802089719
  • Martens, M. P., Ferrier, A. G., Sheehy, M. J., Corbett, K., Anderson, D. A., & Simmons, A. (2005). Development of the protective behavioral strategies survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 66, 698–705. doi:10.15288/jsa.2005.66.698
  • Martens, M. P., Pederson, E. R., LaBrie, J. W., Ferrier, A. G., & Cimini, M. D. (2007). Measuring alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies among college students: Further examination of the protective behavioral strategies scale. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21, 307–315. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.21.3.307
  • Matthews, A. J., & Bruno, R. (2010). An investigation of factors associated with depressive symptoms among a sample of regular ecstasy consumers. Neuropsychobiology, 61, 215–222. doi:10.1159/000306592
  • Murphy, P. N., Wareing, M., & Fisk, J. E. (2006). Users' perceptions of the risks and effects of taking ecstasy (MDMA): A questionnaire study. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20, 447–455. doi:10.1177/0269881106063270
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018). MDMA (ecstasy/molly). National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016). National survey on drug use and health: Trends in prevalence of various drug for ages 12 or older, ages 12 to 17, ages 18 to 25, and ages 26 or Older; 2013-2015. National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Palamar, J. J., Acosta, P., Ompad, D. C., & Cleland, C. M. (2017). Self-reported ecstasy/MDMA/“Molly” use in a sample of nightclub and dance festival attendees in New York City. Substance Use & Misuse, 52, 82–91. doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1219373
  • Palamar, J. J., Salomone, A., Vincenti, M., & Cleland, C. M. (2016). Detection of “bath salts” and other novel psychoactive substances in hair samples of ecstasy/MDMA/“Molly” users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 161, 200–205. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.001
  • Panagopoulos, I., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2005). Harm reduction and decision making among recreational ecstasy users. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16, 54–64. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2004.09.001
  • Parrot, A. C. (2004). MDMA (3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ecstasy: The neuropsychobiological implications of taking it at dances and raves. Neuropsychobiology, 50, 329–335. doi:10.1159/000080961
  • Parrot, A. C. (2015). Why all stimulant drugs are damaging to recreational users: An empirical overview and psychobiological explanation. Human Psychopharmacoly, 30, 213–224. doi:10.1002/hup.2468
  • Parrott, A. C., & Young, L. (2014). Saturday night fever in ecstasy/MDMA dance clubbers: Heightened body temperature and associated psychobiological changes. Temperature, 1, 214–219. doi:10.4161/23328940.2014.977182
  • Patel, M. M., Belson, M. G., Longwater, A. B., Olson, K. R., & Miller, M. A. (2005). Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy)-related hyperthermia. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 29, 451–454. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.05.007
  • Pearson, M. R. (2013). Use of alcohol protective behavioral strategies among college students: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 1025–1040. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.006
  • Pearson, M. R., & Henson, J. M. (2013). Unplanned drinking and alcohol-related problems: A preliminary test of the model of unplanned drinking behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27, 584. doi:10.1037/a0030901
  • Pedersen, E. R., Hummer, J. F., Rinker, D. V., Traylor, Z. K., & Neighbors, C. (2016). Measuring protective behavioral strategies for marijuana use among young adults. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 77, 441–450. doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.441
  • Peters, G. J. Y., Kok, G., & Schaalma, H. P. (2008). Careers in ecstasy use: Do ecstasy users cease of their own accord? Implications for intervention development. BMC Public Health, 8, 376. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-376
  • Ramtekkar, U. P., Striley, C. W., & Cottler, L. B. (2011). Contextual profiles of young adult ecstasy users: A multisite study. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 190–196. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.10.004
  • Rigg, K. K. (2017). Motivations for using MDMA (ecstasy/molly) among African Americans: Implications for prevention and harm-reduction programs. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 49, 192–200. doi:10.1080/02791072.2017.1305518
  • Shelton, C. P., & Rosini, J. M. (2015). Multisystem organ failure and death resulting from ingestion of" molly"(3, 4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Journal of Emergency Nursing, 41, 447–450. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2015.05.008
  • Skarupova, K. (2014). Computer-assisted and online data collection in general population surveys. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction,.
  • Stough, C., Downey, L. A., King, R., Papafotiou, K., Swann, P., & Ogden, E. (2012). The acute effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and methamphetamine on driving: A simulator study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, 493–497. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.08.017
  • Uosukainen, H., Tacke, U., & Winstock, A. R. (2015). Self-reported prevalence of dependence of MDMA compared to cocaine, mephedrone and ketamine among a sample of recreational poly-drug users. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26, 78–83. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.004
  • Van Havere, T., Vanderplasschen, W., Lammertyn, J., Broekaert, E., & Bellis, M. (2011). Drug use and nightlife: more than just dance music. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 6, 18. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-6-18
  • van Heugten-Van der Kloet, D., Giesbrecht, T., van Wel, J., Bosker, W. M., Kuypers, K. P. C., Theunissen, E. L., … Ramaekers, J. G. (2015). MDMA, cannabis, and cocaine produce acute dissociative symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 228, 907–912. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.028
  • Vevelstad, M., Øiestad, E. L., Middelkoop, G., Hasvold, I., Lilleng, P., Delaveris, G. J. M., … Arnestad, M. (2012). The PMMA epidemic in Norway: Comparison of fatal and non-fatal intoxications. Forensic Science International, 219, 151–157. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.12.014
  • Vidal Giné, C., Fernández-Calderón, F., & López Guerrero, J. (2016). Patterns of use, harm reduction strategies, and their relation to risk behavior and harm in recreational ketamine users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 42, 358–369. doi:10.3109/00952990.2016.1141211
  • Vidal Giné, C., Fornís Espinosa, I., & Ventura Vilamala, M. (2014). New psychoactive substances as adulterants of controlled drugs. A worrying phenomenon? Drug Testing and Analysis, 6, 819–824. doi:10.1002/dta.1610
  • Vidal Giné, C., Ventura Vilamala, M., Fornís Espinosa, I., Gil Lladanosa, C., Calzada Álvarez, N., Fitó Fruitós, A., … de la Torre Fornell, R. (2016). Crystals and tablets in the Spanish ecstasy market 2000–2014: Are they the same or different in terms of purity and adulteration? Forensic Science International, 263, 164–168. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.04.016
  • White, B., Degenhardt, L., Breen, C., Bruno, R., Newman, J., & Proudfoot, P. (2006). Risk and benefit perceptions of party drug use. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 137–142. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.04.003

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.