Cannabis use under prohibitionism – the interplay between motives, contexts and subjects

References

• Anderson, F.D., & Prelli, L.J. (2001). Pentadic cartography: Mapping the universe of discourse. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 87, 73–95. doi:10.1080/00335630109384319
   Google Scholar
• Asmussen Frank, V., Christensen, A.S., & Dahl, V.H. (2013). Cannabis use during a life course–integrating cannabis use into everyday life. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 13, 44–50. doi:10.1108/17459261311310844
   Google Scholar
• Athey, N., Boyd, N., & Cohen, E. (2017). Becoming a medical marijuana user: Reflections on Becker’s trilogy—Learning techniques, experiencing effects, and perceiving those effects as enjoyable. Contemporary Drug Problems, 44, 212–231. doi:10.1177/0091450917721206
   Google Scholar
• Barratt, M.J. (2011). Beyond internet as tool: A mixed-methods study of online drug discussion (Doctoral dissertation). Curtin University.
   Google Scholar
• Barratt, M.J., Potter, G.R., Wouters, M., Wilkins, C., Werse, B., Perälä, J., … Blok, T. (2015). Lessons from conducting trans-national Internet-mediated participatory research with hidden populations of cannabis cultivators. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26, 238–249. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum, A.F., & McHugh, P. (1971). The social ascription of motives. American Sociological Review, 36, 98–109. doi:10.2307/2093510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, K. (1969/1945). A grammar of motives. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cloutier, R.M., Kearns, N.T., Knapp, A.A., Contractor, A.A., & Blumenthal, H. (2019). Heterogeneous patterns of marijuana use motives using latent profile analysis. Substance Use & Misuse, 54, 1485–1498. doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1588325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coomber, R., Oliver, M., & Morris, C. (2003). Using cannabis therapeutically in the UK: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Drug Issues, 33, 325–356. doi:10.1177/002204260303300204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl, H.V., & Asmussen Frank, V. (2011). Medical marijuana–exploring the concept in relation to small scale cannabis growers in Denmark. In T. Decorte, G. Potter, & M. Bouchard (Eds.), World wide weed–Global trends in cannabis cultivation and its control (pp. 57–74). Farnham, UK: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, S.L., & Demant, J. (2017). “Don’t make too much fuss about it.” Negotiating adult cannabis use. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 24, 324–331. doi:10.1080/09687637.2017.1325444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff, C. (2003). Drugs and youth cultures. Is Australia experiencing the normalization of adolescent drug use? Journal of Youth Studies, 6, 433–446. doi:10.1080/1367626032000162131
   Google Scholar
• Duff, C. (2005). Party drugs and party people: Examining the “normalization” of recreational drug use in Melbourne, Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16, 161–170. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2005.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff, C., Asbridge, M., Brochu, S., Cousineau, M.M., Hathaway, A.D., Marsh, D., & Erickson, P.G. (2012). A Canadian perspective on cannabis normalization among adults. Addiction Research & Theory, 20, 271–283. doi:10.3109/16066359.2011.618957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edman, J., & Olsson, B. (2014). The Swedish drug problem: Conceptual understanding and problem handling, 1839–2011. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 31, 503–526. doi:10.2478/nsad-2014-0044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMCDDA [European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction] (2018). Statistical bulletin 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/data/stats2018/gps
   Google Scholar
• Hakkarainen, P., Decorte, T., Sznitman, S., Karjalainen, K., Barratt, M.J., Frank, V.A., … Wilkins, C. (2019). Examining the blurred boundaries between medical and recreational cannabis – results from an international study of small-scale cannabis cultivators. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 26, 250–258. doi:10.1080/09687637.2017.1411888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkarainen, P., Frank, V.A., Barratt, M.J., Dahl, H.V., Decorte, T., Karjalainen, K., … Werse, B. (2015). Growing medicine: Small-scale cannabis cultivation for medical purposes in six different countries. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26, 250–256. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathaway, A.D. (2004). Cannabis users' informal rules for managing stigma and risk. Deviant Behavior, 25, 559–577. doi:10.1080/01639620490484095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathaway, A.D., Comeau, N.C., & Erickson, P.G. (2011). Cannabis normalization and stigma: Contemporary practices of moral regulation. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 11, 451–469. doi:10.1177/1748895811415345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järvinen, M., & Demant, J. (2011). The normalisation of cannabis use among young people: Symbolic boundary work in focus groups. Health, Risk & Society, 13, 165–182. doi:10.1080/13698575.2011.556184
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järvinen, M., & Miller, G. (2014). Selections of reality: Applying Burke’s dramatism to a harm reduction program. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25, 879–887. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järvinen, M., & Ravn, S. (2014). Cannabis careers revisited: Applying Howard S. Becker's theory to present-day cannabis use. Social Science & Medicine, 100, 133–140. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronbaek, M., & Asmussen Frank, V. (2013). Perspectives on daily cannabis use: Consumerism or a problem for treatment? Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 30, 387–402. doi:10.2478/nsad-2013-0034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster, K., Seear, K., & Ritter, A. (2017). Making medicine; producing pleasure: A critical examination of medicinal cannabis policy and law in Victoria, Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 49, 117–125. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankenau, S.E., Kioumarsi, A., Reed, M., McNeeley, M., Iverson, E., & Wong, C.F. (2018). Becoming a medical marijuana user. International Journal of Drug Policy, 52, 62–70. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau, N., Sales, P., Averill, S., Murphy, F., Sato, S.O., & Murphy, S. (2015). Responsible and controlled use: Older cannabis users and harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26, 709–718. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C.M., Neighbors, C., & Woods, B.A. (2007). Marijuana motives: Young adults' reasons for using marijuana. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1384–1394. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebregts, N., van der Pol, P., van Laar, M., de Graaf, R., van den Brink, W., & Korf, D.J. (2015). The role of leisure and delinquency in frequent cannabis use and dependence trajectories among young adults. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26, 143–152. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlefield, A.K., Vergés, A., Rosinski, J.M., Steinley, D., & Sher, K.J. (2013). Motivational typologies of drinkers: Do enhancement and coping drinkers form two distinct groups? Addiction, 108, 497–503. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04090.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Månsson, J. (2017). Cannabis discourses in contemporary Sweden: Continuity and change (Doctoral dissertation). Department of Social Work, Stockholm University.
   Google Scholar
• McCabe, S.E., & Cranford, J.A. (2012). Motivational subtypes of nonmedical use of prescription medications: results from a national study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 445–452. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Measham, F., & Shiner, M. (2009). The legacy of “normalization”: The role of classical and contemporary criminological theory in understanding young people’s drug use. International Journal of Drug Policy, 20, 502–508. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meisenbach, R.J., Remke, R.V., Buzzanell, P., & Liu, M. (2008). “They allowed”: Pentadic mapping of women's maternity leave discourse as organizational rhetoric. Communication Monographs, 75, 1–24. doi:10.1080/03637750801952727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, J.T., Sweitzer, M.M., Tunno, A.M., Kollins, S.H., & McClernon, F.J. (2016). “I use weed for my ADHD”: a qualitative analysis of online forum discussions on cannabis use and ADHD. PLoS One, 11, e0156614. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien, P.K. (2013). Medical marijuana and social control: Escaping criminalization and embracing medicalization. Deviant Behavior, 34, 423–443. doi:10.1080/01639625.2012.735608
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbuch, T.L. (1997). People's accounts count: The sociology of accounts. Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 455–478. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne, G.B., & Fogel, C. (2008). Understanding the motivations for recreational marijuana use among adult Canadians. Substance Use & Misuse, 43, 539–572. doi:10.1080/10826080701884911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overington, M.A. (1977). Kenneth Burke and the method of dramatism. Theory and Society, 4, 131–156. doi:10.1007/BF00209747
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardo, B. (2014). Cannabis policy reforms in the Americas: a comparative analysis of Colorado, Washington, and Uruguay. International Journal of Drug Policy, 25, 727–735. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, H., Aldridge, J., & Measham, F. (1998). Illegal leisure: The normalization of adolescent recreational drug use. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen, W. (2015). From badness to illness: Medical cannabis and self-diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Addiction Research & Theory, 23, 177–186. doi:10.3109/16066359.2014.954556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, W., & Sandberg, S. (2013). The medicalisation of revolt: a sociological analysis of medical cannabis users. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35, 17–32. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2012.01476.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennay, A., & Measham, F. (2016). The normalisation thesis–20 years later. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 23, 187–189. doi:10.3109/09687637.2016.1173649
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennay, A., & Moore, D. (2010). Exploring the micro-politics of normalisation: Narratives of pleasure, self-control and desire in a sample of young Australian ‘party drug’users. Addiction Research & Theory, 18, 557–571. doi:10.3109/16066350903308415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peretti‐Watel, P. (2003). Neutralization theory and the denial of risk: Some evidence from cannabis use among French adolescents. The British Journal of Sociology, 54, 21–42. doi:10.1080/0007131032000045888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinarman, C., Nunberg, H., Lanthier, F., & Heddleston, T. (2011). Who are medical marijuana patients? Population characteristics from nine California assessment clinics. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43, 128–135. doi:10.1080/02791072.2011.587700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rödner, S. (2006). Practicing risk control in a socially disapproved area: Swedish socially integrated drug users and their perception of risks. Journal of Drug Issues, 36, 933–951. doi:10.1177/002204260603600408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogeberg, O. (2015). Drug policy, values and the public health approach–four lessons from drug policy reform movements. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 32, 347–364. doi:10.1515/nsad-2015-0034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandberg, S. (2012). Is cannabis use normalized, celebrated or neutralized? Analysing talk as action. Addiction Research & Theory, 20, 372–381. doi:10.3109/16066359.2011.638147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satterlund, T.D., Lee, J.P., & Moore, R.S. (2015). Stigma among California’s medical marijuana patients. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 47, 10–17. doi:10.1080/02791072.2014.991858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shortall, S. (2014). Psychedelic drugs and the problem of experience. Past & Present, 222, 187–206. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtt035
   Google Scholar
• Simons, J., Correia, C.J., Carey, K.B., & Borsari, B.E. (1998). Validating a five-factor marijuana motives measure: Relations with use, problems, and alcohol motives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 265–273. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.45.3.265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skr. 2015/16:86. En samlad strategi för alkohol-, narkotika-, dopnings- och tobakspolitiken 2016 – 2020 [A cohesive strategy for alcohol, narcotic drugs, doping and tobacco policy 2016–2020]. Stockholm: Ministry of Health and Social Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Sznitman, S.R. (2008). Drug normalization and the case of Sweden. Contemporary Drug Problems, 35, 447–480. doi:10.1177/009145090803500212
   Google Scholar
• Sznitman, S.R., & Taubman, D.S. (2016). Drug use normalization: a systematic and critical mixed-methods review. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 77, 700–709. doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tham, H. (1998). Swedish drug policy: a successful model? European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 6, 395–414. doi:10.1023/A:1008699414325
   Google Scholar
• Trnka, S., & Trundle, C. (2014). Competing responsibilities: Moving beyond neoliberal responsibilisation. Anthropological Forum, 24, 136–153. doi:10.1080/00664677.2013.879051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware, M.A., Adams, H., & Guy, G.W. (2004). The medicinal use of cannabis in the UK: results of a nationwide survey. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 59, 291–295. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2004.00271.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinberg, N.E. (1984). Drug, set, and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar