‘I crave not to feel uncomfortable’ – investigating craving for opioids and cannabis among individuals with chronic pain

References

• Adams, J. M., & Volkow, N. D. (2020). Ethical imperatives to overcome stigma against people with substance use disorders. AMA Journal of Ethics, 22(1), E702–708. https://doi.org/10.1001/amajethics.2020.702
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adewumi, A. D., Hollingworth, S. A., Maravilla, J. C., Connor, J. P., & Alati, R. (2018). Prescribed dose of opioids and overdose: A systematic review and meta-analysis of unintentional prescription opioid overdose. CNS Drugs, 32(2), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-018-0499-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson Goodell, E. M., Nordeck, C., Finan, P. H., Vandrey, R., Dunn, K. E., & Thrul, J. (2021). Feasibility and acceptability of using smartphone-based EMA to assess patterns of prescription opioid and medical cannabis use among individuals with chronic pain. Internet Interventions, 26, 100460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2021.100460
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballantyne, J. C. (2017). Opioids for the treatment of chronic pain: Mistakes made, lessons learned, and future directions. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 125(5), 1769–1778. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergeria, C. L., Strickland, J. C., Huhn, A. S., Strain, E. C., & Dunn, K. E. (2021). A preliminary examination of the multiple dimensions of opioid craving. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 219, 108473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, E. A., Unruh, A., & Lynch, M. E. (2015). Exploring the lived experience of adults using prescription opioids to manage chronic noncancer pain. Pain Research & Management, 20(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/314184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchman, D. Z., Ho, A., & Illes, J. (2016). You present like a drug addict: patient and clinician perspectives on trust and trustworthiness in chronic pain management. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 17(8), 1394–1406. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnv083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckner, J. D., Zvolensky, M. J., Smits, J. A. J., Norton, P. J., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2011). Anxiety sensitivity and marijuana use: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment. Depression and Anxiety, 28(5), 420–426. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. P., Vase, L., & Hooten, W. M. (2021). Chronic pain: An update on burden, best practices, and new advances. Lancet (London, England), 397(10289), 2082–2097. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00393-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlhamer, J., Lucas, J., Zelaya, C., Nahin, R., Mackey, S., DeBar, L., Kerns, R., Von Korff, M., Porter, L., & Helmick, C. (2018). Prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among adults—United States, 2016. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(36), 1001–1006. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6736a2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dassieu, L., Heino, A., Develay, É., Kaboré, J.-L., Pagé, M. G., Moor, G., Hudspith, M., & Choinière, M. (2021). “They think you’re trying to get the drug”: Qualitative investigation of chronic pain patients’ health care experiences during the opioid overdose epidemic in Canada. Canadian Journal of Pain = Revue Canadienne de la Douleur, 5(1), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/24740527.2021.1881886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFranza, J. R., Wellman, R. J., Ursprung, W. W. S. A., & Sabiston, C. (2009). The autonomy over smoking scale. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors: journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 23(4), 656–665. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (2019). Public meeting on patient-focused drug development for opioid use disorder. FDA. https://www.fda.gov/industry/prescription-drug-user-fee-amendments/public-meeting-patient-focused-drug-development-opioid-use-disorder
   Google Scholar
• Fetters, M. D., Curry, L. A., & Creswell, J. W. (2013). Achieving integration in mixed methods designs—Principles and practices. Health Services Research, 48(6 Pt 2), 2134–2156. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. (2018). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet (London, England), 392(10159), 1789–1858. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough?: An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamison, R. N., Martel, M. O., Huang, C.-C., Jurcik, D., & Edwards, R. R. (2016). Efficacy of the opioid compliance checklist to monitor chronic pain patients receiving opioid therapy in primary care. Journal of Pain, 17(4), 414–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamison, R. N., Sheehan, K. A., Scanlan, E., Matthews, M., & Ross, E. L. (2014). Beliefs and attitudes about opioid prescribing and chronic pain management: Survey of primary care providers. Journal of Opioid Management, 10(6), 375–382. https://doi.org/10.5055/jom.2014.0234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kleykamp, B. A., De Santis, M., Dworkin, R. H., Huhn, A. S., Kampman, K. M., Montoya, I. D., Preston, K. L., Ramey, T., Smith, S. M., Turk, D. C., Walsh, R., Weiss, R. D., & Strain, E. C. (2019). Craving and opioid use disorder: A scoping review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 205, 107639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosiba, J. D., Maisto, S. A., & Ditre, J. W. (2019). Patient-reported use of medical cannabis for pain, anxiety, and depression symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 233, 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh, R. K., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Carroll, K. M., Griffin, M. L., Hill, K. P., Wasan, A. D., & Weiss, R. D. (2014). Assessing craving and its relationship to subsequent prescription opioid use among treatment-seeking prescription opioid dependent patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 145, 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mun, C. J., Finan, P. H., Epstein, D. H., Kowalczyk, W. J., Agage, D., Letzen, J. E., Phillips, K. A., & Preston, K. L. (2021). Craving mediates the association between momentary pain and illicit opioid use during treatment for opioid-use disorder: An ecological momentary assessment study. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 116(7), 1794–1804. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mun, C. J., Nordeck, C., Goodell, E. M. A., Vandrey, R., Zipunnikov, V., Dunn, K. E., Finan, P. H., & Thrul, J. (2022). Real-time monitoring of cannabis and prescription opioid co-use patterns, analgesic effectiveness, and the opioid-sparing effect of cannabis in individuals with chronic pain. Journal of Pain, 23(11), 1799–1810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2022.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2011). Screening for drug use in general medical settings. Quick reference guide. (NIH Publication No. 11-7384). https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/screening_qr.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, N., McQuoid, J., Ramo, D., Holmes, L. M., Ling, P. M., & Thrul, J. (2018). Real-time predictors of smoking among sexual minority and heterosexual young adults: An ecological momentary assessment study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 192, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, J. (2000). Why you only need to test with 5 users. Nielsen Norman Group. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/why-you-only-need-to-test-with-5-users/
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, J., & Landauer, T. K. (1993). A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems. Proceedings of the INTERACT ‘93 [Paper presentation]. CHI ‘93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 206–213). https://doi.org/10.1145/169059.169166
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, A. C., Moman, R. N., Moeschler, S. M., Eldrige, J. S., & Hooten, W. M. (2017). Provider confidence in opioid prescribing and chronic pain management: Results of the Opioid Therapy Provider Survey. Journal of Pain Research, 10, 1395–1400. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S136478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston, K. L., Kowalczyk, W. J., Phillips, K. A., Jobes, M. L., Vahabzadeh, M., Lin, J.-L., Mezghanni, M., & Epstein, D. H. (2018). Before and after: Craving, mood, and background stress in the hours surrounding drug use and stressful events in patients with opioid-use disorder. Psychopharmacology, 235(9), 2713–2723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-4966-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rønne, S. T., Rosenbæk, F., Pedersen, L. B., Waldorff, F. B., Nielsen, J. B., Riisgaard, H., & Søndergaard, J. (2021). Physicians’ experiences, attitudes, and beliefs towards medical cannabis: A systematic literature review. BMC Family Practice, 22(1), 212. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-021-01559-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth, P., Rudd, R. A., Noonan, R. K., & Haegerich, T. M. (2018). Quantifying the epidemic of prescription opioid overdose deaths. American Journal of Public Health, 108(4), 500–502. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008). Ecological momentary assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shmulewitz, D., Stohl, M., Greenstein, E., Roncone, S., Walsh, C., Aharonovich, E., Wall, M. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2021). Validity of the DSM-5 craving criterion for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and non-prescription use of prescription painkillers (opioids). Psychological Medicine, 53(5), 1955–1969. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721003652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, A. A., & Broderick, J. E. (2007). Real-time data collection for pain: Appraisal and current status. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.), 8 Suppl 3, S85–S93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2007.00372.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thrul, J., Bühler, A., & Ferguson, S. G. (2014). Situational and mood factors associated with smoking in young adult light and heavy smokers. Drug and Alcohol Review, 33(4), 420–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vafaie, N., & Kober, H. (2022). Association of drug cues and craving with drug use and relapse: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(7), 641–650. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Korff, M., DeBar, L. L., Krebs, E. E., Kerns, R. D., Deyo, R. A., & Keefe, F. J. (2020). Graded chronic pain scale revised: Mild, bothersome, and high-impact chronic pain. Pain, 161(3), 651–661. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, G. B. (2004). Cognitive interviewing: A tool for improving questionnaire design (1 ed.). SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, H., Harris-Roxas, B., Lintzeris, N., & Harris, M. (2022). Diagnosing and managing patients with chronic pain who develop prescription opioid use disorder: A scoping review of general practitioners’ experience. Australian Journal of General Practice, 51(10), 804–811. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.678830741315060
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zajacova, A., Grol-Prokopczyk, H., Limani, M., Schwarz, C., & Gilron, I. (2023). Prevalence and correlates of prescription opioid use among US adults, 2019-2020. PloS One, 18(3), e0282536. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar