Developing strategic foresight for drug policy: trends, scenarios, and implications

References

• Abel-Ollo, K., Colman, C., Kools, J.-P., Kurbatova, A., Moazen, B., Oja, M., Rigoni, R., Strada, L., Tammi, T., & Viskari, I. (2022). An assessment of national synthetic opioid preparedness in five countries: Belgium, Estonia, Finland, Germany, and the Netherlands. SO-PREP, 2021. ISBN: 978-952-343-020-4. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19199.89767
   Google Scholar
• Alajärvi, L., Lehtimäki, A.-V., Timonen, J., & Martikainen, J. (2022). Willingness to pay for implementation of an environmentally friendly pharmaceutical policy in Finland—A discrete choice experiment study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(11), 6535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alajärvi, L., Timonen, J., Lavikainen, P., & Martikainen, J. (2021). Attitudes and considerations towards pharmaceuticals-related environmental issues among Finnish population. Sustainability, 13(22), 12930. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldridge, J., Stevens, A., & Barratt, M. J. (2018). Will growth in cryptomarket drug buying increase the harms of illicit drugs? Addiction, 113(5), 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakken, S. A., & Demant, J. J. (2019). Sellers’ risk perceptions in public and private social media drug markets. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 73, 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakken, S. A., Oksanen, A., & Demant, J. (2023). Capital in illegal online drug markets: How digital capital changes the cultural environment of drug dealing. Theoretical Criminology, 27(3), 421–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/13624806221143365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaccorsi, A., Apreda, R., & Fantoni, G. (2020). Expert biases in technology foresight. Why they are a problem and how to mitigate them. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 151, 119855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Börjeson, L., Höjer, M., Dreborg, K.-H., Ekvall, T., & Finnveden, G. (2006). Scenario types and techniques: Towards a user’s guide. Futures, 38(7), 723–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2005.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois, R. (2014). A glossary of terms commonly used in futures studies. Forward Thinking Platform.
   Google Scholar
• Bujalski, M., Hellman, M., Moskalewicz, J., Beccaria, F., & Rolando, S. (2018). Depoliticising addiction: Who gets to speak in European press reporting, 1991–2011? Nordisk Alkohol- & Narkotikatidskrift: NAT, 35(1), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1455072517753558
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choo, C. W. (2005). The art of scanning the environment. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 25(3), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/bult.117
   Google Scholar
• Christie, T., Groarke, L., & Sweet, W. (2008). Virtue ethics as an alternative to deontological and consequential reasoning in the harm reduction debate. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 19(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway, M. (2006). An overview of foresight methodologies. http://www.forschungsnetzwerk.at/downloadpub/An-Overview-of-Foresight-Methodologies1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, J. A., & Koski-Jännes, A. (2019). The last 10 years: Any changes in perceptions of the seriousness of alcohol, cannabis, and substance use in Canada? Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 14(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-019-0243-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demant, J., Bakken, S. A., Oksanen, A., & Gunnlaugsson, H. (2019). Drug dealing on Facebook, Snapchat and Instagram: A qualitative analysis of novel drug markets in the Nordic countries. Drug and Alcohol Review, 38(4), 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragt, E. (2017). How to research trends: Move beyond trendwatching to kick start innovation. BIS Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Drug-Prep (2022). The strengthening preparedness of drug information systems and drug policy capacities to respond to emerging drug trends and challenges. https://drug-prep-project.eu/background-2/
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA (2022). How to run a trends workshop: An EMCDDA foresight toolkit for the drugs field. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/manuals-and-guidelines/how-run-trends-workshop-emcdda-foresight-toolkit-drugs-field_en
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA (2023). The future of drug monitoring in Europe until 2030 (p. 30). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/technical-reports/future-drug-monitoring-europe-until-2030_en
   Google Scholar
• European Commission (2002). Thinking, debating and shaping the future: Foresight for Europe. Final Report Prepared by a High Level Expert Group. Directorate-General for Research.
   Google Scholar
• Fair Trade Coke (2024). A practical guide on how to regulate cocaine: Social justice and public health at the heart of a regulation model. http://fairtradecoke.org
   Google Scholar
• Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (2023). Päihdetilastollinen vuosikirja 2022 [Statistical yearbook of alcohol and drug statistics 2022]. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-408-009-5
   Google Scholar
• Franks, P. W., Melén, E., Friedman, M., Sundström, J., Kockum, I., Klareskog, L., Almqvist, C., Bergen, S. E., Czene, K., Hägg, S., Hall, P., Johnell, K., Malarstig, A., Catrina, A., Hagström, H., Benson, M., Gustav Smith, J., Gomez, M. F., Orho-Melander, M., … Sullivan, P. F. (2021). Technological readiness and implementation of genomic‐driven precision medicine for complex diseases. Journal of Internal Medicine, 290(3), 602–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkarainen, P., & Kainulainen, H. (2021). Drug use, public debate and increasing pressures for a drug policy reform in Finland. In H. Tham (Ed.), Retreat or entrenchment?: Drug policies in the Nordic countries at a crossroads (pp. 37–66). Stockholm University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hakkarainen, P., Tigerstedt, C., & Tammi, T. (2007). Dual-track drug policy: Normalization of the drug problem in Finland. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 14(6), 543–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630701392008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hämäläinen, L., & Lahti, E. (2021). Argumentation in anonymous online discussions about decriminalising cannabis use. Nordisk Alkohol- & Narkotikatidskrift: NAT, 38(4), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/14550725211027383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hämeen-Anttila, K., Pietilä, K., Pylkkänen, L., & Pohjanoksa-Mäntylä, M. (2018). Internet as a source of medicines information (MI) among frequent internet users. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy, 14(8), 758–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2017.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedrich, D., & Hartnoll, R. L. (2021). Harm-reduction interventions. In N. el-Guebaly, G. Carrà, M. Galanter, & A. M. Baldacchino (Eds.), Textbook of addiction treatment (pp. 757–775). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36391-8_52
   Google Scholar
• Hines, P., Hiu Yu, L., Guy, R. H., Brand, A., & Papaluca-Amati, M. (2019). Scanning the horizon: A systematic literature review of methodologies. BMJ Open, 9(5), e026764. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschovits-Gerz, T., Kuussaari, K., Stenius, K., & Tammi, T. (2019). Estimating the needs of substance problem use services: An exercise in seven Finnish municipalities using nationally collected, municipal-level survey and register data. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Supplement, 18, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsads.2019.s18.76
   Google Scholar
• Horton, A. (1999). A simple guide to successful foresight. Foresight, 1(1), 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636689910802052
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, C. E., & Stevens, A. (2010). What can we learn from the Portuguese decriminalization of illicit drugs? The British Journal of Criminology, 50(6), 999–1022. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq038
   Google Scholar
• Hupli, A. (2020). Cognitive enhancement with licit and illicit stimulants in the Netherlands and Finland: What is the evidence? Drugs and Alcohol Today, 20(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1108/DAT-07-2019-0028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hupli, A. (2022, August 3). Finnish drug consumption rooms gain popular and political support. Talking Drugs. https://www.talkingdrugs.org/finnish-drug-consumption-rooms-gain-popular-and-political-support
   Google Scholar
• Hupli, A., Unlu, A., Jylkkä, J., & Oksanen, A. (2023). Sociodemographic differences and experienced effects of young adults who use cannabis mainly for self-medication versus recreationally in Finland. Drugs, Habits and Social Policy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/DHS-05-2023-0017
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kainulainen, H. (2009). Huumeiden kayttajien rikosoikeudellinen kontrolli [Criminal control of drug users] (245). National Research Institute of Legal Policy, Research Reports.
   Google Scholar
• Kainulainen, H., & Hakkarainen, P. (2021). Drug control as an exception in a humane and rational criminal policy in Finland. In H. Tham (Ed.), Retreat or entrenchment? Drug policies in the Nordic countries at a crossroads (pp. 183–210). Stockholm University Press. https://doi.org/10.16993/bbo.h
   Google Scholar
• Karjalainen, K., Gunnar, T., Hakkarainen, P., Kankaanpää, A., & Rönkä, S. (2023). Analysis of illicit stimulant use triangulating wastewater, general population survey and web survey data. Nordisk Alkohol- & Narkotikatidskrift: NAT, 40(2), 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/14550725221122150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karlsen, J. E. (2014). Design and application for a replicable foresight methodology bridging quantitative and qualitative expert data. European Journal of Futures Research, 2(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40309-014-0040-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsen, J. E., Gual, A., & Anderson, P. (2013). Foresighting addiction and lifestyles in Europe 2030+. European Journal of Futures Research, 1(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40309-013-0019-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kataja, K., Törrönen, J., Hakkarainen, P., Koivula, P., Tigerstedt, C., & Hautala, S. (2019). Combining alcohol with benzodiazepines or psychostimulants. Metaphoric meanings and the concept of control in the online talk of polydrug use. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 51(5), 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2019.1669845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keto, J., Heiskanen, T., Hamunen, K., Kalliomäki, M.-L., & Linna, M. (2022). Opioid trends in Finland: A register-based nationwide follow-up study. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 7261. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10788-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaappila, N., Marttunen, M., Fröjd, S., Lindberg, N., & Kaltiala, R. (2020). Changes in cannabis use according to socioeconomic status among Finnish adolescents from 2000 to 2015. Journal of Cannabis Research, 2(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-020-00052-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuussaari, K., Karjalainen, K., & Niemelä, S. (2020). Mental health problems among clients with substance use problems: A nationwide time-trend study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(4), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01753-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leahy, D., Schaffalitzky, E., Armstrong, C., Latham, L., McNicholas, F., Meagher, D., Nathan, Y., O’Connor, R., O’Keane, V., Ryan, P., Smyth, B. P., Swan, D., & Cullen, W. (2015). How social context impacts on the development, identification and treatment of mental and substance use disorders among young people – A qualitative study of health care workers. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 32(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2014.70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lintonen, T., Karjalainen, K., Rönkä, S., Kotovirta, E., & Niemelä, S. (2023). Delphi method applicability in drug foresight [Preprint]. In Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3484688/v1
   Google Scholar
• Lintonen, T., Konu, A., Rönkä, S., & Kotovirta, E. (2014). Drugs foresight 2020: A Delphi expert panel study. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 9(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-9-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luurila, K., Kangasniemi, M., Hult, M., & Häggman‐Laitila, A. (2023). Nurses’ substance use disorder in disciplinary procedures: A retrospective document analysis. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 32(11–12), 2663–2671. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariottini, C., Kriikku, P., & Ojanperä, I. (2021). Concomitant drugs with buprenorphine user deaths. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 218, 108345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108345
   Google Scholar
• Marlatt, G. A., & Witkiewitz, K. (2010). Update on harm-reduction policy and intervention research. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6(1), 591–606. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauksch, S., Von Der Gracht, H. A., & Gordon, T. J. (2020). Who is an expert for foresight? A review of identification methods. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 154, 119982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.119982
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, B., & Wilner, A. (2023). The science behind “values”: Applying moral foundations theory to strategic foresight. Futures & Foresight Science, 5(1), e145. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffo2.145
   Google Scholar
• Minkkinen, M., Auffermann, B., & Ahokas, I. (2019). Six foresight frames: Classifying policy foresight processes in foresight systems according to perceived unpredictability and pursued change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 149, 119753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller, K. (2019). Sisters are never alike? Drug control intensity in the Nordic countries. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 73, 141–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurmi, J., Kaskela, T., Perälä, J., & Oksanen, A. (2017). Seller’s reputation and capacity on the illicit drug markets: 11-Month study on the Finnish version of the Silk Road. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 178, 201–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Science and Technology (2006). Drugs futures 2025? Executive summary and overview (p. 68). Department of Trade and Industry, UK. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/299221/05-1182-drugs-futures-overview.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ogilvy, J. (2000). Scenario planning, critical theory and the role of hope. Foresight International.
   Google Scholar
• Padbury, P. (2020). An overview of the horizons foresight method: Using the “inner game” of foresight to build system-based scenarios. World Futures Review, 12(2), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1946756719896007
   Google Scholar
• Pitkänen, T., Kaskela, T., & Levola, J. (2020). Mortality of treatment-seeking men and women with alcohol, opioid or other substance use disorders – A register-based follow-up study. Addictive Behaviors, 105, 106330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitkänen, T., Levola, J. M., De La Fuente, J., & Cabello, M. (2020). Identifying psychosocial difficulties of inpatients with substance use disorders: Evaluation of the usefulness of the PARADISE24 for clinical practise. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(1), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1493543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popper, R. (2008a). Foresight methodology. In L. Georghiou, J. Cassingena, M. Keenan, I. Miles, & R. Popper (Eds.), The handbook of technology foresight (pp. 44–88). Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Popper, R. (2008b). How are foresight methods selected? Foresight, 10(6), 62–89. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680810918586
   Google Scholar
• Pouru-Mikkola, L., Minkkinen, M., Malho, M., & Neuvonen, A. (2023). Exploring knowledge creation, capabilities, and relations in a distributed policy foresight system: Case Finland. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 186, 122190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raitasalo, K., Karjalainen, K., Ollila, H., Ruokolainen, O., & Hakkarainen, P. (2020). Smoke in the air – Associations between experimentation with cannabis and the use of tobacco and nicotine products among 15–16-year-old school students. Addictive Behaviors, 114, 106714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranta, J., Kaskela, T., Nurmi, J., & Ruokolainen, T. (2023). Harm reduction work in the Tor network: Analysis of autonomy-respecting counselling encounters [Haittoja vähentävä päihdetyö Tor-verkossa. Analyysi autonomiaa kunnioittavista neuvontakohtaamisista]. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 88(5–6), 487–499. https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/147933/YP23_5_6%20Ranta%20ym.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Rantanen, T., & Toikko, T. (2017). Employees’ attitudes towards welfare technology in substance abuse treatment in Finland. Nordisk Alkohol- & Narkotikatidskrift: NAT, 34(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1455072517691060
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rhisiart, M., Störmer, E., & Daheim, C. (2017). From foresight to impact? The 2030 future of work scenarios. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 124, 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.11.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönkä, S., Brummer-Korvenkontio, H., Gunnar, T., Hakkarainen, P., Kailanto, S., Karjalainen, K., Kriikku, P., Kuussaari, K., & Partanen, A. (2020). Katsaus ajankohtaiseen huumetilanteeseen - Huumeiden käyttö ja haitat ovat kasvaneet 2000-luvulla merkittävästi. Tutkimuksesta tiiviisti 33/2020. Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos. https://www.julkari.fi/handle/10024/140711
   Google Scholar
• Rönkä, S., Karjalainen, K., & Koskinen, H. (2023). Huumeiden käyttötavat ja hankintakeinot Suomessa: Eurooppalainen nettikysely huumeista 2021 [Ways of using drugs and means of procurement in Finland: European online survey on drugs 2021] (2023_023; p. 168). Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. https://www.julkari.fi/handle/10024/147340
   Google Scholar
• Rönkä, S., Karjalainen, K., Martikainen, P., & Mäkelä, P. (2017). Social determinants of drug-related mortality in a general population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 181, 37–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönkä, S., Karjalainen, K., Vuori, E., & Mäkelä, P. (2015). Personally prescribed psychoactive drugs in overdose deaths among drug abusers: A retrospective register study. Drug and Alcohol Review, 34(1), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönkä, S., & Katainen, A. (2017). Non-medical use of prescription drugs among illicit drug users: A case study on an online drug forum. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 39, 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovamo, E., & Toikko, T. (2019). Päihde-ja mielenterveystyöhön kohdistetut negatiiviset asenteet ja assosiatiivinen stigma [Negative attitudes and associative stigma aimed at substance abuse and mental health work]. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka, 84(3), 281–291. https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/138272/YP1903_Rovamo%26Toikko.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
   Google Scholar
• Roxburgh, A., Sam, B., Kriikku, P., Mounteney, J., Castanera, A., Dias, M., & Giraudon, I. (2021). Trends in MDMA‐related mortality across four countries. Addiction, 116(11), 3094–3103. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salama, E., Niemelä, S., Suvisaari, J., Laatikainen, T., Koponen, P., & Castaneda, A. E. (2018). The prevalence of substance use among Russian, Somali and Kurdish migrants in Finland: A population-based study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 651. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5564-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saritas, O. (2013). Systemic foresight methodology. In D. Meissner, L. Gokhberg, & A. Sokolov (Eds.), Science, technology and innovation policy for the future: Potentials and limits of foresight studies (pp. 83–117). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31827-6_6
   Google Scholar
• Savonen, J., Hakkarainen, P., & Karjalainen, K. (2023). The perceived risk of illicit drug use and views on drug policy in the general population. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 30(2), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2021.1970114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savonen, J., Hakkarainen, P., Kataja, K., Sakki, I., & Tigerstedt, C. (2019). Social representations of polydrug use in a Finnish newspaper 1990–2016. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 19(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1108/DAT-04-2018-0019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seddon, T. (2014). Drug policy and global regulatory capitalism: The case of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The International Journal on Drug Policy, 25(5), 1019–1024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivén, M., Teppo, J., Lapatto-Reiniluoto, O., Teräsalmi, E., Salminen, O., & Sikanen, T. (2020). Generation Green – A holistic approach to implementation of green principles and practices in educational programmes in pharmaceutical and medical sciences at the University of Helsinki. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 16, 100262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2020.100262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Søgaard, T. F., & Lerkkanen, T. (2021). Overview: Exploring the onto-politics of cannabis. Nordisk Alkohol- & Narkotikatidskrift: NAT, 38(4), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1177/14550725211025847
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Somersalo, A., Paloneva, J., Lönnroos, E., Heinänen, M., Koponen, H., & Kiviranta, I. (2018). Sixfold post-fracture mortality in 16- to 30-year-old patients—Suicides, homicides, and intoxications among leading causes of death. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery, 107(4), 345–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1457496918772371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tóth‐Király, I., Morin, A. J. S., Hietajärvi, L., & Salmela‐Aro, K. (2021). Longitudinal trajectories, social and individual antecedents, and outcomes of problematic internet use among late adolescents. Child Development, 92(4), e653–e673. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme (2018). Foresight manual: Empowered futures for the 2030 agenda. UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence. https://www.undp.org/publications/foresight-manual-empowered-futures
   Google Scholar
• Unlu, A., Demiroz, F., Tammi, T., & Hakkarainen, P. (2021). The complexity of drug consumption room policy and progress in Finland. Contemporary Drug Problems, 48(2), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914509211002542
   Google Scholar
• Unlu, A., & Hupli, A. (2023). Twitter activity surrounding the Finnish green party’s cannabis legalisation proposal: A mixed-methods analysis. Nordisk Alkohol- & Narkotikatidskrift: NAT, 40(6), 625–645. https://doi.org/10.1177/14550725231171022
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Unlu, A., Tammi, T., & Hakkarainen, P. (2020). Drug decriminalization policy: Literature review: Models, implementation and outcomes (9/2020). THL. http://www.julkari.fi/handle/10024/140116
   Google Scholar
• Unlu, A., Tammi, T., & Hakkarainen, P. (2022a). Policy windows for drug consumption rooms in Finland. Nordisk Alkohol- & Narkotikatidskrift: NAT, 39(3), 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/14550725211069287
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Unlu, A., Tammi, T., & Hakkarainen, P. (2022b). Stakeholders’ problematisation of drug consumption rooms: A case study of the policy initiative in Helsinki. Journal of Drug Issues, 53(2), 262–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220426221093609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vähäniemi, A., Warwick-Smith, K., Hätönen, H., & Välimäki, M. (2018). A national evaluation of community-based mental health strategies in Finland. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 30(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzx166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiebe, K., Zurek, M., Lord, S., Brzezina, N., Gabrielyan, G., Libertini, J., Loch, A., Thapa-Parajuli, R., Vervoort, J., & Westhoek, H. (2018). Scenario development and foresight analysis: Exploring options to inform choices. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 43(1), 545–570. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-030109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, A. (2017). Strategic foresight primer. European Political Strategy Centre. https://cor.europa.eu/Documents/Migrated/Events/EPSC_strategic_foresight_primer.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wodak, A. (2014). SY34-1 * Definition and evidence for harm reduction. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 49(suppl 1), i30–i30. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agu052.145
   Google Scholar
• YLE News (2023). Volunteers set up drug use tent in Helsinki, police quickly order it to be taken down. https://yle.fi/a/74-20033463
   Google Scholar