Publication Cover
Stress
The International Journal on the Biology of Stress
Volume 22, 2019 - Issue 5
1,070
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

Damage-Fitness Model: the missing piece in integrative stress models

ORCID Icon
Pages 548-562 | Received 11 Nov 2018, Accepted 29 Apr 2019, Published online: 24 May 2019

References

  • Alexeyev, M., Shokolenko, I., Wilson, G., & LeDoux, S. (2013). The maintenance of mitochondrial DNA integrity–critical analysis and update. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 5, a012641. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012641
  • Arlettaz, R., Patthey, P., Baltic, M., Leu, T., Schaub, M., Palme, R., & Jenni-Eiermann, S. (2007). Spreading free-riding snow sports represent a novel serious threat for wildlife. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 274, 1219–1224. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0434
  • Avery, S.V. (2011). Molecular targets of oxidative stress. Biochemical Journal, 434, 201–210. doi:10.1042/BJ20101695
  • Bagot, R.C., & Meaney, M.J. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological basis of gene × environment interactions. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 752–771. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.001
  • Beaulieu, M., & Costantini, D. (2014). Biomarkers of oxidative status: missing tools in conservation physiology. Conservation Physiology, 2. doi:10.1093/conphys/cou014
  • Bechhoefer, J. (2005). Feedback for physicists: A tutorial essay on control. Reviews of Modern Physics, 77, 783–836. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.77.783
  • Bonier, F., Martin, P.R., Moore, I.T., & Wingfield, J.C. (2009). Do baseline glucocorticoids predict fitness? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24, 634–642. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.013
  • Bonier, F., Moore, I.T., Martin, P.R., & Robertson, R.J. (2009). The relationship between fitness and baseline glucocorticoids in a passerine bird. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 163, 208–213. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.12.013
  • Boulet, L., Karpati, G., & Shoubridge, E.A. (1992). Distribution and threshold expression of the tRNA(Lys) mutation in skeletal muscle of patients with myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers (MERRF). American Journal of Human Genetics, 51, 1187–1200.
  • Boya, P. (2012). Lysosomal function and dysfunction: Mechanism and disease. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, 17, 766–774. doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4405
  • Breuner, C.W., Delehanty, B., & Boonstra, R. (2013). Evaluating stress in natural populations of vertebrates: Total CORT is not good enough. Functional Ecology, 27, 24–36. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12016
  • Breuner, C.W., Greenberg, A.L., & Wingfield, J.C. (1998). Noninvasive corticosterone treatment rapidly increases activity in Gambel's White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 111, 386–394. doi:10.1006/gcen.1998.7128
  • Breuner, C.W., Patterson, S.H., & Hahn, T.P. (2008). In search of relationships between the acute adrenocortical response and fitness. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 157, 288–295. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.05.017
  • Briot, K., & Roux, C. (2015). Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. RMD Open, 1, e000014. doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2014-000014
  • Brown, M.R., & Fisher, L.A. (1983). Central nervous system effects of corticotropin releasing factor in the dog. Brain Research, 280, 75–79. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)91175-7
  • Campbell, J.A., Walker, R.J., & Egede, L.E. (2016). Associations between adverse childhood experiences, high-risk behaviors, and morbidity in adulthood. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50, 344–352. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.022
  • Canalis, E., & Delany, A.M. (2002). Mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in bone. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 966, 73–81. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04204.x
  • Canalis, E., Mazziotti, G., Giustina, A., & Bilezikian, J.P. (2007). Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and therapy. Osteoporosis International, 18, 1319–1328. doi:10.1007/s00198-007-0394-0
  • Casagrande, S., Zsolt Garamszegi, L., Goymann, W., Donald, J., Francis, C.D., Fuxjager, M.J., … Hau, M. (2018). Do seasonal glucocorticoid changes depend on reproductive investment? A comparative approach in birds. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 58, 739–750.
  • Charmandari, E., Tsigos, C., & Chrousos, G. (2005). Endocrinology of the stress response. Annual Review of Physiology, 67, 259–284. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.67.040403.120816
  • Choy, K.H.C., de Visser, Y., Nichols, N.R., & van den Buuse, M. (2008). Combined neonatal stress and young-adult glucocorticoid stimulation in rats reduce BDNF expression in hippocampus: Effects on learning and memory. Hippocampus, 18, 655–667. doi:10.1002/hipo.20425
  • Cohen, A.A., Martin, L.B., Wingfield, J.C., McWilliams, S.R., & Dunne, J.A. (2012). Physiological regulatory networks: Ecological roles and evolutionary constraints. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 27, 428–435. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.04.008
  • Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., Doyle, W.J., Miller, G.E., Frank, E., Rabin, B.S., & Turner, R.B. (2012). Chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 5995–5999. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118355109
  • Costantini, D., & Dell'Omo, G. (2015). Oxidative stress predicts long-term resight probability and reproductive success in Scopoli's shearwater (Calonectris diomedea). Conservation Physiology, 3. doi:10.1093/conphys/cov024
  • Creel, S., Fox, J.E., Hardy, A., Sands, J., Garrott, B., & Peterson, R.O. (2002). Snowmobile activity and glucocorticoid stress responses in wolves and elk. Conservation Biology, 16, 809–814. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00554.x
  • Davies, K.J. (2000). Oxidative stress, antioxidant defenses, and damage removal, repair, and replacement systems. IUBMB Life, 50, 279–289. doi:10.1080/15216540051081010
  • de Vries, F., Bracke, M., Leufkens, H.G.M., Lammers, J.-W.J., Cooper, C., & van Staa, T.P. (2007). Fracture risk with intermittent high-dose oral glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 56, 208–214. doi:10.1002/art.22294
  • Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B.J., & Shirtcliff, E.A. (2011). The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1562–1592. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007
  • Dhabhar, F.S. (2008). Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress on immune function: Implications for immunoprotection versus immunopathology. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 4, 2–11. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-4-1-2
  • Dhabhar, F.S., & McEwen, B.S. (1999). Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress hormones on skin immune function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 1059–1064. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.3.1059
  • Diel, S., & Huber, O. (2017). A continuum damage mechanics model for the static and cyclic fatigue of cellular composites. Materials (Basel), 10, 951.
  • Du, J., Wang, Y., Hunter, R., Wei, Y., Blumenthal, R., Falke, C., … Manji, H.K. (2009). Dynamic regulation of mitochondrial function by glucocorticoids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 3543–3548. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812671106
  • Evans, G.W., & Kim, P. (2010). Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status-health gradient. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 174–189. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05336.x
  • Evans, G.W., Li, D., & Whipple, S.S. (2013). Cumulative risk and child development. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1342–1396. doi:10.1037/a0031808
  • Fisher, L.A., Jessen, G., & Brown, M.R. (1983). Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF): Mechanism to elevate mean arterial pressure and heart rate. Regulatory Peptides, 5, 153–161. doi:10.1016/0167-0115(83)90123-4
  • Folick, A., Oakley, H.D., Yu, Y., Armstrong, E.H., Kumari, M., Sanor, L., … Wang, M.C. (2015). Lysosomal signaling molecules regulate longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science, 347, 83–86. doi:10.1126/science.1258857
  • Frank, M.G., Miguel, Z.D., Watkins, L.R., & Maier, S.F. (2010). Prior exposure to glucocorticoids sensitizes the neuroinflammatory and peripheral inflammatory responses to E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Brain Behavior, and Immunity, 24, 19–30. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.07.008
  • Gladyshev, V.N. (2013). The origin of aging: imperfectness-driven non-random damage defines the aging process and control of lifespan. Trends in Genetics, 29, 506–512. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2013.05.004
  • Halfon, N., Larson, K., Lu, M., Tullis, E., & Russ, S. (2014). Lifecourse health development: Past, present and future. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18, 344–365. doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1346-2
  • Hayashi, J., Ohta, S., Kikuchi, A., Takemitsu, M., Goto, Y., & Nonaka, I. (1991). Introduction of disease-related mitochondrial DNA deletions into HeLa cells lacking mitochondrial DNA results in mitochondrial dysfunction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88, 10614–10618. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.23.10614
  • Horvath, V., Merenciano, M., & Gonzalez, J. (2017). Revisiting the relationship between transposable elements and the eukaryotic stress response. Trends in Genetics, 33, 832–841. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2017.08.007
  • Hostinar, C.E., Lachman, M.E., Mroczek, D.K., Seeman, T.E., & Miller, G.E. (2015). Additive contributions of childhood adversity and recent stressors to inflammation at midlife: Findings from the MIDUS study. Developmental Psychology, 51, 1630–1644. doi:10.1037/dev0000049
  • Hotamisligil, G.S., Shargill, N.S., & Spiegelman, B.M. (1993). Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: Direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science, 259, 87. doi:10.1126/science.7678183
  • Iyama, T., & Wilson, D.M. (2013). DNA repair mechanisms in dividing and non-dividing cells. DNA Repair, 12, 620–636. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.04.015
  • Karouna-Renier, N.K., White, C., Perkins, C.R., Schmerfeld, J.J., & Yates, D. (2014). Assessment of mitochondrial DNA damage in little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) collected near a mercury-contaminated river. Ecotoxicology, 23, 1419–1429. doi:10.1007/s10646-014-1284-9
  • Kauppila, J.H.K., & Stewart, J.B. (2015). Mitochondrial DNA: Radically free of free-radical driven mutations. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Bioenergetics, 1847, 1354–1361. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.06.001
  • Kazak, L., Reyes, A., & Holt, I.J. (2012). Minimizing the damage: Repair pathways keep mitochondrial DNA intact. Nature Reviews, Molecular Cell Biology, 13, 659. doi:10.1038/nrm3439
  • Kazazian, H.H., Jr., & Moran, J.V. (2017). Mobile DNA in health and disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 377, 361–370. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1510092
  • Kelly-Irving, M., Lepage, B., Dedieu, D., Bartley, M., Blane, D., Grosclaude, P., … Delpierre, C. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and premature all-cause mortality. European Journal of Epidemiology, 28, 721–734. doi:10.1007/s10654-013-9832-9
  • Kemp, J.R., & Longworth, M.S. (2015). Crossing the LINE toward genomic instability: LINE-1 retrotransposition in cancer. Frontiers in Chemistry, 3, 68.
  • Khansari, N., Shakiba, Y., & Mahmoudi, M. (2009). Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress as a major cause of age-related diseases and cancer. Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery, 3, 73–80. doi:10.2174/187221309787158371
  • Kilvitis, H.J., Hanson, H., Schrey, A.W., & Martin, L.B. (2017). Epigenetic potential as a mechanism of phenotypic plasticity in vertebrate range expansions. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 57, 385–395. doi:10.1093/icb/icx082
  • Klein, G.L. (2015). The effect of glucocorticoids on bone and muscle. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia, 1, 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.afos.2015.07.008
  • Koolhaas, J.M., Bartolomucci, A., Buwalda, B., de Boer, S.F., Flügge, G., Korte, S.M., … Fuchs, E. (2011). Stress revisited: A critical evaluation of the stress concept. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1291–1301. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.003
  • Korte, S.M., Koolhaas, J.M., Wingfield, J.C., & McEwen, B.S. (2005). The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 3–38. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.08.009
  • Kralj-Fišer, S., Scheiber, I.B.R., Kotrschal, K., Weiß, B.M., & Wascher, C.A.F. (2010). Glucocorticoids enhance and suppress heart rate and behaviour in time dependent manner in greylag geese (Anser anser). Physiology & Behavior, 100, 394–400. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.005
  • Kubzansky, L.D., & Adler, G.K. (2010). Aldosterone: A forgotten mediator of the relationship between psychological stress and heart disease. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34, 80–86. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.005
  • Kuo, T., Harris, C.A., & Wang, J.-C. (2013). Metabolic functions of glucocorticoid receptor in skeletal muscle. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 380, 79–88. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2013.03.003
  • Lackey, D.E., & Olefsky, J.M. (2016). Regulation of metabolism by the innate immune system. Nature Reviews. Endocrinology, 12, 15. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.189
  • Lee, H.C., Lim, M.L.R., Lu, C.Y., Liu, V.W.S., Fahn, H.-J., Zhang, C., … Wei, Y.-H. (1999). Concurrent increase of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation together with mitochondrial DNA mutation in human lung tissues during aging—Smoking enhances oxidative stress on the aged tissues. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 362, 309–316. doi:10.1006/abbi.1998.1036
  • Lee, Y.S., Li, P., Huh, J.Y., Hwang, I.J., Lu, M., Kim, J.I., … Kim, J.B. (2011). Inflammation is necessary for long-term but not short-term high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance. Diabetes, 60, 2474. doi:10.2337/db11-0194
  • Lim, H.Y., Müller, N., Herold, M.J., Van Den Brandt, J., & Reichardt, H.M. (2007). Glucocorticoids exert opposing effects on macrophage function dependent on their concentration. Immunology, 122, 47–53. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02611.x
  • Limón-Pacheco, J., & Gonsebatt, M.E. (2009). The role of antioxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective responses to environmentally induced oxidative stress. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 674, 137–147. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.015
  • Lotze, M.T., Zeh, H.J., Rubartelli, A., Sparvero, L.J., Amoscato, A.A., Washburn, N.R., … Billiar, T. (2007). The grateful dead: damage-associated molecular pattern molecules and reduction/oxidation regulate immunity. Immunological Reviews, 220, 60–81. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00579.x
  • Lumeng, C.N., Bodzin, J.L., & Saltiel, A.R. (2007). Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 117, 175–184. doi:10.1172/JCI29881
  • Manson, S.C., Brown, R.E., Cerulli, A., & Vidaurre, C.F. (2009). The cumulative burden of oral corticosteroid side effects and the economic implications of steroid use. Respiratory Medicine, 103, 975–994. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2009.01.003
  • Marra, P.P., & Holberton, R.L. (1998). Corticosterone levels as indicators of habitat quality: Effects of habitat segregation in a migratory bird during the non-breeding season. Oecologia, 116, 284–292. doi:10.1007/s004420050590
  • Martin, L.B., & Cohen, A.A. (2014). Physiological regulatory networks: The orchestra of life? In L. B. Martin, C. K. Ghalambor & H. A. Woods, (Eds.), Integrative Organismal Biology (p. 137–152).
  • Mathis, D. (2013). Immunological goings-on in visceral adipose tissue. Cell Metabolism, 17, 851–859. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.05.008
  • McClintock, B. (1984). The significance of responses of the genome to challenge. Science (New York, N.Y.), 226, 792. doi:10.1126/science.15739260
  • McEwen, B.S., & Wingfield, J.C. (2003a). The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 2–15. doi:10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00024-7
  • McEwen, B.S., & Wingfield, J.C. (2003b). Response to commentaries on the concept of allostasis. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 28–30. doi:10.1016/S0018-506X(02)00039-9
  • McEwen, B.S., & Wingfield, J.C. (2010). What is in a name? Integrating homeostasis, allostasis and stress. Hormones and Behavior, 57, 105–111. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.011
  • Medikayala, S., Piteo, B., Zhao, X., & Edwards, J.G. (2011). Chronically elevated glucose compromises myocardial mitochondrial DNA integrity by alteration of mitochondrial topoisomerase function. American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology, 300, C338–C348. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00248.2010
  • Monaghan, P. (2008). Early growth conditions, phenotypic development and environmental change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 1635–1645. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.0011
  • Monaghan, P., Metcalfe, N.B., & Torres, R. (2009). Oxidative stress as a mediator of life history trade-offs: Mechanisms, measurements and interpretation. Ecology Letters, 12, 75–92. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01258.x
  • Nakayama, H., & Otsu, K. (2018). Mitochondrial DNA as an inflammatory mediator in cardiovascular diseases. Biochemical Journal, 475, 839–852. doi:10.1042/BCJ20170714
  • Natt, D., & Thorsell, A. (2016). Stress-induced transposon reactivation: A mediator or an estimator of allostatic load? Environmental Epigenetics, 2, dvw015. doi:10.1093/eep/dvw015
  • Nederhof, E., & Schmidt, M.V. (2012). Mismatch or cumulative stress: Toward an integrated hypothesis of programming effects. Physiology and Behavior, 106, 691–700. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.12.008
  • Partridge, M.A., Huang, S.X., Hernandez-Rosa, E., Davidson, M.M., & Hei, T.K. (2007). Arsenic induced mitochondrial DNA damage and altered mitochondrial oxidative function: Implications for genotoxic mechanisms in mammalian cells. Cancer Research, 67, 5239–5247. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0074
  • Rock, K.L., & Kono, H. (2008). The inflammatory response to cell death. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, 3, 99–126. doi:10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151456
  • Romero, L.M., & Butler, L.K. (2007). Endocrinology of stress. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 20, 89–95.
  • Romero, L.M., Dickens, M.J., & Cyr, N.E. (2009). The reactive scope model – A new model integrating homeostasis, allostasis, and stress. Hormones and Behavior, 55, 375–389. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.12.009
  • Romero, L.M., Platts, S.H., Schoech, S.J., Wada, H., Crespi, E., Martin, L.B., & Buck, C.L. (2015). Understanding stress in the healthy animal – potential paths for progress. Stress, 18, 491–497. doi:10.3109/10253890.2015.1073255
  • Ross, J.M., Coppotelli, G., Hoffer, B.J., & Olson, L. (2014). Maternally transmitted mitochondrial DNA mutations can reduce lifespan. Scientific Report, 4, 6569.
  • Rossignol, R., Faustin, B., Rocher, C., Malgat, M., Mazat, J. P., & Letellier, T. (2003). Mitochondrial threshold effects. Biochemical Journal, 370, 751. doi:10.1042/bj20021594
  • Saag, K.G., Koehnke, R., Caldwell, J.R., Brasington, R., Burmeister, L.F., Zimmerman, B., … Furst, D.E. (1994). Low dose long-term corticosteroid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: An analysis of serious adverse events. The American Journal of Medicine, 96, 115–123. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(94)90131-7
  • Santarelli, S., Lesuis, S.L., Wang, X.-D., Wagner, K.V., Hartmann, J., Labermaier, C., … Schmidt, M.V. (2014). Evidence supporting the match/mismatch hypothesis of psychiatric disorders. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 907–918. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.02.002
  • Sapolsky, R.M. (1996). Stress, glucocorticoids, and damage to the nervous system: The current state of confusion. Stress, 1, 1–19. doi:10.3109/10253899609001092
  • Sapolsky, R.M., & Altmann, J. (1991). Incidence of hypercortisolism and dexamethasone resistance increases with age among wild baboons. Biological Psychiatry, 30, 1008–1016. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(91)90121-2
  • Sapolsky, R.M., Krey, L.C., & McEwen, B.S. (1983). Corticosterone receptors decline in a site-specific manner in the aged rat brain. Brain Research, 289, 235–240. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(83)90024-0
  • Sapolsky, R.M., Romero, L.M., & Munck, A.U. (2000). How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews, 21, 55–89. doi:10.1210/er.21.1.55
  • Sarnes, E., Crofford, L., Watson, M., Dennis, G., Kan, H., & Bass, D. (2011). Incidence and US costs of corticosteroid-associated adverse events: A systematic literature review. Clinical Therapeutics, 33, 1413–1432. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.09.009
  • Savu, O., Sunkari, V.G., Botusan, I.R., Grunler, J., Nikoshkov, A., & Catrina, S.B. (2011). Stability of mitochondrial DNA against reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 27, 470–479. doi:10.1002/dmrr.1203
  • Scaffidi, P., Misteli, T., & Bianchi, M.E. (2002). Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation. Nature, 418, 191. doi:10.1038/nature00858
  • Schmitt, M.W., Prindle, M.J., & Loeb, L.A. (2012). Implications of genetic heterogeneity in cancer. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1267, 110–116. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06590.x
  • Schoenle, L.A., Zimmer, C., & Vitousek, M.N. (2018). Understanding context dependence in glucocorticoid-fitness relationships: The role of the nature of the challenge, the intensity and frequency of stressors, and life history. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 58, 777–789. doi:10.1093/icb/icy046
  • Shoffner, J., & Wallace, D. (1995). Oxidative phosphorylation diseases. In C. R. Scriver, A. L. Beaudet, W. S. Sly & D. Valle (Eds.), The metabolic basis of inherited disease (pp. 1535–1609). New York: McGraw Hill.
  • Shokolenko, I., Venediktova, N., Bochkareva, A., Wilson, G.L., & Alexeyev, M.F. (2009). Oxidative stress induces degradation of mitochondrial DNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 37, 2539–2548. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp100
  • Song, L., Zheng, J., Li, H., Jia, N., Suo, Z., Cai, Q., … Zhu, Z. (2009). Prenatal stress causes oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in hippocampus of offspring rats. Neurochemical Research, 34, 739–745. doi:10.1007/s11064-008-9838-y
  • Sorenson, G.H., Dey, C.J., Madliger, C.L., & Love, O.P. (2017). Effectiveness of baseline corticosterone as a monitoring tool for fitness: A meta-analysis in seabirds. Oecologia, 183, 353–365. doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3774-3
  • Stear, E.B. (1975). Application of control theory to endocrine regulation and control. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 3, 439–455. doi:10.1007/BF02409328
  • Stearns, S.C. (1989). Trade-offs in life-history evolution. Functional Ecology, 3, 259–268. doi:10.2307/2389364
  • Suzuki, S., Hinokio, Y., Komatu, K., Ohtomo, M., Onoda, M., Hirai, S., … Toyota, T. (1999). Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and its relationship to diabetic complications. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 45, 161–168. doi:10.1016/S0168-8227(99)00046-7
  • Szczesny, B., Marcatti, M., Ahmad, A., Montalbano, M., Brunyanszki, A., Bibli, S.I., … Szabo, C. (2018). Mitochondrial DNA damage and subsequent activation of Z-DNA binding protein 1 links oxidative stress to inflammation in epithelial cells. Scientific Reports, 8, 914. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19216-1
  • Tann, A.W., Boldogh, I., Meiss, G., Qian, W., Van Houten, B., Mitra, S., & Szczesny, B. (2011). Apoptosis induced by persistent single-strand breaks in mitochondrial genome: Critical role of EXOG (5'-EXO/endonuclease) in their repair. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286, 31975–31983. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.215715
  • Thiel, D., Jenni-Eiermann, S., Braunisch, V., Palme, R., & Jenni, L. (2007). Ski tourism affects habitat use and evokes a physiological stress response in capercaillie Tetrao urogallus: A new methodological approach. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 845–853. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01465.x
  • Trifunovic, A., Wredenberg, A., Falkenberg, M., Spelbrink, J.N., Rovio, A.T., Bruder, C.E., … Larsson, N.-G. (2004). Premature ageing in mice expressing defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase. Nature, 429, 417. doi:10.1038/nature02517
  • Vanlangenakker, N., Berghe, T.V., Krysko, D.V., Festjens, N., & Vandenabeele, P. (2008). Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiology of necrotic cell death. Current Molecular Medicine, 8, 207–220. doi:10.2174/156652408784221306
  • Vyas, S., Rodrigues, A.J., Silva, J.M., Tronche, F., Almeida, O.F.X., Sousa, N., & Sotiropoulos, I. (2016). Chronic stress and glucocorticoids: From neuronal plasticity to neurodegeneration. Neural Plasticity, 2016, 1. doi:10.1155/2016/6391686
  • Wada, H., & Sewall, K.B. (2014). Introduction to the symposium-uniting evolutionary and physiological approaches to understanding phenotypic plasticity. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 54, 774–782. doi:10.1093/icb/icu097
  • Walker, B.G., Boersma, P.D., & Wingfield, J.C. (2005a). Field endocrinology and conservation biology. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45, 12–18. doi:10.1093/icb/45.1.12
  • Walker, B.G., Boersma, P.D., & Wingfield, J.C. (2005b). Physiological and behavioral differences in magellanic penguin chicks in undisturbed and tourist-visited locations of a colony. Conservation Biology, 19, 1571–1577. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00104.x
  • Weaver, I.C.G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F.A., D'Alessio, A.C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J.R., … Meaney, M.J. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 847–854. doi:10.1038/nn1276
  • West, A.P., & Shadel, G.S. (2017). Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses and inflammatory pathology. Nature Reviews Immunology, 17, 363–375. doi:10.1038/nri.2017.21
  • Wiese, A.G., Pacifici, R.E., & Davies, K.J.A. (1995). Transient adaptation to oxidative stress in mammalian cells. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 318, 231–240. doi:10.1006/abbi.1995.1225
  • Wikelski, M., & Cooke, S.J. (2006). Conservation physiology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 38–46. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.018
  • Williams, G.C. (1966). Natural selection, the cost of reproduction and a refinement of Lack’s principle. American Naturalist, 100, 687–690. doi:10.1086/282461
  • Yakes, F.M., Chen Y., Van Houten, B. (1997). Mitochondrial DNA damage is more extensive and persists longer than nuclear DNA damage in human cells following oxidative stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94, 514–519. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.2.514
  • Yang, F., & Wang, P.J. (2016). Multiple LINEs of retrotransposon silencing mechanisms in the mammalian germline. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 59, 118–125. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.001
  • Yu, T., Robotham, J.L., & Yoon, Y. (2006). Increased production of reactive oxygen species in hyperglycemic conditions requires dynamic change of mitochondrial morphology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 2653. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511154103
  • Zhang, Q., & Andersen, M.E. (2007). Dose response relationship in anti-stress gene regulatory networks. PLoS Computational Biology, 3, e24. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030024
  • Zhang, Q., Pi, J., Woods, C.G., & Andersen, M.E. (2009). Phase I to II cross-induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes: A feedforward control mechanism for potential hormetic responses. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 237, 345–356. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.005
  • Zhang, Q., Pi, J., Woods, C.G., & Andersen, M.E. (2010). A systems biology perspective on Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 244, 84–97. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.08.018
  • Zhang, Y., & Hood, W.R. (2016). Current versus future reproduction and longevity: A re-evaluation of predictions and mechanisms. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 219, 3177–3189. doi:10.1242/jeb.132183
  • Zonana-Nacach, A., Barr, S.G., Magder, L.S., & Petri, M. (2000). Damage in systemic lupus erythematosus and its association with corticosteroids. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 43, 1801–1808. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(200008)43:8<1801::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-O

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.