Advanced search
Publication Cover
Stress
The International Journal on the Biology of Stress
Volume 6, 2003 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
318
Views
48
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Stress and Cytokine-elicited Neuroendocrine and Neurotransmitter Sensitization: Implications for Depressive Illness

Shawn Hayley Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, CanadaCorrespondence[email protected]
,
Zul Merali Institute of Mental Health Research, Royal Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont., Canada
&
Hymie Anisman Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Canada
Pages 19-32 | Published online: 07 Jul 2009

  • Ando, T. and Dunn, A.J. (1999) Mouse tumor necrosis factor-alpha increases brain tryptophan concentrations and norepinephrine metabolism while activating the HPA axis in mice, Neuroimmunomodulation 6, 319 - 329
  • Anisman, H. and Merali, Z. (1999) Anhedonic and anxiogenic effects of cytokine exposure, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 461, 199 - 233
  • Anisman, H., Zalcman, S., Shanks, N. and Zacharko, R.M. (1991) Multisystem regulation of performance deficits induced by stressors: an animal model of depression, In: Boulton, A., Baker, G. and Martin-Iverson, M., eds, Neuromethods, V. 19: Animal Models of Psychiatry, II (Humana Press, New Jersey), pp. 1 - 59
  • Anisman, H., Zalcman, S. and Zacharko, R.M. (1993) The impact of stressors on immune and central neurotransmitter activity: bidirectional communication, Rev. Neurosci. 4, 147 - 180
  • Anisman, H., Hayley, S. and Merali, Z. (2001) Behavioral and central neurochemical consequences of cytokine challenge, In: Bienenstock, J., Gorzynski, R. and Berczi, I., eds, Neuroimmune Biology: New Foundation of Biology (Elsevier Science), pp. 141 - 162
  • Anisman, H., Hayley, S., Turrin, N. and Merali, Z. (2002) Cytokines as a stressor: implications for depressive illness, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 5, 357 - 373
  • Avitsur, R. and Yirmiya, R. (1999) Cytokines inhibit sexual behavior in female rats: I. Synergistic effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1, Brain Behav. Immun. 13, 14 - 32
  • Banks, W.A. (2001) Cytokines, CVSs, and the blood-brain-barrier, In: Ader, R., Felten, D.L. and Cohen, N., eds, Psychoneuroimmunology (Academic Press, New York) Vol. 2, pp. 483 - 498
  • Banks, W.A., Moinuddin, A. and Morley, J.E. (2001) Regional transport of TNF-alpha across the blood-brain barrier in young ICR and young and aged SAMP8 mice, Neurobiol. Aging 22, 671 - 676
  • Bartanusz, V., Jezova, D., Bertini, L.T., Tilders, F.J., Aubry, J.M. and Kiss, J.Z. (1993) Stress-induced increase in vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing factor expression in hypophysiotrophic paraventricular neurons, Endocrinology 132, 895 - 902
  • Bernardini, R., Kamilaris, T.C., Calogero, A.E., Johnson, E.O., Gomez, M.T., Gold, P.W. and Chrousos, G.P. (1990) Interactions between tumor necrosis factor-α, hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone, and adrenocorticotropin secretion in the rat, Endocrinology 126, 2876 - 2881
  • Bhatnagar, S. and Dallman, M. (1998) Neuroanatomical basis for facilitation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to a novel stressor after chronic stress, Neuroscience 84, 1025 - 1039
  • Blalock, J.E. (1994) The syntax of immune-neuroendocrine communication, Immunol. Today 15, 504 - 511
  • Borowski, T., Kokkinidis, L., Merali, Z. and Anisman, H. (1998) Lipopolysaccharide, central in vivo biogenic amine variations, and anhedonia, Neuroreport 9, 3797 - 3802
  • Brebner, K., Hayley, S., Merali, Z. and Anisman, H. (1999) Synergistic effects of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a: central monoamine, corticosterone and behavioral variations, Neuropsychopharmacology 22, 566 - 580
  • Breder, C.D., Tsujimoto, M., Terano, Y., Scott, D.W. and Saper, C. (1993) Distribution and characterization of tumor necrosis factor-α-like immunoreactivity in the murine central nervous system, J. Comp. Neurol. 337, 543 - 567
  • Brouckaert, P., Libert, C., Everaerdt, B. and Fiers, W. (1992) Selective species specificity of tumor necrosis factor for toxicity in the mouse, Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 11, 193 - 196
  • Brown, R.E., Stevens, D.R. and Haas, H.L. (2001) The physiology of brain histamine, Prog. Neurobiol. 63, 637 - 672
  • Buller, K.M. and Day, T.A. (2002) Systemic administration of interleukin-1beta activates select populations of central amygdala afferents, J. Comp. Neurol. 452, 288 - 296
  • Capuron, L., Bluthe, R.M. and Dantzer, R. (2001) Cytokines in clinical psychiatry, Am. J. Psychiatr. 158, 1163 - 1164
  • Chang, S.L., Ren, T. and Zadina, J.E. (1993) Interleukin-1 activation of Fos proto-oncogene protein in the rat hypothalamus, Brain Res. 617, 123 - 130
  • Cho, L., Tsunoda, M. and Sharma, R.P. (1999) Effects of endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor alpha on regional brain neurotransmitters in mice, Nat. Toxins 7, 187 - 195
  • Connor, T., Song, C., Leonard, B.E., Merali, Z. and Anisman, H. (1998) An assessment of the effects of central interleukin-1β, -2, -6 and tumor necrosis factor-α administration on some behavioural, neurochemical, endocrine and immune parameters in the rat, Neuroscience 84, 923 - 933
  • Cuadra, G., Zurita, A., Lacerra, C. and Molina, V. (1999) Chronic stress sensitizes frontal cortex dopamine release in response to a subsequent novel stressor: reversal by naloxone, Brain Res. Bull. 48, 303 - 308
  • Cunningham, E.T., Jr. and DeSouza, E.B. (1993) Interleukin-1 receptors in the brain and endocrine tissue, Immunol. Today 14, 171 - 176
  • da Cunha, A., Jefferson, J.J., Tyor, W.R., Glass, J.D., Jannotta, F.S. and Vitkovic, L. (1993) Control of astrocytosis by interleukin-1 and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in human brain, Brain Res. 631, 39 - 45
  • Dantzer, R., Bluthe, R.M., Aubert, A., Goodal, G., Bret Dibat, J.-L., Kent, S., Goujon, E., Laye, S., Parnet, P. and Kelley, K.W. (1996) Cytokine actions on behavior, In: Rothwell, N.J., ed, Cytokines and the Nervous System (Landes, London), pp. 117 - 144
  • Davis, M. (1992) The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety, Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 15, 353 - 375
  • Day, H.E., Curran, E.J., Watson, Jr., S.J. and Akil, H. (1999) Distinct neurochemical populations in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: evidence for their selective activation by interleukin-1beta, J. Comp. Neurol. 413, 113 - 128
  • de Goeij, D.C., Kvetnansky, R., Whitnall, M., Jezova, D., Berkenbosch, F. and Tilders, F.J.H. (1991) Repeated stress-induced activation of corticotrophin-releasing factor neurons enhances vasopressin stores and colocalization with corticotrophin-releasing factor in the median eminence of rats, Neuroendocrinology 53, 150 - 159
  • de Goeij, D.C., Jezova, D. and Tilders, F.J.H. (1992) Repeated stress enhances vasopressin synthesis in corticotropin releasing factor neurons in the paraventricular nucleus, Brain Res. 577, 165 - 168
  • De Simoni, M.G. and Imeri, L. (1998) Cytokine-neurotransmitter interactions in the brain, Biol. Signals Recept. 7, 33 - 44
  • Dunn, A.J. (1995) Interactions between the nervous system and the immune system, In: Bloom, F.E. and Kupfer, D.J., eds, Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress (Raven Press, New York), pp. 719 - 731
  • Dunn, A.J. (2001) Effects of cytokines and infections on brain neurochemistry, In: Ader, R., Felten, D.L. and Cohen, N., eds, Psychoneuroimmunology V. 2 (Academic Press, New York) Vol. 2, pp. 649 - 666
  • Ericsson, A., Kovacs, K.J. and Sawchenko, P.E. (1994) A functional anatomical analysis of central pathways subserving the effects of interleukin-1 on stress-related neuroendocrine neurons, J. Neurosci. 14, 899 - 913
  • Ericsson, A., Arias, C. and Sawchenko, P.E. (1997) Evidence for an intramedullary prostaglandin-dependent mechanism in the activation of stress-related neuroendocrine circuitry by intravenous interleukin-1, J. Neurosci. 17, 7166 - 7179
  • Finlay, J.M., Jedema, H.P., Rabinovic, A.D., Mana, M.J., Zigmond, M.J. and Sved, A.F. (1997) Impact of corticotropin-releasing hormone on extracellular norepinephrine in prefrontal cortex after chronic cold stress, J. Neurochem. 69, 144 - 150
  • Gresch, P.J., Sved, A.F., Zigmond, M.J. and Finlay, J.M. (1994) Stress-induced sensitization of dopamine and norepinephrine efflux in medial prefrontal cortex of the rat, J. Neurochem. 63, 575 - 583
  • Griffiths, J., Ravindran, A.V., Merali, Z. and Anisman, H. (2000) Dysthymia: neurochemical and behavioral perspectives, Mol. Psychiatr. 5, 242 - 261
  • Gutierrez, E.G., Banks, W.A. and Kastin, A.J. (1993) Murine tumor necrosis factor alpha is transported from blood to brain in the mouse, J. Neuroimmunol. 47, 169 - 176
  • Hagan, P., Poole, S. and Bristow, A.F. (1993) Endotoxin-stimulated production of rat hypothalamic interleukin-1 beta in vivo and in vitro, measured by specific immunoradiometric assay, J. Mol. Endocrinol. 11, 31 - 36
  • Hayley, S., Brebner, K., Lacosta, S., Merali, Z. and Anisman, H. (1999) Sensitization to the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α: neuroendocrine, central monoamine and behavioral variations, J. Neurosci. 19, 5654 - 5665
  • Hayley, S., Staines, W.M., Merali, Z. and Anisman, H. (2001a) Time- dependent sensitization of corticotropin releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and c-fos immunoreactivity within the mouse brain in response to tumor necrosis factor-α, Neuroscience 106, 137 - 148
  • Hayley, S., Lacosta, S., Merali, Z., van Rooijen, N. and Anisman, H. (2001b) Central monoamine and plasma corticosterone changes induced by a bacterial endotoxin: sensitization and cross-sensitization effects, Eur. J. Neurosci. 13, 1155 - 1165
  • Hayley, S., Wall, P. and Anisman, H. (2002a) Sensitization to the neuroendocrine, central monoamine and behavioral effects of murine tumor necrosis factor-α: peripheral and central mechanisms, Eur. J. Neurosci. 15, 1061 - 1076
  • Hayley, S., Kelly, O. and Anisman, H. (2002b) Murine tumor necrosis factor-a sensitizes plasma corticosterone activity and the manifestation of shock: modulation by histamine, J. Neuroimmunol. 131, 60 - 69
  • Heim, C., Owens, M.J., Plotsky, P.M. and Nemeroff, C.B. (1997) Persistent changes in corticotrophin-releasing factor systems due to early life stress: relationship to the pathophysiology of major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 33, 185 - 192
  • Herman, J.P. and Cullinan, W.E. (1997) Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, Trends Neurosci. 20, 78 - 84
  • Irwin, J., Ahluwalia, P. and Anisman, H. (1986) Sensitization of norepinephrine activity following acute and chronic footshock, Brain Res. 379, 98 - 103
  • Jedema, H.P., Sved, A.F., Zigmond, M.J. and Finlay, J.M. (1999) Sensitization of norepinephrine release in medial prefrontal cortex: effect of different chronic stress protocols, Brain Res. 830, 211 - 217
  • Kalivas, P.W. and Stewart, J. (1991) Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity, Brain Res. Rev. 16, 223 - 244
  • Kinouchi, K., Brown, G., Pasternak, G. and Donner, D.B. (1991) Identification and characterization of receptors for tumor necrosis factor-α in the brain, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181, 1532 - 1538
  • Koller, H., Trimborn, M., von Giesen, H., Schroeter, M. and Arendt, G. (2001) TNFalpha reduces glutamate induced intracellular Ca(2+) increase in cultured cortical astrocytes, Brain Res. 893, 237 - 243
  • Konsman, J.P., Tridon, V. and Dantzer, R. (2000) Diffusion and action of intracerebroventricularly injected interleukin-1 in the CNS, Neuroscience 101, 957 - 967
  • Konsman, J.P., Parnet, P. and Dantzer, R. (2002) Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: mechanisms and implications, Trends Neurosci. 25, 154 - 159
  • Lacosta, S., Merali, Z. and Anisman, H. (1998) Influence of interleukin-1 on exploratory behaviors, plasma ACTH and cortisol, and central biogenic amines in mice, Psychopharmacology 137, 351 - 361
  • Lacosta, S., Merali, Z. and Anisman, H. (1999) Behavioral and neurochemical consequences of lipopolysaccharide in mice: anxigenic-like effects, Brain Res. 818, 291 - 303
  • Lacroix, S. and Rivest, S. (1998) Effect of acute systemic inflammatory response and cytokines on the transcription of the genes encoding cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) in the rat brain, J. Neurochem. 70, 452 - 466
  • Laflamme, N. and Rivest, S. (1999) Effects of systemic immunogenic insults and circulating proinflammatory cytokines on the transcription of the inhibitory factor kappaB alpha within specific cellular populations of the rat brain, J. Neurochem. 73, 309 - 321
  • Lazarus, R.S. and Folkman, S. (1984) Stress, Appraisal, and Coping (Springer, New York)
  • Lechan, R.M., Toni, R., Clark, B.D., Cannon, J.G., Shaw, A.R., Dinarello, C.A. and Reichlin, S. (1990) Immunoreactive interleukin-1 beta localization in the rat forebrain, Brain Res. 514, 135 - 140
  • LeDoux, J.E. (2000) Emotion circuits in the brain, Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 155 - 184
  • Lee, Y. and Davis, M. (1997) Role of the hippocampus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the amygdala in the excitatory effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone on the acoustic startle reflex, J. Neurosci. 17, 6434 - 6446
  • Lee, S. and Rivier, C. (1998) Interaction between corticotropin-releasing factor and nitric oxide in mediating the response of the rat hypothalamus to immune and non-immune stimuli, Mol. Brain Res. 57, 54 - 62
  • Linthorst, A.C.E., Flachskamm, C., Muller-Preuss, P., Holsboer, F. and Reul, J.M.H.M. (1995) Effect of bacterial endotoxin and interleukin-1β on hippocampal serotonergic neurotransmission, behavioral activity, and free corticosterone levels: an in vivo microdialysis study, J. Neurosci. 15, 2920 - 2934
  • Maes, M. (1999) Major depression and activation of the inflammatory response system, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 461, 25 - 46
  • Maier, S.F. and Watkins, L.R. (1998) Cytokines for psychologists: implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition, Psychol. Rev. 105, 83 - 107
  • Mark, K.S., Trickler, W.J. and Miller, D.W. (2001) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin release in brain microvessel endothelial cells, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 297, 1051 - 1058
  • Matsumoto, Y., Yoshida, M., Watanabe, S. and Yamamoto, T. (2001) Involvement of cholinergic and glutamatergic functions in working memory impairment induced by interleukin-1beta in rats, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 430, 283 - 288
  • Mayhan, W.G. (2002) Cellular mechanisms by which tumor necrosis factor-a produces disruption of the blood-brain barrier, Brain Res. 927, 144 - 152
  • McEwen, B.S. (1998) Stress, adaptation, and disease. Allostasis and allostatic load, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 840, 33 - 44
  • Meaney, M.J., Diorio, J., Francis, D., Widdowson, J., LaPlante, P., Caldji, C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J.R. and Plotsky, P.M. (1996) Early environment regulation of forebrain glucocorticoid receptor gene expression: implications for adrenocortical responses to stress, Dev. Neurosci. 18, 49 - 72
  • Merali, Z., Lacosta, S. and Anisman, H. (1997) Effects of interleukin-1β and mild stress on alterations of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission: a regional microdialysis study, Brain Res. 761, 225 - 235
  • Merali, Z., Brennan, K., Brau, P. and Anisman, H. (2002) Dissociating anorexia and anhedonia elicited by interleukin-1β: antidepressant and gender effects on responding for "Free Chow" and "Earned" sucrose intake, Psychopharmacology 165, 413 - 418
  • Merrill, J.E. and Benveniste, E.N. (1996) Cytokines in inflammatory brain lesions: helpful and harmful, Trends Neurosci. 19, 331 - 338
  • Mohankumar, P.S. and Quadri, S.K. (1993) Systemic administration of interleukin-1 stimulates norepinephrine release in the paraventricular nucleus, Life Sci. 52, 1961 - 1967
  • Musselman, D.L., Lawson, D.H., Gumnick, J.F., Manatunga, A., Penna, S., Goodkin, R., Greiner, K., Nemeroff, C.B. and Miller, A.H. (2001) Paroxetine for the prevention of the depression and neurotoxicity induced by high dose interferon alpha, N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 961 - 966
  • Nadeau, S. and Rivest, S. (1999) Effects of circulating tumor necrosis factor on the neuronal activity and expression of the genes encoding the tumor necrosis factor receptors (p55 and p75) in the rat brain: a view from the blood-brain barrier, Neuroscience 93, 1449 - 1464
  • Nemeroff, C.B. (1998) Psychopharmacology of affective disorders in the 21st century, Biol. Psychiatr. 44, 517 - 525
  • Nguyen, K.T., Deak, T., Owens, S.M., Kohno, T., Fleshner, M., Watkins, L.R. and Maier, S.F. (1998) Exposure to acute stress induces brain interleukin-1b protein in the rat, J. Neurosci. 18, 2239 - 2246
  • Nisenbaum, L.K., Zigmond, M.J., Sved, A.F. and Abercrombie, E.D. (1991) Prior exposure to chronic stress results in enhanced synthesis and release of hippocampal norepinephrine in response to a novel stressor, J. Neurosci. 11, 1478 - 1484
  • Nishida, A., Hisaoka, K., Zensho, H., Uchitomi, Y., Morinobu, S. and Yamawaki, S. (2002) Antidepressant drugs and cytokines in mood disorders, Int. Immunopharmacol. 2, 619 - 626
  • Pauli, S., Linthorst, A.C.E. and Reul, J.M.H.M. (1998) Tumor necrosis factor-a and interlekin-2 differentially affect hippocampal serotonergic neurotransmission, behavioral activity, body temperature and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity in the rat, Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 868 - 878
  • Perlstein, R.S., Whitnall, M.H., Abrams, J.S., Moughey, E.H. and Neta, R. (1993) Synergistic roles of interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor in the adrenocorticotropin response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in vivo, Endocrinology 132, 946 - 952
  • Phelps, C.P., Dong, J.M., Chen, L.T. and Menzies, R.A. (2001) Plasma interleukin-1beta, prolactin, ACTH and corticosterone responses to endotoxin after damage of the anterior hypothalamic area, Neuroimmunomodulation 9, 340 - 351
  • Pita, I., Jelaso, A.M. and Ide, C.F. (1999) IL-1beta increases intracellular calcium through an IL-1 type 1 receptor mediated mechanism in C6 astrocytic cells, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 17, 813 - 820
  • Pizzi, C., Caraglia, M., Cianciulli, M., Fabbrocini, A., Libroia, A., Matano, E., Contegiacomo, A., Del Prete, S., Abbruzzese, A., Martignetti, A., Tagliaferri, P. and Bianco, A.R. (2002) Low-dose recombinant IL-2 induces psychological changes: monitoring by Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Anticancer Res. 22, 727 - 732
  • Plotkin, S.R., Banks, W.A. and Kastin, A.J. (1996) Comparison of saturable transport and extracellular pathways in the passage of interleukin-1 alpha across the blood-brain barrier., J. Neuroimmunol. 67, 41 - 47
  • Quagliarello, V.J., Wisplwey, B., Long, Jr., W.J. and Sheld, W.M. (1991) Recombinant interleukin-1 induces meningitis and blood-brain barrier injury in the rat, J. Clin. Investig. 87, 1360 - 1366
  • Quan, N., Zhang, Z., Emery, M., Bonsall, R. and Weiss, J.M. (1996) Detection of interleukin-1 bioactivity in various brain regions of normal healthy rats, Neuroimmunomodulation 3, 47 - 55
  • Reichenberg, A., Yirmiya, R., Schuld, A., Kraus, T., Haack, M., Morag, A. and Pollmacher, T. (2001) Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans, Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 58, 445 - 452
  • Rivest, S. (2001) How circulating cytokines trigger the neural circuits that control the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, Psychoneuroendocrinology 26, 761 - 788
  • Rivest, S. and Rivier, C. (1991) Influence of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the alteration of neuroendocrine functions induced by intermittent footshock or interleukin, Endocrinology 129, 2049 - 2057
  • Rivest, S. and Rivier, C. (1994) Stress and interleukin-1 beta-induced activation of c-Fos, NGFI-B and CRF gene expression in the hypothalamic PVN--comparison between Sprague-Dawley, Fisher-344 and Lewis rats, J. Neuroendocrinol. 6, 101 - 117
  • Rivier, C. (2001) The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis response to immune signals, In: Ader, R., Felten, D.L. and Cohen, N., eds, Psychoneuroimmunology, V. 2 (Academic Press, New York), pp. 633 - 648
  • Robinson, T.E., Angus, A.L. and Becker, J.B. (1987) Sensitization to stress: the enduring effects of prior stress on amphetamine-induced rotational behavior, Neuropharamacology 26, 679 - 691
  • Rothwell, N.J. (1999) Annual review prize lecture cytokines--killers in the brain?, J. Physiol. 514, 3 - 17
  • Sapolsky, R.M., Romero, L.M. and Munck, A.U. (2000) How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions, Endocr. Rev. 21, 55 - 89
  • Sato, S., Reiner, S.L., Jensen, M.A. and Roos, R.P. (1997) Central nervous system mRNA expression following Theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, J. Neuroimmunol. 76, 213 - 223
  • Sawchenko, P.E., Brown, E.R., Chan, R.K., Ericsson, A., Li, H.Y., Roland, B.L. and Kovcs, K.J. (1996) The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the functional neuroanatomy of visceromotor responses to stress, Prog. Brain Res. 107, 201 - 222
  • Schmidt, E.D., Janszen, A.W.J.W., Wouterlood, F.G. and Tilders, F.J.H. (1995) Interleukin-1 induced long-lasting changes in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons and hyperresponsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, J. Neurosci. 15, 7417 - 7426
  • Schmidt, E.D., Binnekade, R., Janszen, A.W. and Tilders, F.J. (1996) Short stressor induced long-lasting increases of vasopressin stores in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in adult rats, J. Neuroendocrinol. 8, 703 - 712
  • Shanks, N., Windle, R.J., Perks, P.A., Harbuz, M.S., Jessop, D.S., Ingram, C.D. and Lightman, S.L. (2000) Early-life exposure to endotoxin alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and predisposition to inflammation, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 97, 645 - 650
  • Shintani, F., Kanba, S., Nakaki, T., Nibuya, M., Kinoshita, N., Suzuki, E., Yagi, G., Kato, R. and Asai, M. (1993) Interleukin-1β augments release of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the rat anterior hypothalamus, J. Neurosci. 13, 3574 - 3581
  • Shintani, F., Nakaki, T., Kanba, S., Sato, K., Yagi, G., Shiozawa, M., Aiso, S., Kato, R. and Asai, M. (1995) Involvement of interleukin-1 in immobilization stress-induced increase in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and in release of hypothalamic monoamines in the rat, J. Neurosci. 15, 1961 - 1970
  • Soliven, B. and Albert, J. (1992) Tumor necrosis factor modulates the inactivation of catchecholamine secretion in cultured sympathetic neurons, J. Neurochem. 58, 1073 - 1078
  • Song, C., Merali, Z. and Anisman, H. (1998) Variations of nucleus accumbens dopamine and serotonin following systemic interleukin-1, interleukin-2 or interleukin-6 treatment, Neuroscience 88, 823 - 836
  • Sonti, G., Ilyin, S.E. and Plata-Salaman, C.R. (1996) Anorexia induced by cytokine interactions at pathophysiological concentrations, Am. J. Physiol. 270, R1394 - R1402
  • Tancredi, V., DArcangelo, G., Grassi, F., Tarroni, P., Palmier, G., Santoni, A. and Eusebi, F. (1992) Tumor necrosis factor alters synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices, Neurosci. Lett. 146, 176 - 178
  • Tannenbaum, B., Tannenbaum, G.S., Sudom, K. and Anisman, H. (2002) Neurochemical and behavioral alterations elicited by a chronic intermittent stressor regimen: implications for allostatic load, Brain Res. 953, 82 - 92
  • Tilders, F.J.H. and Schmidt, E.D. (1999) Cross-sensitization between immune and non-immune stressors. A role in the etiology of depression?, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 461, 179 - 197
  • Tilders, F.J.H., Schmidt, E.D. and De Goeij, D.C.E. (1993) Phenotypic plasticity of CRF neurons during stress, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 697, 39 - 52
  • Turrin, N.P. and Plata-Salaman, C.R. (2000) Cytokine-cytokine interactions and the brain, Brain Res. Bull. 51, 3 - 9
  • Turrin, N.P., Gayle, D., Ilyin, S.E., Flynn, M.C., Langhans, W., Schwartz, G.J. and Plata-Salaman, C.R. (2001) Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA induction in the periphery and brain following intraperitoneal administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, Brain Res. Bull. 54, 443 - 453
  • Van Bockstaele, E.J., Colago, E.E. and Valentino, R.J. (1998) Amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing factor targets locus coeruleus dendrites: substrate for the co-ordination of emotional and cognitive limbs of the stress response, J. Neuroendocrinol. 10, 743 - 757
  • Van Der Meer, M.J.M., Sweep, C.G.J., Pesman, G.J., Borm, G.F. and Hermus, R.M.M. (1995) Synergism between IL-1β and TNF-α on the activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis and on food intake in rats, Am. J. Physiol. 268, E551 - E557
  • Van Dijken, H.H., Van der Heyden, J.A., Mos, J. and Tilders, F.J.H. (1993) Inescapable footshocks induce progressive and long-lasting behavioural changes in male rats, Physiol. Behav. 51, 787 - 794
  • Vellucci, S.V., Parrott, R.F., da Costa, A.C., Ohkura, S. and Kendrick, K.M. (1995) Increased body temperature, cortisol secretion, and hypothalamic expression of c-fos, corticotrophin releasing hormone and interleukin-1 beta mRNAs, following central administration of interleukin-1 beta in the sheep, Mol. Brain Res. 29, 64 - 70
  • Vereker, E., O'Donnell, E. and Lynch, M.A. (2000) The inhibitory effect of interleukin-1beta on long-term potentiation is coupled with increased activity of stress-activated protein kinases, J. Neurosci. 20, 6811 - 6819
  • Vitkovic, L., Konsman, J.P., Bockaert, J., Dantzer, R., Homburger, V. and Jacque, C. (2000) Cytokine signals propagate through the brain, Mol. Psychiatr. 5, 604 - 615
  • Watanobe, H. and Takebe, K. (1993) Intrahypothalamic infusion with interleukin-1 beta stimulates the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin and the plasma adrenocorticotropin in freely moving rats: a comparative perfusion of the paraventricular nucleus and the median eminence, Neuroendocrinology 57, 593 - 599
  • Xu, Y., Day, T.A. and Buller, K.M. (1999) The central amygdala modulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to systemic interleukin-1beta administration, Neuroscience 94, 175 - 183
  • Yirmiya, R., Weidenfeld, J., Pollak, Y., Morag, M., Morag, A., Avitsur, R., Barak, O., Reichenberg, A., Cohen, E., Shavit, Y. and Ovadia, H. (1999) Cytokines, "depression due to a general medical condition," and antidepressant drugs, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 461, 283 - 316

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.