Examination stress as an ecological inducer of cortisol and psychological responses to stress in undergraduate students

References

• Adreano JM, Cahill L. Glucocorticoid release and memory consolidation in men and women. Psychol Sci 2006; 17: 466–470
   Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Hamrick N. Stable individual difference in physiological response to stressors: Implications for stress-elicited changes in immune related health. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17: 407–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein RA. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 1983; 24: 385–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clow A, Thorn L, Evans P, Hucklebridge F. The awakening cortisol response: Methodological issues and significance. Stress 2004; 7: 29–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deQuervain DJ, Roozendahl B, Nitsch RM, McGaugh JL, Hock C. Acute cortisone administration impairs retrieval of long term declarative memory in humans. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3: 313–314
   Google Scholar
• Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol Bull 2004; 136: 355–391
   Google Scholar
• Ennis M, Kelly KS, Lambert PL. Sex differences in cortisol excretion during anticipation of a psychological stressor: Possible support for the tend-and-befriend hypothesis. Stress Health 2001; 17: 253–261
   Google Scholar
• Francis KT. Psychologic correlates of serum indicators of stress in man: A longitudinal study. Psychosom Med 1979; 41: 617–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankenhaeuser M, von Wright M, Collins A, vonWright J, Sedvall, Swahn C. sex differences in psychoneuroendocrine reactions to examination stress. Psychosom Med 1978; 40: 334–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Mascetti GG, Gardini S, Zambelli U, Timpano M, Raggi MA, Brambilla F. Neuroendocrine responses to experimentally-induced psychological stress in healthy humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000; 26: 91–107
   Google Scholar
• Girdler S, Hinderliter AL, Light KC. Gender differences in blood pressure control during a variety of behavioral stressors. Psychosom Med 1990; 52: 571–591
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser R, Pearl DK, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Malarkey WB. Plasma cortisol levels and reactivation of latent Epstein–Barr virus in response to examination stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994; 19: 765–772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajantie E, Phillips DIW. The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006; 31: 151–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamarck TW, Lovallo WR. Cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge: Conceptual and measurement considerations. Psychosom Med 2003; 65: 9–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemeny ME, Laundenslager ML. Beyond stress: The role of individual difference factors in psychoneuroimmunology. Brain Behav Immun 1999; 13: 73–75
   Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum C, Hellhammer DH. Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrinology research: Recent developments and applications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1994; 19: 313–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum C, Kudielka BM, Gaab J, Schommer NC, Hellhammer DH. Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Psychosom Med 1999; 61: 154–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudielka BM, Kirschbaum C. Sex differences in HPA axis response to stress: A review. Biol Psychol 2005; 69: 113–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudielka BM, Hellhammer J, Hellhammer DH, Wolf OT, Pirke KM, Varadi E, Pilz J, Kirschbaum C. Sex differences in endocrine and psychological responses to psychosocial stress in healthy elderly subjects and the impact of a 2-week dehydroepiandrosterone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1756–1761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudielka BM, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Sex differences in human stress response. Encyclopedia of stress, Academic Press, New York 2000; Vol. 3
   Google Scholar
• Lacey K, Zaharia MD, Griffiths J, Ravindran AV, Merali Z, Anisman H. A prospective study of neuroendocrine and immune alterations associated with the stress of an oral academic examination among graduate students. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000; 25: 339–356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis RS, Weekes NY, Wang THY. 2006. The relationship among a naturalistic stressor, frontal asymmetry, stress, and health, Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Lovallo WR, Pincomb GA, Edwards GL, Brackett DJ, Wilson MF. Work pressure and the type A behavior pattern in exam stress in male medical students. Psychosom Med 1986; 48: 125–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucini D, Norbiato G, Clerici M, Pagani M. Hemodynamic and autonomic adjustments to real life stress conditions in humans. Hypertension 2002; 39: 184–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg U. The influence of paid and unpaid work on psychophysiological stress responses of men and women. J Occup Health Psychol 1996; 1: 117–130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lundberg U, Frankenhaeuser M. Stress and workload of men and women in high ranking positions. J Occup Health Psychol 1999; 4: 142–151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lupien SJ, McEwen BS. The acute effects of corticosteroids on cognitive: Integration of animal and human model studies. Brain Res Rev 1997; 24: 1–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupien SJ, de Leon M, de Santi S, Convit A, Tarshish C, Nair NPV, Thakur M, McEwen BS, Hauger RL, Meaney MJ. Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits. Nat Neurosci 1998; 1: 69–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malarkey WB, Pearl DK, Demers LM, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R. Influence of academic stress and season on 24-hour mean cortisol concentration of ACTH, cortisol, and β-endorphin. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1995; 20: 499–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason JW. A review of psychoendocrine research on the pituitary–adrenal cortical system. Psychosom Med 1968; 30: 576–607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS, Sapolsky RM. Stress and cognitive function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1995; 5: 205–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirowsky J, Ross C. Sex differences in distress: Real or artifact?. Am Sociol Rev 1995; 60: 449–468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters ML, Godart GLR, Ballieux RE, Heijnen CJ. Moderation of physiological stress responses by personality traits and daily hassles: Less flexibility of immune system responses. Biol Psychol 2003; 65: 21–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy MP. Patterns of cortisol reactivity to laboratory stress. Hormones Behav 2004; 46: 618–627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schommer NC, Kudielka BM, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. No evidence for a close relationship between personality traits and circadian cortisol rhythm or a single cortisol stress response. Psychol Rep 1999; 84: 840–842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schommer NC, Hellhammer DH, Kirschbaum C. Dissociation between reactivity of the HPA-axis system and the sympathetic adrenal medullary system to repeated psychosocial stress. Psychosom Med 2003; 65: 450–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spangler G. Psychological and physiological responses during an exam and their relation to personality characteristics. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1997; 22: 423–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger CD. State–trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, Mind Garden 1983
   Google Scholar
• Stoney CM, Davis MC, Matthews KA. Sex differences in physiological responses to stress and coronary heart disease: A causal link?. Psychophysiology 1988; 24: 127–131
   Google Scholar
• Stowell JR. Use and abuse of academic examination in stress research. Psychosom Med 2003; 65: 1055–1057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanDoornen LJP. Sex differences in physiological reactions to real life stress and their relationship to psychological variables. Psychophysiology 1986; 23: 657–662
   Google Scholar
• Vedhara K, Hyde J, Gilchrist ID, Tytherleigh M, Plummer S. Acute stress, memory, attention and cortisol. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2000; 25: 535–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf TM, Heller SS, Camp CJ. The process of coping with a gross anatomy examination during the first year of medical school. Br J Med Psychol 1995; 68: 85–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf TM, Schommer NC, Hellhammer DH, McEwen BS, Kirschbaum C. The relationship between stress induced cortisol levels and memory differs between men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2001; 26: 711–720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar