A review on the relationship between gluten and schizophrenia: Is gluten the cause?

References

• Severance EG, Yolken RH, Eaton WW. Autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and the microbiome in schizophrenia: more than a gut feeling. Schizophr Res 2016;176(1):23–35. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severance EG, Alaedini A, Yang S, Halling M, Gressitt KL, Stallings CR, et al. Gastrointestinal inflammation and associated immune activation in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2012;138:48–53. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarandi SS, Peterson AD, Treisman GJ, Moran TH, Pasricha J. Modulatory effects of gut microbiota on the central nervous system: How gut could play a role in neuropsychiatric health and diseases. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016;22:201–12. doi: 10.5056/jnm15146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severance EG, Prandovszky E, Castiglione J, Yolken RH. Gastroenterology issues schizophrenia: why the gut matters. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015;17(5):421. doi: 10.1007/s11920-015-0574-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson F, Stallings C, Origoni A, Vaughan C, Khushalani S, Alaedini A, et al. Markers of gluten sensitivity and celiac disease in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2011;13:52–8. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00894.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohan FC. Wheat “consumption” and hospital admissions for schizophrenia during World War II. A preliminary report. Am J Psychiatry 1966;18:7–10.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert MT, Bjarnason I, Connelly J, Crow TJ, Johnstone EC, Peters TJ, et al. Small intestine permeability in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1989;155:619–22. doi: 10.1192/S0007125000018092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieser H. Chemistry of gluten proteins. Food Microbiol 2007;24:115–9. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2006.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comino I, Real A, Vivas S, Síglez MÁ, Caminero A, Nistal E, et al. Monitoring of gluten-free diet compliance in celiac patients by assessment of gliadin 33-mer equivalent epitopes in feces. Am J Psychiatry 2012;95:670–7.
   Google Scholar
• Gujral N, Freeman HJ, Thomson AB. Celiac disease: Prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:6036–59. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i42.6036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabri B, Kasarda DD, Green PH. Innate and adaptive immunity: The Yin and Yang of celiac disease. Immunol Rev 2005;206:219–31. doi: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00294.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marasco G, Biase AR, Schiumerini R, Eusebi LH, Iughetti L, Ravaioli F, et al. Gut microbiota and celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci 2016;61:1461–72. doi: 10.1007/s10620-015-4020-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernendez CE, Pena AS, Bernardo D. Immunogenetic pathogenesis Celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2016;18:647.
   Google Scholar
• Kocchar GS, Singh T, Gill A, Kirby DF. Celiac diseases: Managing multisystem disorder. Cleveland Clin J Med 2016;83(3):217–27. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.83a.14158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruuskanen A, Kaukinen K, Collin P, Krekelä I, Patrikainen H, Tillonen J, et al. Gliadin antibodies in older population and neurological and psychiatric disorders. Acta Neurol Scand 2013;127:19–25. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2012.01668.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bressen P, Kramer P. Bread and other edible agents of mental diseases. Front Hum Neurosci 2016;10:130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Bayer TA. Review of immunological and immunopathological finding in schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun 2001;15:319–39. doi: 10.1006/brbi.2001.0648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briani C, Zara G, Alaedini A, Grassivaro F, Ruggero S, Toffanin E, et al. Neurological complications of celiac disease and autoimmune mechanisms: A prospective study. J Neuroimmunol 2008;195:171–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjivassiliou M, Grünewald RA, Chattopadhyay AK, Davies-Jones GA, Gibson A, Jarratt JA, et al. Clinical, radiological, neurophysiological, and neuropathological characteristics of gluten ataxia. Lancet 1998;352:1582–5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05342-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalaydjian AE, Eaton W, Cascella N, Fasano A. The gluten connection: the association between schizophrenia and celiac disease. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006;113:82–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00687.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruinboom L, Punder K. The opioid effects of gluten exorphins: asymptomatic celiac diseases. J Health Popul Nutr 2015;33:1712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson J, Eaton W, Cascella N, Fasano A, Warfel D, Feldman S, et al. A gluten-free diet in people with schizophrenia and anti-tissue transglutaminase or anti-gliadin antibodies. Schizophr Res 2012;140:262–3. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DS, Grünewald RA, Woodroofe N, Boscolo S, Aeschlimann D. Gluten sensitivity: from gut to brain. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:318–30. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70290-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boissonneault G. Gastroenterology: Disorders triggered by gluten. JAAPA 2013;26:13–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nikpour S. Neurological manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of celiac disease: a comprehensive review. Iran J Neurol 2012;11:59–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Addolorato G, Leggio L, D'Angelo C, Mirijello A, Ferrulli A, Cardone S, et al. Affective and psychiatric disorders in celiac disease. Dig Dis 2008;26:140–8. doi: 10.1159/000116772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AL, Mowry BJ, Pender MP, Greer JM. Immune dysregulation and self-reactivity in schizophrenia: do some cases of schizophrenia have an autoimmune basis? Immunol Cell Biol 2005;83:9–17. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01305.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benros EM, Pedersen MG, Rasmussen H, Eaton WW, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. A nationwide study on the risk of autoimmune diseases in ındividuals with a personal or a family history of schizophrenia and related psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2014;171:218–26. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SJ, Chao YL, Chen CY, Chang CM, Wu EC, Wu CS, et al. Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in in-patients with schizophrenia: nationwide population-based study. Br J Psychiatry 2012;200:374–80. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.092098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strous RD, Shoenfeld Y. Schizophrenia, autoimmunity and immune system dysregulation: a comprehensive model updated and revisited. J Autoimmun 2006;27:71–80. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2006.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H, Mors O, Chen CY, Agerbo E, et al. Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: linkage of Danish national registers. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:521–8 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passananti V, Siniscalchi M, Zingone F, Bucci C, Tortora R, Iovino P, et al. Prevalence of eating disorders in adults with celiac disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013;2013:1 doi: 10.1155/2013/491657
   Google Scholar
• Schuppan D, Zimmer KP. The diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2013;110:835–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megiorni F, Pizzuti A. HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 in celiac disease predisposition: Practical implications of the HLA molecular typing. J Biomed Sci 2012;19:88. doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vingerhoets WA, Bloemen OJ, Bakker G, van Amelsvoort TA. Pharmacological interventions for the MATRICS cognitive domains in schizophrenia: What's the evidence? Front Psychiatry 2013;4:157. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00157
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dohan FC. Wartime changes in hospital admissions for schizophrenia: a comparison of admissions for schizophrenia and other psychoses in six countries during World War II. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1966;42:1–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1966.tb01912.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohan FC, Harper EH, Clark MH, Rodrigue RB, Zigas V. Is schizophrenia rare if grain is rare? Biol Psychiatry 1984;19:385–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X. Mental health work in Sichuan. Br J Psychiatry 1980;137:371–6. doi: 10.1192/bjp.137.4.371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascella NG, Kryszak D, Bhatti B, Gregory P, Kelly DL, Mc Evoy JP, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity in the United States clinical antipsychotic trials of intervention effectiveness study population. Schizophr Bull 2011;37:94–100. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbp055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton W, Mortensen PB, Agerbo E, Byrne M, Mors O, Ewald H. Celiac disease and schizophrenia: population based case control study with linkage of Danish national registers. BMJ 2004;328:438–9. doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7437.438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benros ME, Nielsen PR, Nordentoft M, Eaton WW, Dalton SO, Mortensen PB. Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors schizophrenia: a 30-year population-based register study. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:1303–10. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11030516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohan FC. Celiac disease and schizophrenia. Lancet 1970;295:897–8. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(70)91729-0
   Google Scholar
• West J, Logan RF, Hubbard RB, Card TR. Risk of schizophrenia in people with celiac disease, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a general population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;23:71–4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02720.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Osby U, Ekbom A, Montgomery SM. Celiac disease and risk of schizophrenia and other psychosis: a general population cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007;42:179–85. doi: 10.1080/00365520600863472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohan FC. Genetic hypothesis of idiopathic schizophrenia: its exorphin connection. Schizophr Bull 1988;14:489–94. doi: 10.1093/schbul/14.4.489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei J, Hemmings GP. Gene, gut and schizophrenia: the meeting point for the gene-environment interaction in developing schizophrenia. Med Hypotheses 2005;64:547–52.
   Google Scholar
• Wright P, Dawson E, Donaldson PT, Underhill JA, Sham PC, Zhao J, et al. A transmission/disequilibrium study of the DRB1*04 gene locus on chromosome 6p21.3 with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1998;32:75–80. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00050-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionetti E, Catassi C. Co-localization of gluten consumption and HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 genotypes, a clue to the history of celiac disease. Dig Liver Dis 2014;46:1057–63. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2014.08.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lionetti E, Castellaneta S, Francavilla R, Pulvirenti A, Tonutti E, Amarri S, et al. Introduction of gluten, HLA status, and the risk of celiac disease in children. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1295–303. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1400697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denham JM, Hill ID. Celiac disease and autoimmunity: review and controversies. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2013;13:347–53. doi: 10.1007/s11882-013-0352-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonutti E, Bizzaro N. Diagnosis and classification of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13:472–6. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaukinen K, Partanen J, Mäki M, Collin P. HLA-DQ typing in the diagnosis of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:695–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05471.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forabosco P, Neuhausen SL, Greco L, Naluai AT, Wijmenga C, Saavalainen P, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide linkage studies in celiac disease. Hum Hered 2009;68:223–30. doi: 10.1159/000228920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimgaonkar VL, Rudert WA, Zhang XR, Tsoi WF, Trucco M, Saha N. Further evidence for an association between schizophrenia and the HLA DQB1 gene locus. Schizophr Res 1995;18:43–9. doi:10.1016/0920-9964(95)00023-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider MZ, Zahid MA. Human leukocyte antigen-DQB1 alleles are not associated with schizophrenia in Kuwaiti Arabs. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004;58:236–9. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2004.01225.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Schizophrenia Consortium, Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O'Donovan MC, Sullivan PF, et al. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature 2009;460:748–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan S, Zhang X, Xu Q, Ye L, Jin S, Wang Z, Wei J. Lack of genetic association of the HLA-DQA1(*)0501 variant with schizophrenia in a Chinese population. Psychiatry Res 2013;208:97–8. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeff T, Araya M, Pérez-Bravo F. Frequency of MYO9B polymorphisms in celiac patients and controls. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2012;104:566–71. doi:10.4321/S1130-01082012001100003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolters VM, Verbeek WH, Zhernakova A, Onland-Moret C, Schreurs MW, Monsuur AJ, et al. The MYO9B gene is a strong risk factor for developing refractory celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1399–1405.e2. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2007.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungerius BJ, Bakker SC, Monsuur AJ, Sinke RJ, Kahn RS, Wijmenga C. Is MYO9B the missing link between schizophrenia and celiac disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008;147B:351–5. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law MH, Bradford M, McNamara N, Gajda A, Wei J. No association observed between schizophrenia and non-HLA celiac disease genes: integration with the initial MYO9B association with celiac disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011;156:709–19. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31213
   Google Scholar
• Straub RE, MacLean CJ, O'Neill FA, Burke J, Murphy B, Duke F, et al. A potential vulnerability locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 6p24–22: evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Nat Genet 1995;11:287–93. doi: 10.1038/ng1195-287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salleh MR. The genetics of schizophrenia. Malays J Med Sci 2004;11:3–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pouget JG, Gonçalves VF, Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Spain SL, Finucane HK, Raychaudhuri S, et al. Genome-wide association studies suggest limited immune gene enrichment in schizophrenia compared to 5 autoimmune diseases. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:1176–84.
   Google Scholar
• Khanna S, Tosh PK. A clinician's primer on the role of the microbiome in human health and disease. Mayo Clin Proc 2014;89(1):107–14. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fond G, Boukouaci W, Chevalier G, Eberl G, Hamdani N, Dickerson F, et al. The “psychomicrobitic”: targeting microbiota in major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Pathologie Biologie 2015;63:35–42. doi: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burokas A, Moloney RD, Dinan TG, Cryan CF. Microbiota regulation of the mammalian gut-brain axis. Adv Appl Microbiol 2015;91:2–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiao M, Thornton AM, Shevach EM. CD4+ CD25+ [corrected] regulatory T cells render naive CD4+ CD25- T cells anergic and suppressive. Immunology 2007;120(4):447–55. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02544.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drago S, Asmar RE, Di Pierro M, Clemente MG, Sapone A, Not T, et al. Gliadin, zonulin and gut permeability: effects on celiac and non-celiac intestinal mucosa and intestinal cell lines. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006;41:408–19. doi: 10.1080/00365520500235334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow BW, Gu C. The molecular constituents of the blood–brain barrier. Trends Neurosci 2015;38(10):598–608. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasano A. Regulation of intercellular tight junctions by zonula occludens toxin and its eukaryotic analogue zonulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000;915:214–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05244.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu R, Wang W, Uzzau S, Vigorito R, Zielke HR, Fasano A. Affinity purification and partial characterization of the zonulin/ zonula occludens toxin (Zot) receptor from human brain. J Neurochem 2000;74:320–6. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0740320.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionetti E, Leonardi S, Franzonello C, Mancardi M, Ruggieri M, Catassi C. Gluten psychosis: confirmation of a new clinical entity. Nutrients 2015;7:5532–9. doi: 10.3390/nu7075235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemani K, Ghomi RH, McCormick B, Fan X. Schizophrenia and the gut–brain axis. Progr Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015;56:155–60. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson F, Stallings C, Vaughan C, Origoni A, Goga J, Khushalani S, et al. Artemisinin reduces the level of antibodies to gliadin in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011;129:196–200. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okusaga O, Langenberg P, Sleemi A, Vaswani D, Giegling I, Hartmann AM, et al. Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers and history of suicide attempts in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2011;133:150–5. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yolken RH, Dickerson FB, Fuller Torrey E. Toxoplasma and schizophrenia. Parasite Immunol 2009;31:706–15. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01131.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prandota J. Possible link between Toxoplasma gondii and the anosmia associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014;29:205–14. doi: 10.1177/1533317513517049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park MH, Kwon YJ, Jeong HY, Lee HY, Hwangbo Y, Yoon HJ, et al. Association between intracellular infectious agents and schizophrenia. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2012;10:117–23. doi: 10.9758/cpn.2012.10.2.117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Severance EG, Kannan G, Gressitt KL, Xiao J, Alaedini A, Pletnikov MV, et al. Anti-gluten immune response following Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e50991. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Weber NS, Fisher JA, Yolken RH, Cowan DN, Larsen RA, et al. Association between antibodies to multiple infectious and food antigens and new onset schizophrenia among US military personnel. Schizophr Res 2013;151:36–42. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yolken RH, Jones-Brando L, Dunigan, DD, Kannan G, Dickerson F, Severance E. Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014;111(45):16106–11. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1418895111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severance EG, Gressitt KL, Stallings CR, Origoni AE, Khushalani S, Leweke FM, et al. Discordant patterns of bacterial translocation markers and implications for innate immune imbalances in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013;148:130–7. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmings G. Schizophrenia. Lancet 2004;364(9442):1312–3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17181-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasik J, Yolken RH, Bahn S, Dickerson FB. Immunomodulatory effects of probiotic supplementation in schizophrenia patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Biomark Insights 2015;10:47–54. doi: 10.4137/BMI.S22007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson FB, Stallings C, Origoni A, Katsafanas E, Savage C, Schweinfurth L, et al. Effect of probiotic supplementation on schizophrenia symptoms and association with gastrointestinal functioning: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2014;16(1): PMC.13m01579.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evrensel A, Ceylan ME. The gut-brain axis:The missing link depression. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2015;13(3):239–44. doi: 10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megiorni F, Pizzuti A. HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 in celiac disease predisposition: Practical implications of the HLA molecular typing. J Biomed Sci 2012;19:88. doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichelt KL, Landmark J. Specific IgA antibody increases in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1995;37:410–3. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00176-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artemova NV, Bumagina ZM, Kasakov AS, Shubin VV, Gurvits BY. Opioid peptides derived from food proteins suppress aggregation and promote reactivation of partly unfolded stressed proteins. Peptides 2010;31:332–8. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zioudrou C, Streaty RA, Klee WA. Opioid peptides derived from food proteins. The exorphins. J Biol Chem 1979;254:2446–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarmołowska B, Teodorowicz M, Fiedorowicz E, Sienkiewicz-Szłapka E, Matysiewicz M, Kostyra E. Glucose and calcium ions may modulate the efficiency of bovine β-casomorphin-7 permeability through a monolayer of Caco-2 cells. Peptides 2013;49:59–67. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2013.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guandalini S, Assiri A. Celiac disease: a review. JAMA Pediatr 2014;168:272–8. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo NE, Theethira TG, Leffler DA. The present and the future in the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Gastroenterol Rep 2015;3:3–11. doi: 10.1093/gastro/gou065
   Google Scholar
• Schyum AC, Rumessen JJ. Serological testing for celiac disease in adults. United European Gastroenterol J 2013;1:319–25. doi: 10.1177/2050640613502788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin SZ, Wu N, Xu Q, Zhang X, Ju GZ, Law MH, et al. A study of circulating gliadin antibodies in schizophrenia among a Chinese population. Schizophr Bull 2012;38:514–8. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbq111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okusaga O, Yolken RH, Langenberg P, Sleemi A, Kelly DL, Vaswani D, et al. Elevated gliadin antibody levels in individuals with schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2013;14:509–15. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2012.747699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alaedini A, Okamoto H, Briani C, Wollenberg K, Shill HA, Bushara KO, et al. Immune cross-reactivity in celiac disease: Anti-gliadin antibodies bind to neuronal synapsin I. J Immunol 2007;178:6590–5. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruceanu C, Freemantle E, Alda M, Rouleau GA, Turecki G. Epigenetic regulation of synapsin genes in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013;38:239–41. doi: 10.1038/npp.2012.186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesca F, Baldelli P, Valtorta F, Benfenati F. The synapsins: Key actors of synapse function and plasticity. Prog Neurobiol 2010;91:313–48. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson JR, Eaton WW, Cascella NG, Fasano A, Kelly DL. Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. Psychiatr Q 2012;83:91–102. doi: 10.1007/s11126-011-9186-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peleg R, Ben-Zion ZI, Peleg A, Gheber L, Kotler M, Weizman Z, et al. “Bread madness” revisited: screening for specific celiac antibodies among schizophrenia patients. Eur Psychiatry 2004;19:311–4. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaroo D, Dickerson F, Kasarda DD, Green PH, Briani C, Yolken RH, et al. Novel immune response to gluten in individuals with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2010;118:248–55. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson F, Stallings C, Origoni A, Vaughan C, Khushalani S, Leister F, et al. Markers of gluten sensitivity and celiac disease in recent-onset psychosis and multi-episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68:100–4. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoshbaten M, Rostami Nejad M, Sharifi N, Fakhari A, Golamnejad M, Hashemi SH, et al. Celiac disease in patients with chronic psychiatric disorders. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 2012;5:90–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lachance LR, McKenzie K. Biomarkers of gluten sensitivity in patients with non-affective psychosis: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2014;152:521–7. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohan FC, Grasberger JC, Lowell FM, Johnston HT Jr, Arbegast AW. Relapsed schizophrenics: more rapid improvement on a milk- and cereal-free diet. Br J Psychiatry 1969;115:595–6. doi: 10.1192/bjp.115.522.595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohan FC, Grasberger JC. Relapsed schizophrenics: earlier discharge from the hospital after cereal-free, milk-free diet. Am J Psychiatry 1973;130:685–8. doi: 10.1176/ajp.130.6.685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice JR, Ham CH, Gore WE. Another look at gluten in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1978;135:1417–8. doi: 10.1176/ajp.135.3.386-a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potkin SG, Weinberger D, Kleinman J, Nasrallah H, Luchins D, Bigelow L, et al. Wheat gluten challenge in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1981;138:1208–11. doi: 10.1176/ajp.138.9.1208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storms LH, Clopton JM, Wright C. Effects of gluten on schizophrenics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:323–7. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290030055010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne M, Crayton JW, Javaid J, Davis JM. Lack of effect of a gluten-free diet on neuroleptic blood levels in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1982;17:627–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlissides DN, Venulet A, Jenner FA. A double-blind gluten-free/gluten-load controlled trial in a secure ward population. Br J Psychiatry 1986;148:447–52. doi: 10.1192/bjp.148.4.447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark ML, Huber WK, Charalampous KD, Serafetinides EA, Trousdale W, Colmore JP. Drug treatment in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971;25:404–9. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750170020004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leucht S, Rothe P, Davis JM, Engel RR. Equipercentile linking of the BPRS and the PANSS. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013;23(8):956–9. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midhagen G, Aberg AK, Olcen P, Jarnerot G, Valdimarsson T, Dahlbom I, et al. Antibody levels in adult patients with coeliac diseases during gluten free diet: a rapid initial decrease of clinical importance. J Intern Med 2004;256:519–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01406.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtwark IT, Newnham ED, Robinson SR, Shepher SJ, Hosking P, Gibson PR, et al. Cognitive impairment in celiac diseases improves on a gluten free diet and correlates with histological and serological indices of severity. Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut 2014;40:160–70. doi: 10.1111/apt.12809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Santis A, Addolorato G, Romito A, Caputo S, Giordano A, Gambassi G, et al. Schizophrenic symptoms and SPECT abnormalities in a celiac patient: regression after a gluten-free diet. J Intern Med 1997;242:421–3. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1997.00200.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh MM, Kay SR. Wheat gluten as a pathogenic factor in schizophrenia. Science 1976;191:401–2. doi: 10.1126/science.1246624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh MM. Schizophrenia: glutens and neuroleptics. Biol Psychiatry 1979;14:851–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freed WJ, Luchins DJ, Gillin JC, Wyatt RJ. Wheat gluten impedes absorption of haloperidol. Biol Psychiatry 1978;13:769–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar