A combination of green tea, rhodiola, magnesium and B vitamins modulates brain activity and protects against the effects of induced social stress in healthy volunteers

References

• Health & Safety Executive. Work-related stress, anxiety or depression statistics in Great Britain, 2019. UK GOV: London; 2019; https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mental Health Foundation. Stress: are we coping? London: Mental Health Foundation; 2018; https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/stress-are-we-coping
   Google Scholar
• Gallup. Global emotions report. Washington, DC; 2019; https://www.gallup.com/analytics/248909/gallup-2019-global-emotions-report-pdf.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Eby GA, Eby KL. Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment. Med Hypoth. 2006;67:362–370. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlinac D, Langer R, Lenhard L, Deftos L. Magnesium in affective-disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 1979;14:657–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grases G. ,Pérez-Castelló A, Sanchis P, Casero A, Perelló J, Isern B, Rigo E, Grases F. Anxiety and stress among science students. study of calcium and magnesium alterations. Magnes Res. 2006;19:102–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durlach J, Bac P, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Physiopathology of symptomatic and latent forms of central nervous hyperexcitability due to magnesium deficiency: a current general scheme. Magnes Res 2000;13:293–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacka FN. Overland S, Stewart R, Tell GS, Bjelland I, Mykletun A. Association between magnesium intake and depression and anxiety in community-dwelling adults: the Hordaland Health Study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2009;43:45–52. doi:10.1080/00048670802534408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle NB, Lawton C, Dye L. The effects of magnesium supplementation on subjective anxiety and stress – a systematic review. Nutrients. 2017;9; doi:10.3390/nu9050429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stough C. Scholey A, Lloyd J, Spong J, Myers S, Downey LA. The effect of 90 day administration of a high dose vitamin B-complex on work stress. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2011;26:470–476. doi: 10.1002/hup.1229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouteau E., Kabir-Ahmadi M., Noah L., Mazur A., Dye L., Hellhammer J., Pickering G., Dubray C. Superiority of magnesium and vitamin B6 over magnesium alone on severe stress in healthy adults with low magnesemia: a randomized, single-blind clinical trial. PloS one. 2018;13:e0208454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattioli L, Funari C, Perfumi M. Effects of Rhodiola rosea L. extract on behavioural and physiological alterations induced by chronic mild stress in female rats. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;23:130–142. doi:10.1177/0269881108089872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cropley M, Banks AP, Boyle J. The effects of Rhodiola rosea L. extract on anxiety, stress, cognition and other mood symptoms. Phytother Res. 2015;29:1934–1939. doi:10.1002/ptr.5486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards D, Heufelder A, Zimmermann A. Therapeutic effects and safety of Rhodiola rosea extract WS® 1375 in subjects with life-stress symptoms – results of an open-label study. Phytother Res 2012;26:1220–1225. doi:10.1002/ptr.3712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bock K, Eijnde BO, Ramaekers M, Hespel P. Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004;14:298–307. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.14.3.298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan MJ, Clarke ND. The effect of acute Rhodiola rosea ingestion on exercise heart rate, substrate utilisation, mood state, and perceptions of exertion, arousal, and pleasure/displeasure in active men. J Sports Med. 2014;8. doi:10.1155/2014/563043.
   Google Scholar
• Shevtsov VA. Zholus BI, Shervarly VI, Vol'skij VB, Korovin YP, Khristich MP, Roslyakova NA, Wikman G. A randomized trial of two different doses of a SHR-5 Rhodiola rosea extract versus placebo and control of capacity for mental work. Phytomedicine. 2003;10:95–105. doi:10.1078/094471103321659780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hozawa A. Kuriyama S, Nakaya N, Ohmori-Matsuda K, Kakizaki M, et al. Green tea consumption is associated with lower psychological distress in a general population: the Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:1390–1396. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholey A. Downey LA, Ciorciari J, Pipingas A, Nolidin K, Finn M, Wines M, Catchlove S, Terrens A, Barlow E, Gordon L, Stough C. Acute neurocognitive effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Appetite. 2012;58:767–770. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoto A, Motoki M, Murao S, Yokogoshi H. Effects of L-theanine or caffeine intake on changes in blood pressure under physical and psychological stresses. J Physiol Anthropol. 2012;31:28–28. doi:10.1186/1880-6805-31-28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White DJ. De Klerk S, Woods W, Gondalia S, Noonan C, Scholey AB. Anti-stress, behavioural and magnetoencephalography effects of an l-theanine-based nutrient drink: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Nutrients. 2016;8:53. doi:10.3390/nu8010053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura K, Ozeki M, Juneja LR, Ohira H. L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biol Psychol. 2007;74:39–45. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juneja LR, Chu DC, Okubo T, Nagato Y, Yokogoshi H. L-theanine – a unique amino acid of green tea and its relaxation effect in humans. Trends Food Sci Technol. 1999;10:199–204. doi:10.1016/s0924-2244(99)00044-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobre AC, Rao A, Owen GN. L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008;17(Suppl. 1):167–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimpfel W. Neurophysiological effects of Rhodiola rosea extract containing capsules (a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study). Int J Nutr Food Sci. 2014;3:157–165.
   Google Scholar
• Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the depression and anxiety stress scales. Psychology Foundation; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• World Medical Association. World medical association declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013;310:2191–2194. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parletta N, Milte CM, Meyer BJ. Nutritional modulation of cognitive function and mental health. J Nutr Biochem. 2013;24:725–743. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.01.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colavincenzo J. SAS® Global Forum SF: Doctoring Your Clinical Trial with Adaptive Randomization: SAS® Macros to Perform Adaptive Randomization. Pharmaceutical SAS User Group (PharmaSUG).
   Google Scholar
• Delorme A, Makeig S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J Neurosci Methods. 2004;134:9–21. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oostenveld R, Fries P, Maris E, Schoffelen JM. Fieldtrip: open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data. Comput Intell Neurosci. 2011;156869; doi:10.1155/2011/156869.
   Google Scholar
• Delorme A, Sejnowski T, Makeig S. Enhanced detection of artifacts in EEG data using higher-order statistics and independent component analysis. NeuroImage. 2007;34:1443–1449. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan H, Whelan R, Reilly RB. FASTER: fully automated statistical thresholding for EEG artifact rejection. J Neurosci Methods. 2010;192:152–162. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.07.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay C, Cox T, Burrows G, Lazzerini T. Inventory for measurement of self-reported stress and arousal. Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1978;17:283–284. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1978.tb00280.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shacham S. A shortened version of the profile of mood states. J Pers Assess. 1983;47:305–306. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4703_14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond A, Lader M. Use of analog scales in rating subjective feelings. Br J Med Psychol. 1974;47:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1974.tb02285.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipponen JA, Tarvainen MP. A robust algorithm for heart rate variability time series artefact correction using novel beat classification. J Med Eng Technol. 2019;43:173–181. doi:10.1080/03091902.2019.1640306.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tarvainen MP, Ranta-Aho PO, Karjalainen PA. An advanced detrending method with application to HRV analysis. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2002;49:172–175. doi:10.1109/10.979357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudielka, B. M., Hellhammer, D. H., Kirschbaum, C. Ten years of research with the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)–—revisited. In Harmon-Jones E, Winkielman P, editors. Social neuroscience: integrating biological and psychological explanations of social behavior. The Guilford Press: New York; 2007. p. 56-83.
   Google Scholar
• Nobre AC, Rao A, Owen GN. L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17:167–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Ramirez M. Higgins BA, Rycroft JA, Owen GN, Mahoney J, Shpaner M, Foxe JJ. The deployment of intersensory selective attention: a high-density electrical mapping study of the effects of theanine. Clin Neuropharmacol 2007;30:25–38. doi:10.1097/01.wnf.0000240940.13876.17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Ramirez M, Kelly SP, Montesi JL, Foxe JJ. The effects of L-theanine on alpha-band oscillatory brain activity during a visuo-spatial attention task. Brain Topogr. 2009;22:44–51. doi:10.1007/s10548-008-0068-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell DJ, McNaughton N, Flanagan D, Kirk IJ. Frontal-midline theta from the perspective of hippocampal “theta”. Prog Neurobiol. 2008;86:156–185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aftanas LI, Golocheikine SA. Human anterior and frontal midline theta and lower alpha reflect emotionally positive state and internalized attention: high-resolution EEG investigation of meditation. Neurosci Lett. 2001;310:57–60. doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02094-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota Y. Sato W, Toichi M, Murai T, Okada T, Hayashi A, Sengoku A.Frontal midline theta rhythm is correlated with cardiac autonomic activities during the performance of an attention demanding meditation procedure. Cogn Brain Res. 2001;11:281–287. doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(00)00086-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prinsloo GE, Rauch HG, Karpul D, Derman WE. The effect of a single session of short duration heart rate variability biofeedback on EEG: a pilot study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2013;38:45–56. doi:10.1007/s10484-012-9207-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gärtner M, Rohde-Liebenau L, Grimm S, Bajbouj M. Working memory-related frontal theta activity is decreased under acute stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014;43; doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.02.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei J. Chen T, Li C, Liu G, Qiu J, Wei D. Eyes-open and eyes-closed resting states with opposite brain activity in sensorimotor and occipital regions: multidimensional evidences from machine learning perspective. Front Hum Neurosci. 2018;12; doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx E. Stephan A, Nolte A, Deutschländer A, Seelos KC, Dieterich M, Brandt T. Eye closure in darkness animates sensory systems. NeuroImage. 2003;19:924–934. doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00150-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coan EJ, Collingridge GL. Magnesium ions block an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated component of synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett. 1985;53:21–26. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(85)90091-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopol, V., Nechifor, M. Magnesium in Neuroses and Neuroticism. In Vink R, Nechifor M, editors. Magnesium and the central nervous system. University of Adelaide Press: Adelaide; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Nathan PJ, Lu K, Gray M, Oliver C. The neuropharmacology of L-theanine(N-ethyl-L-glutamine): a possible neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent. J Herb Pharmacother. 2006;6:21–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell J, Ehlert U. Acute psychosocial stress: does the emotional stress response correspond with physiological responses? Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37:1111–1134. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar