Publication Cover
Nutritional Neuroscience
An International Journal on Nutrition, Diet and Nervous System
Volume 26, 2023 - Issue 2
554
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Water-soluble vitamin insufficiency, deficiency and supplementation in children and adolescents with a psychiatric disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Bourre JM. Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 2: macronutrients. J Nutr Health Aging. 2006;10:386–99.
  • Bourre JM. Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 1: micronutrients. J Nutr Health Aging. 2006;10:377–85.
  • Georgieff MK. Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:614S–20S.
  • John CC, Black MM, Nelson CA. Neurodevelopment: the impact of nutrition and inflammation during early to middle childhood in low-resource settings. Pediatrics. 2017;139:S59–71.
  • Nowakowski RS, Hayes NL. Developmental dyslexia: early precursors, neurobehavioral markers, and biological substrates. F. R. Baker W, Benasich A, editors. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing Co; 2012.
  • Sowell ER, Trauner DA, Gamst A, Jernigan TL. Development of cortical and subcortical brain structures in childhood and adolescence: a structural MRI study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:4–16.
  • John CC, Black MM, Nelson III CA. Neurodevelopment: The impact of nutrition and inflammation during early to middle childhood in low resource settings. Pediatrics. 2017;139(Suppl 1):S59–71.
  • Galler JR, Koethe JR, Yolken RH. Neurodevelopment: the impact of nutrition and inflammation during adolescence in low-resource settings. Pediatrics. 2017;139(Suppl 1):S72–84.
  • Lieberman M, Marks AD, Peet A. Marks’ basic medical biochemistry: a clinical approach. Philadelphia (PA): Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
  • Devalia V, Hamilton MS, Molloy AM. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cobalamin and folate disorders. Br J Haematol. 2014;166:496–513. doi:10.1111/bjh.12959.
  • Stabler SP. Vitamin B12 deficiency. New Engl J Med. 2013;368:149–60. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1113996.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Fortify your knowledge about vitamins. [Online]. Available: https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/fortify-your-knowledge-about-vitamins. [Accessed: 03-May-2019].
  • European Food Safety Authority. Dietary Reference Values. Summary report EFSA Supporting publication, 2017. doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.e15121.
  • Kennedy DO. B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68.
  • Brown HE, Roffman JL. Vitamin supplementation in the treatment of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs. 2014;28:611–22.
  • Smythies JR, Alarcon RD, Bancroft AJ, Monti JA, Morere DA, Tolbert LC. Walter-Ryan WG. Role of the one-carbon cycle in neuropsychiatry. Biological methylation and drug design. New York: Springer; 1986.
  • Bertoglio K, James SJ, Deprey L, Brule N, Hendren RL. Pilot study of the effect of methyl B12 treatment on behavioral and biomarker measures in children with autism. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16:555–60.
  • Kocot J, Luchowska-Kocot D, Kiełczykowska M, Musik I, Kurzepa J. Does vitamin C influence neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders? Nutrients. 2017;9:659. doi:10.3390/nu9070659.
  • Bajpai A, Verma AK, Srivastava M, Srivastava R. Oxidative stress and major depression. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8:CC04–CC07. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/10258.5292.
  • Gautam M, Agrawal M, Gautam M, Sharma P, Gautam AS, Gautam S. Role of antioxidants in generalised anxiety disorder and depression. Indian J Psychiatry. 2012;54:244–7. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.102424.
  • Plevin D, Galletly C. The neuropsychiatric effects of vitamin C deficiency: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20:315. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02730-w.
  • Arroll MA, Wilder L, Neil J. Nutritional interventions for the adjunctive treatment of schizophrenia: a brief review. Nutr J. 2014;13:91.
  • Trincado J, Caneo C. Is augmentation with folate effective for major depressive disorder? Medwave. 2018;18:e7155–e7155.
  • Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.
  • Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2013. https://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
  • Kennedy CE, Fonner VA, Armstrong KA, Denison JA, Yeh PT, O’Reilly KR, Sweat MD. The Evidence Project risk of bias tool: assessing study rigor for both randomized and non-randomized intervention studies. Syst Rev. 2019;8:3. doi:10.1186/s13643-018-0925-0.
  • Guo M, Li L, Zhang Q, Chen L, Dai Y, Liu L, et al. Vitamin and mineral status of children with autism spectrum disorder in Hainan Province of China: associations with symptoms. Ntr Neurosci. 2018;23(10):803–10. doi:10.1080/1028415X.2018.1558762.
  • Meguid NA, Anwar M, Bjørklund G, Hashish A, Chirumbolo S, Hemimi M, et al. Dietary adequacy of Egyptian children with autism spectrum disorder compared to healthy developing children. Metab Brain Dis. 2017;32:607–15.
  • Main PAE, Thomas P, Angley MT, Young R, Esterman A, King CE, et al. Lack of evidence for genomic instability in autistic children as measured by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay. Autism Res. 2015;8:94–104.
  • Altun H, Kurutaş EB, Şahin N, Güngör O, Fındıklı E. The levels of vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, homocysteine and complex B vitamin in children with autism spectrum disorders. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2018;16:383–90. doi:10.9758/cpn.2018.16.4.383.
  • Yektaş Ç, Alpay M, Tufan AE. Comparison of serum B12, folate and homocysteine concentrations in children with autism spectrum disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2019;15:2213–19.
  • Scaglione F, Panzavolta G. Folate, folic acid and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate are not the same thing. Xenobiotica. 2014;44:480–8.
  • Lamers Y. Indicators and methods for folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 status assessment in humans. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14:445–54.
  • Shils CR ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B. Modern nutrition in health and disease. 10th ed. Baltimore (MD): Lippincot Williams and Wilkins; 2006.
  • Ali A, Waly MI, Al-Farsi YM, Essa MM, Al-Sharbati MM, Deth RC. Hyperhomocysteinemia among Omani autistic children: a case-control study. Acta Biochim Pol. 2011;58:547–51.
  • Al-Farsi YM, Waly MI, Deth RC, Al-Sharbati MM, Al-Shafaee M, Al-Farsi O, Al-Khaduri MM, et al. Low folate and vitamin B12 nourishment is common in Omani children with newly diagnosed autism. Nutrition. 2013;29:537–41.
  • Sun C, Zou M, Zhao D, Xia W, Wu L. Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in autistic children participating in structured teaching: An open-label trial. Nutrients. 2016;8:337. doi:10.3390/nu8060337.
  • Liu X, Liu J, Xiong X, Yang T, Hou N, Liang X, et al. Correlation between nutrition and symptoms: nutritional survey of children with autism spectrum disorder in Chongqing, China. Nutrients. 2016;8:294. doi:10.3390/nu8050294.
  • Esnafoglu E, Ozturan DD. The relationship of severity of depression with homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin D levels in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2020;25:249–55. doi:10.1111/camh.12387.
  • Uğur Ç, Gürkan CK. Serum vitamin D and folate levels in children with autism spectrum disorders. Res Autism Spectr Disord. 2014;8:1641–7.
  • Zenger F, Russmann S, Junker E, Wüthrich C, Bui MH, Lauterburg BH. Decreased glutathione in patients with anorexia nervosa. Risk factor for toxic liver injury? Eur J Clin Nutrition. 2004;58:238–43.
  • Paşca SP, Dronca E, Kaucsár T, Craciun EC, Endreffy E, Ferencz BK, et al. One carbon metabolism disturbances and the C677T MTHFR gene polymorphism in children with autism spectrum disorders. J Cell Mol Med. 2009;13:4229–38.
  • Tsuchimine S, Saito M, Kaneko S, Yasui-Furukori N. Decreased serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and folate, but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor, in childhood and adolescent females with depression. Psychiatry Res. 2015;225:187–90.
  • Esnafoğlu E, Yaman E. Vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine and vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2017;254:232–7.
  • Melnyk S, Fuchs GJ, Schulz E, Lopez M, Kahler SG, Fussell JJ, et al. Metabolic imbalance associated with methylation dysregulation and oxidative damage in children with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2013;42:367–77.
  • Altun H, Sahin N, Kurutaú EB, Güngör O. Homocysteine, pyridoxine, folate and vitamin b12 levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Danub. 2018;30:310–16.
  • Eto I, Bandy MD, Butterworth Jr. CE. Plasma and urinary levels of biopterin, neopterin, and related pterins and plasma levels of folate in infantile autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1992;22:295–308. doi:10.1007/BF01058157.
  • Kevere L, Purvina S, Bauze D, Zeibarts M, Andrezina R, Piekuse L, et al. Homocysteine and MTHFR C677T polymorphism in children and adolescents with psychotic and mood disorders. Informa Healthcare. 2014;68:129–36. doi:10.3109/08039488.2013.782066.
  • Robinson SL, Marín C, Oliveros H, Mora-Plazas M, Richards BJ, Lozoff B, et al. Iron deficiency, anemia, and low vitamin B-12 serostatus in middle childhood are associated with behavior problems in adolescent boys: results from the Bogotá School Children Cohort. J Nutr. 2018;8(148):760–70.
  • Saha T, Chatterjee M, Sinha S, Rajamma U, Mukhopadhyay K. Components of thefolate metabolic pathway and ADHD core traits: an exploration in eastern Indian probands. J Hum Genet. 2017;62:687–95.
  • Wang LJ, Yu YH, Fu ML, Yeh WT, Hsu JL, Yang YH, et al. Dietary profiles, nutritional biochemistry status, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: path analysis for a case-control study. J Clin Med. 2019;19:709. doi:10.3390/jcm8050709.
  • Zou M, Sun C, Liang S, Sun Y, Li D, Li L, et al. Fisher discriminant analysis for classification of autism spectrum disorders based on folate-related metabolism markers. J Nutr Biochem. 2019;64:25–31.
  • Unal D, Çelebi F, Bildik HN, Koyuncu A, Karahan S. Vitamin B12 and haemoglobin levels may be related with ADHD symptoms: a study in Turkish children with ADHD. Psych Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;29:515–19.
  • Hope S, Naerland T, Høiland AL, Torske T, Malt E, Abrahamsen T, et al. Higher vitamin B12 levels in neurodevelopmental disorders than in healthy controls and schizophrenia A comparison among participants between 2 and 53 years. FASEB J. 2020;34(6):8114–24. doi:10.1096/fj.201900855RRR.
  • Kazanci SY, Saglam NO, Omar RH. Vitamin B12 <300 pg/mL in children and especially adolescents may predispose forgetfulness, anxiety, and unhappiness. Iran J Pediatr. 2017;27:e4663. doi:10.5812/ijp.4663.
  • Bala KA, Doǧan M, Kaba S, Mutluer T, Aslan O, Doǧan SZ. Hormone disorder and vitamin deficiency in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016;29:1077–82.
  • Garipardic M, Doğan M, Bala KA, Mutluer T, Kaba S, Aslan O, et al. Association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders with mean platelet volume and vitamin D. Med Sci Monit. 2017;23:1378–84.
  • Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, et al. Nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children, and the association with autism severity. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011;8:34.
  • Dolske M, Spollen J, McKay S, Lancashire E, Tolbert L. A preliminary trial of ascorbic acid as supplemental therapy for autism. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiat. 1993;17:765–74.
  • Adams JB, George F, Audhya T. Abnormally high plasma levels of vitamin B6 in children with autism not taking supplements compared to controls not taking supplements. J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12:59–63.
  • Al-Gadani Y, El-Ansary A, Attas O, Al-Ayadhi L. Metabolic biomarkers related to oxidative stress and antioxidant status in Saudi autistic children. Clin Biochem. 2009;42:1032–40.
  • Anwar A, Marini M, Abruzzo PM, Bolotta A, Ghezzo A, Visconti P, et al. Quantitation of plasma thiamine, related metabolites and plasma protein oxidative damage markers in children with autism spectrum disorder and healthy controls. Free Radic Res. 2016;50:S85–90.
  • Krajcovicova-Kudlackova M, Valachovicova M, Mislanova C, Hudecova Z, Sustrova M, Ostatnikova D. Plasma concentrations of selected antioxidants in autistic children and adolescents. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2009;110:247–50.
  • Sun C, Xia W, Zhao Y, Li N, Zhao D, Wu L. Nutritional status survey of children with autism and typically developing children aged 4–6 years in Heilongjiang Province, China. Nutr Sci. 2013;2:e16.
  • Lonsdale D, Shamberger RJ, Audhya T. Treatment of autism spectrum children with thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfi de: a pilot study. Neuroendocrinol Lett. 2002;23:303–8.
  • James SJ, Melnyk S, Fuchs G, Reid T, Jernigan S, Pavliv O, et al. Efficacy of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on glutathione redox status in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:425–30.
  • Frye RE, Melnyk S, Fuchs G, Reid T, Jernigan S, Pavliv O, et al. Effectiveness of methylcobalamin and folinic acid treatment on adaptive behavior in children with autistic disorder is related to glutathione redox status. Autism Res Treat. 2013;2013:609705. doi:10.1155/2013/609705.
  • Hendren RL, James SJ, Widjaja F, Lawton B, Rosenblatt A, Bent S. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of methyl B12 for children with autism. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016;26:774–83.
  • Frye RE, Slattery J, Delhey L, Furgerson B, Strickland T, Tippett M, et al. Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23:247–56.
  • James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S, Jernigan S, Janak L, Gaylor DW, et al. Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1611–17.
  • Kuriyama S, Kamiyama M, Watanabe M, Tamahashi S, Muraguchi I, Watanabe T, et al. Pyridoxine treatment in a subgroup of children with pervasive developmental disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:284–6.
  • Hyman SL, Stewart PA, Schmidt B, Cain U, Lemcke N, Foley JT, et al. Nutrient intake from food in children with autism. Pediatrics. 2012;130:S145–53.
  • Johnson CR, Handen BL, Mayer-Costa M, Sacco K. Eating habits and dietary status in young children with autism. J Dev Phys Disabil. 2008;20:437–48.
  • Lockner DW, Crowe TK, Skipper BJ. Dietary intake and parents’ perception of mealtime behaviors in preschool-age children with autism spectrum disorder and in typically developing children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:1360–3.
  • Incecik F, Hergüner MO, Altunbaşak S, Leblebisatan G. Neurologic findings of nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency in children. Turk J Pediatr. 2010 Jan-Feb;52(1):17–21.
  • Stover PJ. Vitamin B12 and older adults. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Jan;13(1):24–7.
  • Zhang Y. Decreased brain levels of vitamin B12 in aging, autism and chizophrenia. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146797. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146797.
  • Alfawaz H, Bhat RS, Al-Mutairi M, Alnakhli OM, Al-Dbass A, AlOnazi M, et al. Comparative study on the independent and combined effects of omega-3 and vitamin B12 on phospholipids and phospholipase A2 as phospholipid hydrolyzing enzymes in PPA-treated rats as a model for autistic traits. Lip Health Dis. 2018;7:205. doi:10.1186/s12944-018-0850-1.
  • Wang M, Li K, Zhao D, Li L. The association between maternal use of folic acid supplements during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders in children: a meta-analysis. Mol Autism. 2017;8:51. doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0170-8.
  • Raghavan R, Riley AW, Volk H, Caruso D, Hironaka L, Sices L, et al. Maternal multivitamin intake, plasma folate and vitamin B12 levels and autism spectrum disorder risk in offspring. Paediatr.Perinat Epidemiol. 2018;32:100–11.
  • Nye C, Brice A. Combined vitamin B6-magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder (review). Coch Database Syst Rev. 2005;4:CD003497. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003497.pub2.
  • James SJ. Autism and folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism: serendipity and critical branch-point decisions in science. Glob Adv Heal Med. 2013;2:48–51.
  • Allen LH, Miller JW, de Groot L, Rosenberg IH, Smith AD, Refsum H, Raiten DJ. Biomarkers of nutrition for development (BOND): vitamin B-12 review. J Nutr. 2018;148(suppl_4):1995S–2027S. doi:10.1093/jn/nxy201.
  • Black MM. Effects of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency on brain development in children. Food Nutr Bull. 2008;29:S126–S131.
  • Zhong C, Tessing J, Lee BK, Lyall K. Maternal dietary factors and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review of existence evidence. Autism Res. 2020;13:1634–58. doi:10.1002/aur.2402.
  • D’Souza B, D’Souza V. Oxidative injury and antioxidant vitamins E and C in schizophrenia. Ind J Clin Biochem. 2003;18:87–90.
  • Pangrazzi L, Balasco L, Bozzi Y. Oxidative stress and immune system dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:3293. doi:10.3390/ijms21093293.
  • Dakhale GN, Khanzode SD, Khanzode SS, Saoji A. Supplementation of vitamin C with atypical antipsychotics reduces oxidative stress and improves the outcome of schizophrenia. Psychophramacology. 2005;182:494–8.
  • Ranjan S, Nasser JA. Nutritional status of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: do we know enough? Adv Nutr. 2015;6:397–407.
  • Karababa IF, Savas SN, Selek S, Cicek E, Cicek EI, Asoglu M, et al. Homocysteine levels and oxidative stress parameters in patients with adult ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2017;21(6):487–93.
  • Landaas ET, Aarsland TIM, Ulvik A, Halmøy A, Ueland PM, Haavik J. Vitamin levels in adults with ADHD. BJPsych Open. 2016;2:377–84. doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.003491.
  • Venkatramanan S, Armata IE, Strupp BJ, Finkelstein JL. Vitamin B-12 and cognition in children. Adv Nutr. 2016;7:879–88. doi:10.3945/an.115.012021.
  • Kvestad I, Hysing M, Shrestha M, Ulak M, Thorne-Lyman AL, Henjum S, et al. Vitamin B-12 status in infancy is positively associated with development and cognitive functioning 5 y later in Nepalese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105(5):1122–31. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.144931.
  • Surman C, Ceranoglu A, Vaudreuil C, Albright B, Uchida M, Yule A, et al. Does L-methylfolate supplement methylphenidate pharmacotherapy in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?: Evidence of lack of benefit from a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2018;39:28–38.
  • Varela E, de Castro C, Espinosa L, Solerdelcoll M, Sugranyes G, Morer A, et al. Folic acid and vitamin B12 deficit in children and adolescents hospitalized due to a psychiatric disorder. Rev Psiquiatr Infanto-Juvenil. 2017;3:309–13. Spanish.
  • Muntjewerff JW, Kahn RS, Blom HJ, den Heijer M. Homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and risk of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:143–9.
  • Roffman JL, Brohawn DG, Nitenson AZ, Macklin EA, Smoller JW, Goff DC. Genetic variation throughout the folate metabolic pathway influences negative symptom severity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2013;39:330–8.
  • Gilbody S, Lightfoot T, Sheldon T. Is low folate a risk factor for depression? A meta-analysis and exploration of heterogeneity. J Epidemio Community Heal. 2007;61:631–7.
  • Anmella G, Varela E, Murru A, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Prades N, Giménez A, et al. Vitamin B9 and B12 status in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Submitted to Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental.
  • Seppälä J, Koponen H, Kautiainen H, Eriksson JG, Kampman O, Leiviskä J, et al. Association between vitamin B12 levels and melancholic depressive symptoms: a Finnish population-based study. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13:145. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-145.
  • Hintikka J, Tolmunen T, Tanskanen A, Viinamäki H. High vitamin B12 level and good treatment outcome may be associated in major depressive disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2003;3:17. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-3-17.
  • Schefft C, Kilarski LL, Bschor T, Köhler S. Efficacy of adding nutritional supplements in unipolar depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27:1090–109.
  • de Koning EJ, van der Zwaluw NL, van Wijngaarden JP, Sohl E, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, van Marwijk HW, Enneman AW, et al. Effects of two-year vitamin B12 and folic acid supplementation on depressive symptoms and quality of life in older adults with elevated homocysteine concentrations: additional results from the B-PROOF study, an RCT. Nutrients. 2016;8:748. doi:10.3390/nu8110748.
  • Bottiglieri T, Reynolds EH, Laundy M. Folate in CSF and age. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;69:562.
  • Hermesh H, Weizman A, Shahar A, Munitz H. Vitamin B12 and folic acid serum levels in obsessive compulsive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988;78:8–10.
  • Türksoy N, Bilici R, Yalçiner A, Ozdemir O, Ornek I, Tufan AE, et al. Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine levels in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:1671–5.
  • Tural Ü, Çorapçıoğlu A, Boşgelmez Ş, Köroğlu G, Ünver H, Duman C, et al. Double blind controlled study of adding folic acid to fluoxetine in the treatment of OCD. Psychiatr Danub. 2019;31:69–77. doi:10.24869/psyd.2019.69.
  • FAO/WHO. Human vitamin and mineral requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation Bangkok, Thailand, 2001.
  • Sobczyńska-Malefora A, Delvin E, McCaddon A, Ahmadi KR, Harrington DJ. Vitamin B12 status in health and disease: a critical review. Diagnosis of deficiency and insufficiency – clinical and laboratory pitfalls. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2021 Apr 21;58(6):399–429. doi:10.1080/10408363.2021.1885339.
  • Vildoso M. Nutritional effects of anticonvulsants. Medwave. 2009;9:e3857. doi:10.5867/medwave.2009.04.3857.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.