335
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Corrective Reading: An Evidence‐Based Remedial Reading Intervention

Pages 23-54 | Published online: 17 Jul 2008

References

  • Adams , G. and Engelmann , S. 1996 . Research on Direct Instruction: 25 years beyond DISTAR , Seattle, WA : Educational Achievement Systems .
  • Adams , M. J. 1990 . Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
  • Alexander , A. W. , Anderson , H. G. , Heilman , P. C. , Voeller , K. K. S. and Torgesen , J. K. 1991 . Phonological awareness training and remediation of analytic decoding deficits in a group of severe dyslexics. . Annals of Dyslexia , 41 : 193 – 206 .
  • American Federation of Teachers . 1997 . Building on the best: Learning from what works Retrieved November 11, 2003, from http://www.aft.org/Edissues/whatworks/index.htm
  • American Institutes for Research . 1999 . An educators' guide to schoolwide reform Retrieved November 11, 2003, from www.aasa.org/Reform/index.htm
  • American Institutes for Research . 2005 . CSRQ Center Report on Elementary School Comprehensive School Reform Models Retrieved February 12, 2005, from http://www.csrq.org/reports.asp
  • American Institutes for Research . 2006 . CSRQ Center Report on Elementary School Comprehensive School Reform Models (Updated) Retrieved December 11, 2006, from http://www.csrq.org/documents/CSRQCenterCombinedReport_Web11‐03‐06.pdf
  • American Psychological Association. (1993, October) . Final Report of the Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures , New York : American Psychological Association, Division of Clinical Psychologists . (Division 12)
  • Bentin , S. and Leshem , H. 1993 . On the interaction between phonological awareness and reading acquisition: It's a two‐way street. . Annals of Dyslexia , 43 : 125 – 148 .
  • Borman , G. 2007 . Taking reform to scale Wisconsin Center for Educational Research. Retrieved February 4, 2007, from http://www.wcer.wisc.edu/
  • Borman , G. D. , Hewes , G. M. , Overman , L. T. and Brown , S. 2002 . Comprehensive school reform and student achievement: A meta‐analysis , Washington, DC : Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk (CRESPAR), US Department of Education . Report No.59 Retrieved February 12, 2003, from http://www.csos.jhu.edu./crespar/techReports/report59.pdf
  • Bowers , P. G. 1995 . Tracing symbol naming speeds unique contributions to reading disabilities over time. . Reading and Writing , 7 : 189 – 216 .
  • Bowers , P. G. and Swanson , L. B. 1991 . Naming speed deficits in reading disability. Multiple measures of a singular process. . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 51 : 195 – 219 .
  • Bowey , J. A. , Cain , M. T. and Ryan , S. M. 1992 . A reading‐level design study of phonological skills underlying fourth‐grade children's word reading difficulties. . Child Development , 63 : 999 – 1011 .
  • Bowey , J. A. and Francis , J. 1991 . Phonological analysis as a function of age and exposure to reading instruction. . Applied Psycholinguistics , 12 : 91 – 121 .
  • Branwhite , A. B. 1983 . Boosting reading skills by direct instruction. . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 53 : 291 – 298 .
  • Brigance , A. H. 1992 . Comprehensive Inventory of Basic Skills , Melbourne, , Australia : Hawker Brownlow .
  • Burt , J. S. and Butterworth , P. 1996 . Spelling in adults: Orthographic transparency, learning new letter string and reading accuracy. . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 8 (1) : 3 – 43 .
  • Carnine , D. 1995 . Trustworthiness, usability, and accessibility of educational research. . Journal of Behavioral Education , 5 : 251 – 258 .
  • Castles , I. 1994 . SEIFA: Socio‐economic indexes for areas , Canberra, , Australia : Australian Government Printer .
  • Coalition for Evidence‐Based Policy . 2002 . Bringing evidence driven progress to education: A recommended strategy for the U.S. Department of Education Council for Excellence in Government's Coalition for Evidence‐Based Policy. Retrieved December 12, 2002, from http://www.excelgov.org/displayContent.asp?Keyword = prppcEvidence
  • Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
  • Cook , T. D. and Campbell , D. T. 1979 . Quasi experimentation. Design and analysis issues for field settings , Boston : Houghton‐Mifflin .
  • Council for Exceptional Children . 1999 . Focussing on direct instruction Retrieved November 11, 2003, from http://dldcec.org/alerts/alerts_2.html
  • Crowder , R. and Wagner , R. 1992 . The psychology of reading: An introduction , New York : Oxford University Press .
  • Curriculum Review Panel . 2004 . Review of comprehensive programs Oregon Reading First Center. Retrieved January16, 2005, from http://reading.uoregon.edu/curricula/core_report_amended_3‐04.pdf
  • Davidson , M. and Jenkins , J. R. 1994 . Effects of phonemic processes on word reading and spelling. . Journal of Educational Research , 87 : 148 – 157 .
  • Deeney , T. , Wolf , M. and Goldberg O'Rourke , A. 2001 . ‘I like to take my own sweet time’: Case study of a child with naming‐speed deficits and reading disabilities. . Journal of Special Education , 35 : 145 – 155 .
  • Denckla , M. B. and Rudel , R. 1976 . Rapid automatised naming (RAN): Dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities. . Neuropsychologia , 14 : 471 – 479 .
  • Department for Education and Employment . 1998 . The National Literacy Strategy: Framework for teaching , London : Standards and Effectiveness Unit .
  • Department of Education, Employment, and Training . 2001 . Successful interventions literacy research project Retrieved March 30, 2007, from http://www.eduweb.vic.gov.au/edulibrary/public/curricman/middleyear/research/successfulinterventions.doc
  • Department of Education, Science, and Training . 2005 . Teaching reading: Report and recommendations , Australia : Melbourne . National Inquiry into the Teaching of Reading
  • Department of Education, Science, and Training . 2007 . Parents' attitudes to schooling , Canberra, , Australia : Australian Government . Retrieved June 4, 2007, from http://www.dest.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/311AA3E6‐412E‐4FA4‐AC01‐541F37070529/16736/ParentsAttitudestoSchoolingreporMay073.rtf
  • Ehri , L. C. 1995 . Phases of development in learning to read words by sight. . Journal of Research in Reading , 18 (2) : 116 – 125 .
  • Ehri , L. C. , Nunes , S. R. , Willows , D. M. , Schuster , B. V. , Yaghoub‐Zadeh , Z. and Shanahan , T. 2001 . Phonemic awareness instruction helps children learn to read: Evidence from the National Reading Panel's meta‐analysis. . Reading Research Quarterly , 36 : 250 – 287 .
  • Elbro , C. , Nielsen , I. and Petersen , D. K. 1994 . Dyslexia in adults. Evidence for deficits in non‐word reading and in the phonological representation of lexical items. . Annals of Dyslexia , 44 : 205 – 226 .
  • Ellis , N. C. 1990 . Reading, phonological processing and STM: Interactive tributaries of development. . Journal of Research in Reading , 13 : 107 – 122 .
  • Engelmann , S. 2004 . The Dalmatian and its spots. . Editorial Projects in Education , 23 (20) : 34 – 35, 48 . Retrieved February 3, 2004, from http://www.edweek.org/ew/ew_printstory.cfm?slug = 20engelmann.h23
  • Engelmann , S. , Becker , W. C. , Carnine , D. and Gersten , R. 1988 . The Direct Instruction Follow Through Model: Design and outcomes. . Education and Treatment of Children , 11 (4) : 303 – 317 .
  • Engelmann , S. and Bruner , E. C. 1984 . Reading Mastery fast cycle I, II , Chicago : Science Research Associates .
  • Engelmann , S. and Bruner , E. C. 1988 . Reading Mastery , Chicago : Science Research Associates .
  • Engelmann , S. , Hanner , S. and Johnson , G. 1999 . Corrective Reading—Series Guide , Columbus, OH : SRA/McGraw Hill .
  • Felton , R. H. 1992 . Early identification of children at risk for reading disabilities. . Topics in Early Childhood Special Education , 12 : 212 – 229 .
  • Grossen , B. 1996 . What was that project follow through? [Special issue] . Effective School Practices , 15 (1) : 1 – 85 .
  • Grossen , B. 1998 . The research base for Corrective Reading, SRA , Blacklick, OH : Science Research Associates .
  • Grossen , B. 2004 . Success of a Direct Instruction model at a secondary level school with high‐risk students. . Reading and Writing Quarterly , 20 : 161 – 178 .
  • Hammill , D. 2004 . What we know about correlates of reading. . Exceptional Children , 70 : 453 – 469 .
  • Harris , R. E. , Marchand‐Martella , N. E. and Martella , R. C. 2000 . Effects of a peer‐delivered Corrective Reading program. . Journal of Behavioral Education , 10 (1) : 21 – 36 .
  • Harrison , B. 2002, April . “ Do we have a literacy crisis? ” . In Reading Reform Foundation Vol. 48 , Retrieved April 11, 2003, from http://www.rrf.org.uk/do%20we%20have%20a%20literacy%20crisis.htm
  • Hatcher , P. , Hulme , C. and Ellis , A. 1994 . Ameliorating reading failure by integrating the teaching of reading and phonological skills: The phonological linkage hypothesis. . Child Development , 65 : 41 – 57 .
  • Hempenstall , K. 1995 . The Picture Naming Test Unpublished manuscript. Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
  • Hempenstall , K. 1996 . The gulf between educational research and policy: The example of Direct Instruction and Whole Language. . Behavior Change , 13 : 33 – 46 .
  • Hempenstall , K. 2001 . “ Some issues in phonics instruction. ” . In EducationNews.Org Retrieved May 3, 2005, from http://www.ednews.org/articles/528/1/Some‐issues‐in‐phonics‐instruction‐Implicit‐and‐explicit‐phonics‐instruction/Page1.html
  • Hempenstall , K. 2003 . The three‐cueing system: Trojan horse? . Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities , 8 (3) : 15 – 23 .
  • Hempenstall , K. 2006 . What does evidence‐based practice in education mean? . Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities , 11 (2) : 83 – 92 .
  • Hoad , K‐A. , Munro , J. , Pearn , C. , Rowe , K. S. and Rowe , K. J. 2005 . Working Out What Works (WOWW) Training and Resource Manual: A teacher professional development program designed to support teachers to improve literacy and numeracy outcomes for students with learning difficulties in Years 4, 5 and 6 , Canberra, , Australia : Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training; and Melbourne: Australian Council for Educational Research .
  • Hogan , T. P. , Catts , H. W. and Little , T. D. 2005 . The relationship between phonological awareness and reading: Implications for the assessment of phonological awareness. . Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools , 36 (4) : 285 – 293 .
  • Hoover , W. A. and Gough , P. B. 1990 . The simple view of reading. . Reading and Writing , 2 : 127 – 160 .
  • Hulme , C. and Roodenrys , S. 1995 . Practitioner review: Verbal working memory development and its disorders. . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 36 : 373 – 398 .
  • Johnston , R. S. and Watson , J. E. 2004 . Accelerating the development of reading, spelling and phonemic awareness skills in initial readers. . Reading and Writing , 17 : 327 – 357 .
  • Johnston , T. and Kirby , J. 2006 . The contribution of naming speed to the simple view of reading. . Reading and Writing , 19 (4) : 339 – 361 .
  • Jorm , A. F. , Share , D. , Matthews , R. and Maclean , R. 1986 . Behaviour problems in specific reading retarded and general reading backward children: A longitudinal study. . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 27 (1) : 33 – 43 .
  • Livingstone , T. 2006, 14 October . Rating the system. . The Courier Mail , : 53
  • Louden , W. , Chan , L. K. S. , Elkins , J. , Greaves , D. , House , H. Milton , M. 2000 . Mapping the territory—Primary students with learning difficulties: Literacy and numeracy , Canberra, , Australia : Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs . (Vols. 1–3)
  • Lovett , M. W. , Borden , S. L. , De Luca , T. , Lacerenza , L. , Benson , N. J. and Brackstone , D. 1994 . Treating the core deficit of developmental dyslexia: Evidence of transfer of learning after phonologically‐ and strategy‐based reading training programs. . Developmental Psychology , 30 : 805 – 822 .
  • Lovett , M. W. , Borden , S. L. , Lacerenza , L. , Frijters , J. C. , Steinbach , K. A. and De Palma , M. 2000 . Components of effective remediation for developmental reading disabilities: Combining phonological and strategy‐based instruction to improve outcomes. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 92 : 263 – 283 .
  • Lovett , M. W. and Steinbach , K. A. 1997 . The effectiveness of remedial programs for reading disabled children of different ages: Does the benefit decrease for older children? . Learning Disability Quarterly , 20 : 189 – 209 .
  • Lyon , G. R. 1998 . Overview of reading and literacy initiatives. Statement to Committee on Labor and Human Resources Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/jeffords.htm
  • Lyon , G. R. and Moats , L. C. 1997 . Critical conceptual and methodological considerations in reading intervention research. . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 30 : 578 – 588 .
  • Malmgren , K. W. and Leone , P. E. 2000 . Effects of a short‐term auxiliary reading program on the reading skills of incarcerated youth. . Education & Treatment of Children , 23 (3) : 239 – 247 .
  • Marks , G. N. and Ainley , J. 1997 . Reading comprehension and numeracy among junior secondary school students in Australia , Melbourne : Australian Council for Educational Research .
  • McCluskey , N. 2003 . Best bets: Education curricula that work The Center for Education Reform. Retrieved July 18, 2003, from http://www.edreform.com/pubs/bestbets.pdf
  • Moats , L. C. 1994 . “ Assessment of spelling in learning disabilities research ” . In Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities: New views on measurement issues , Edited by: Lyon , G. R . 333 – 350 . Baltimore, MD : P. H. Brookes .
  • Nation , K. and Hulme , C. 1997 . Phonemic segmentation, not onset‐rime segmentation, predicts early reading and spelling skills. . Reading Research Quarterly , 32 (2) : 154 – 167 .
  • National Reading Panel . 2000 . Teaching children to read Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http://www.nationalreadingpanel.org
  • Newby , R. F. , Recht , D. R. and Caldwell , J. 1993 . Validation of a clinical method for the diagnosis of two subtypes of dyslexia. . Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment , 11 : 72 – 83 .
  • Office of Management and Budget . 2007 . Program assessment: Reading First State Grants Retrieved May 11, from http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/expectmore/summary/10003321.2006.html
  • Office of the Victorian Auditor General . 2003 . Improving literacy standards in government schools Retrieved October 10, 2004, from http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_par/Literacy_Report.pdf
  • Olson , R. , Forsberg , H. , Wise , B. and Rack , J. 1994 . “ Measurement of word recognition, orthographic, and phonological skills ” . In Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities: New views on measurement issues , Edited by: Lyon , G. R . 243 – 278 . Baltimore, MD : P.H. Brookes .
  • Oregon Reading First . 2004 . Consumer's guide to evaluating supplemental and intervention reading programs Grades K–3: A critical elements analysis Retrieved January 11, 2006, from http://oregonreadingfirst.uoregon.edu/downloads/corrective_rdg_levela.pdf
  • Perfetti , C. A. , Beck , I. , Bell , L. C. and Hughes , C. 1987 . Phonemic knowledge and learning to read are reciprocal: A longitudinal study of first grade children. . Merrill‐Palmer Quarterly , 33 : 283 – 319 .
  • Plaza , M. 2003 . The role of naming speed, phonological processing and morphological/syntactic skill in the reading and spelling performance of second‐grade children. . Current Psychology Letters , Special Issue on Language Disorders and Reading Acquisition. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from http://cpl.revues.org/document88.html
  • Primary National Strategy . 2006 . Primary framework for literacy and mathematics , London : Department of Education and Skills . Retrieved 26 October, 2006, from http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/primaryframeworks/
  • Prior , M. , Sanson , A. , Smart , D. and Oberklaid , F. 1995 . Reading disability in an Australian community sample. . Australian Journal of Psychology , 47 (1) : 32 – 37 .
  • Purdie , N. and Ellis , L. 2005 . A review of the empirical evidence identifying effective interventions and teaching practices for students with learning difficulties in Years 4, 5 and 6 , Camberwell, Victoria, Australia : Australian Council for Educational Research . A report prepared for the Australian Government Department of Education, Science and Training
  • Reynolds , M. and Wheldall , K. 2007 . Reading Recovery 20 years down the track: Looking forward, looking back. . International Journal of Disability, Development and Education , 54 (2) : 199 – 223 .
  • Rosenshine , B. 2002 . Helping students from low‐income homes read at grade level. . Journal for Students Placed at Risk , 7 Retrieved March 19, 2003, from http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/rosenshi/Helping%20at‐risk%20readers.htm
  • Sackett , D. , McRosenberg , W. , Muir Gray , J. A. , Haynes , R. B. and Richardson , W. S. 1996 . “ Evidence‐Based Medicine: What it is and what it isn't. ” . In British Medical Journal Vol. 312 , 71 – 2 . Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http://cebm.jr2.ox.ac.uk/ebmisisnt.html#coredef
  • Sattler , J. M. 1992 . Assessment of children , San Diego, CA : Jerome M. Sattler .
  • Schacter , J. 1999 . Reading programs that work: A review of programs for pre‐kindergarten to 4th grade Retrieved November 11, 2003, from http://www.mff.org/edtech/publication.taf?_function = detail&Content_uid1 = 279
  • Shankweiler , D. , Lundquist , E. , Dreyer , L. G. and Dickinson , C. C. 1996 . Reading and spelling difficulties in high school students: Causes and consequences. . Reading and Writing , 8 : 267 – 294 .
  • Share , D. L. 1995 . Phonological recoding and self‐teaching: Sine qua non of reading acquisition. . Cognition , 55 : 151 – 218 .
  • Share , D. L. and Blum , P. 2005 . Syllable splitting in literate and preliterate Hebrew speakers: Onsets and rimes or bodies and codas? . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 92 (2) : 182 – 202 .
  • Share , D. L. and Stanovich , K. E. 1995 . Cognitive processes in early reading development: Accommodating individual differences into a model of acquisition. . Issues in Education , 1 : 1 – 57 .
  • Shaughnessy , M. F. 2007 . An interview with G. Reid Lyon: About Reading First. . EducationNews.Org , Retrieved June 20, from http://www.ednews.org/articles/13053/1/An‐Interview‐with‐G‐Reid‐Lyon‐About‐Reading‐First/Page1.html
  • Shonkoff , J. P. 2007 . The neuroscience of nurturing neurons Children of the Code. Retrieved March 1, 2007, from http://www.childrenofthecode.org/interviews/shonkoff.htm
  • Slavin , R. E. 1990 . Cooperative learning: Theory, research, and practice , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Slavin , R. E. 2003 . A reader's guide to scientifically based research. . Educational Leadership , 60 (5) : 12 – 16 . Retrieved December 16, 2003, from http://www.ascd.org/publications/ed_lead/200302/slavin.html
  • Slavin , R. E. 2004 . Education research can and must address ‘What Works’ questions. . Educational Researcher , 33 (1) : 27 – 28 .
  • Slavin , R. E. 2007 . “ Statement of Robert E. Slavin, Director, Center for Data‐Driven Reform in Education. Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Activities. Hearings on Implementation of No Child Left Behind. March 14, 2007 ” . Retrieved March 16, 2007, from http://www.ednews.org/articles/8996/1/Statement‐of‐Robert‐E‐Slavin‐Director‐Center‐for‐Data‐Driven‐Reform‐in‐Education/Page1.html
  • Smith , S. A. 2004 . “ What is Corrective Reading? Tallahassee, FL: Florida Center for Reading Research ” . Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http://www.fcrr.org/FCRRReports/PDF/corrective_reading_final.pdf
  • Snow , C. E , Burns , S and Griffin , P , eds. 1998 . Preventing reading difficulties in young children. Report of the National Research Council Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/reading/
  • Stage , S. A. and Wagner , R. K. 1992 . Development of young children' phonological and orthographic knowledge as revealed by their spellings. . Developmental Psychology , 28 : 287 – 296 .
  • Stanovich , K. E. 1986 . Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy. . Reading Research Quarterly , 21 : 360 – 406 .
  • Stanovich , K. E. 1988 . Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden‐variety poor reader: The phonological‐core variable‐difference model. . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 21 : 590 – 604 .
  • Stanovich , K. E. 1994 . Constructivism in reading education. . Journal of Special Education , 28 : 259 – 274 .
  • Stanovich , K. E. and Siegel , L. S. 1994 . Phenotypic performance profile of children with reading disabilities: A regression‐based test of the phonological‐core variable‐difference model. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 86 (1) : 24 – 53 .
  • Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. [Computer Software] . 1995 . Chicago : SPSS .
  • Stone , J. E. 1996 . “ Developmentalism: An obscure but pervasive restriction on educational improvement. ” . In Education Policy Analysis Archives Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http://seamonkey.ed.asu.edu/epaa
  • Texas, Office of the Governor . 1996 . “ The Texas Reading Initiative: Mobilizing Resources for Literacy ” . Retrieved November 11, 2005, from http://www.governor.state.tx.us/_private/old/Reading/overview.html
  • Torgesen , J. K. 2003 . Using science, energy, patience, consistency, and leadership to reduce the number of children left behind in reading Barksdale Reading Institute, Florida. Retrieved May 3, 2004, from http://www.fcrr.org/staffpresentations/Joe/NA/mississippi_03.ppt
  • Torgesen , J. K. and Bryant , B. 1994 . Test of Phonological Awareness: Examiner's Manual , Austin, TX : Pro‐Ed .
  • Torgesen , J. K. and Hudson , R. F. 2006 . “ Reading fluency: Critical issues for struggling readers ” . In What research has to say about fluency instruction , Edited by: Samuels , S. J and Farstrup , A. E . 130 – 158 . Newark, DE : International Reading Association .
  • Torgesen , J. , Wagner , R. K. , Rashotte , C. , Alexander , A. and Conway , T. 1997 . Preventative and remedial interventions for children with severe reading disabilities. . Learning Disabilities , 8 : 51 – 61 .
  • Trezek , B. J. and Malmgren , K. W. 2005 . The efficacy of utilizing a phonics treatment package with middle school deaf and hard‐of‐hearing students. . Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education , 3 : 257 – 271 .
  • Vellutino , F. R. , Scanlon , D. M. , Sipay , E. R. , Small , S. G. , Pratt , A. Chen , R. 1996 . Cognitive profiles of difficult to remediate and readily remediated poor readers: Early intervention as a vehicle for distinguishing between cognitive and experiential deficits as basic causes of specific reading disability. . Journal of Educational Psychology , 88 : 601 – 638 .
  • Vellutino , F. R. , Scanlon , D. M. and Tanzman , M. S. 1994 . “ Component of reading ability: Issues and problems in operationalizing word identification, phonological coding, and orthographic coding ” . In Frames of reference for the assessment of learning disabilities: New views on measurement issues , Edited by: Lyon , G. R . 279 – 332 . Baltimore, MD : P.H. Brookes .
  • Wadsworth , S. , DeFries , J. , Fulker , D. , Olson , R. and Pennington , B. 1995 . Reading performance and verbal short‐term memory: A twin study of reciprocal causation. . Intelligence , 20 : 145 – 167 .
  • Wagner , R. K. and Torgesen , J. K. 1987 . The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills. . Psychological Bulletin , 101 : 192 – 212 .
  • Wechsler , D. 1991 . Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
  • Westwood , P. S. 2005 . Spelling: Approaches to teaching and assessment (2nd ed.) , Camberwell, Victoria, Australia : ACER Press .
  • White , W. A. T. 1988 . A meta‐analysis of the effects of direct instruction in special education. . Education & Treatment of Children , 11 : 364 – 374 .
  • Wolf , M. 1991 . Naming speed and reading. The contribution of the cognitive neurosciences. . Reading Research Quarterly , 26 : 123 – 141 .
  • Woodcock , R. W. 1987 . Woodcock Tests of Reading Mastery—Revised , Circle Pines, MN : American Guidance Service .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.