285
Views
87
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Vitamin D and differentiation in cancer

&
Pages 190-209 | Received 26 Feb 2009, Accepted 18 Apr 2009, Published online: 03 Aug 2009

References

  • Smithers DW. Maturation in human tumours. Lancet 1969; 2: 949–952.
  • Walton JD, Kattan DR, Thomas SK, Spengler BA, Guo HF, Biedler JL, Cheung NK, Ross RA. Characteristics of stem cells from human neuroblastoma cell lines and in tumors. Neoplasia 2004; 6: 838–845.
  • Chen SJ, Zhu YJ, Tong JH, Dong S, Huang W, Chen Y, Xiang WM, Zhang L, Li XS, Qian GQ. Rearrangements in the second intron of the RARalfa gene are present in a large majority of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia and are used as molecular marker for retinoic acid-induced leukemic cell differentiation. Blood 1991; 78: 2696–2701.
  • Degos L, Wang ZY. All trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Oncogene 2001; 20: 7140–7145.
  • Schlenk RF, Frohling S, Hartmann F, Fischer JT, Glasmacher A, del Valle F, Grimminger W, Gotze K, Waterhouse C, Schoch R, Pralle H, Mergenthaler HG, Hensel M, Koller E, Kirchen H, Preiss J, Salwender H, Biedermann HG, Kremers S, Griesinger F, Benner A, Addamo B, Dohner K, Haas R, Dohner H. Phase III study of all-trans retinoic acid in previously untreated patients 61 years or older with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2004; 18: 1798–1803.
  • Camerini T, Mariani L, De Palo G, Marubini E, Di Mauro MG, Decensi A, Costa A, Veronesi U. Safety of the synthetic retinoid fenretinide: long-term results from a controlled clinical trial for the prevention of contralateral breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1664–1670.
  • Jung SJ, Lee YY, Pakkala S, de Vos S, Elstner E, Norman AW, Green J, Uskokovic M, Koeffler HP. 1,25(OH)2-16ene-vitamin D3 is a potent antileukemic agent with low potential to cause hypercalcemia. Leuk Res 1994; 18: 453–463.
  • Jones G. Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88(2): S582–S586.
  • Bouillon R, Okamura WH, Norman AW. Structure-function relationships in the vitamin D endocrine system. Endocr Rev 1995; 16: 200–257.
  • Ji Y, Wang X, Donnelly RJ, Uskokovic MR, Studzinski GP. Signaling of monocytic differentiation by a non-hypercalcemic analog of vitamin D3, 1,25(OH)2-5,6 trans-16-ene-vitamin D3, involves nuclear vitamin D receptor (nVDR) and non-nVDR-mediated pathways. J Cell Physiol 2002; 191: 198–207.
  • Collins ED, Bishop JE, Bula CM, Acevedo A, Okamura WH, Norman AW. Effect of 25-hydroxyl group orientation on biological activity and binding to the 1alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 94: 279–288.
  • Aparna R, Subhashini J, Roy KR, Reddy GS, Robinson M, Uskokovic MR, Venkateswara Reddy G, Reddanna P. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D3, a less calcemic vitamin D analog. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104: 1832–1842.
  • Danilenko M, Wang X, Studzinski GP. Carnosic acid and promotion of monocytic differentiation of HL60-G cells initiated by other agents. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93: 1224–1233.
  • Danilenko M, Wang Q, Wang X, Levy J, Sharoni Y, Studzinski GP. Carnosic acid potentiates the antioxidant and prodifferentiation effects of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in leukemia cells but does not promote elevation of basal levels of intracellular calcium. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 1325–1332.
  • Danilenko M, Studzinski GP. Enhancement by other compounds of the anti-cancer activity of vitamin D3 and its analogs. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298: 339–358.
  • Coffman FD, Studzinski GP. Differentiation-related mechanisms which suppress DNA replication. Exp Cell Res 1999; 248: 58–73.
  • Harrison LE, Wang QM, Studzinski GP. Butyrate-induced G2/M block in CaCo-2 colon cancer cells is associated with decreased p34cdc2 activity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999; 222: 150–156.
  • Harrison LE, Wang QM, Studzinski GP. 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced retardation of the G(2)/M traverse is associated with decreased levels of p34(cdc2) in HL60 cells. J Cell Biochem 1999; 75: 226–234.
  • Wang QM, Studzinski GP, Chen F, Coffman FD, Harrison LE. p53/56(lyn) antisense shifts the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced G1/S block in HL60 cells to S phase. J Cell Physiol 2000; 183: 238–246.
  • Welsh J, Simboli-Campbell M, Narvaez CJ, Tenniswood M. Role of apoptosis in the growth inhibitory effects of vitamin D in MCF-7 cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 375 :45–52.
  • Li F, Ling X, Huang H, Brattain L, Apontes P, Wu J, Binderup L, Brattain MG. Differential regulation of survivin expression and apoptosis by vitamin D3 compounds in two isogenic MCF-7 breast cancer cell sublines. Oncogene 2005; 24: 1385–1395.
  • Myrthue A, Rademacher BL, Pittsenbarger J, Kutyba-Brooks B, Gantner M, Qian DZ, Beer TM. The iroquois homeobox gene 5 is regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human prostate cancer and regulates apoptosis and the cell cycle in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 3562–3570.
  • Wang X, Studzinski GP. Antiapoptotic action of 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 is associated with increased mitochondrial MCL-1 and RAF-1 proteins and reduced release of cytochrome c. Exp Cell Res 1997; 235: 210–217.
  • Wang X, Patel R, Studzinski GP. hKSR-2, a vitamin D-regulated gene, inhibits apoptosis in arabinocytosine-treated HL60 leukemia cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7: 2798–2806.
  • Helander HF. Enzyme patterns and protein absorption in rat colon during development. Acta Anat (Basel) 1975; 91: 330–349.
  • Ono K. Alkaline phosphatase activity of the large intestinal principal cells in postnatal developing rats. Acta Histochem 1976; 57: 312–319.
  • Chen A, Davis BH, Bissonnette M, Scaglione-Sewell B, Brasitus TA. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates activator protein-1-dependent CaCo-2 cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 35505–35513.
  • Marvin-Guy LF, Duncan P, Wagniere S, Antille N, Porta N, Affolter M, Kussmann M. Rapid identification of differentiation markers from whole epithelial cells by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry and statistical analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2008; 22: 1099–1108.
  • Palmer HG, Gonzalez-Sancho JM, Espada J, Berciano MT, Puig I, Baulida J, Quintanilla M, Cano A, de Herreros AG, Lafarga M, Munoz A. Vitamin D3 promotes the differentiation of colon carcinoma cells by the induction of E-cadherin and the inhibition of beta-catenin signaling. J Cell Biol 2001; 154: 369–387.
  • Garland CF, Comstock GW, Garland FC, Helsing KJ, Shaw EK, Gorham ED. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and colon cancer: eight-year prospective study. Lancet 1989; 2: 1176–1178.
  • Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Rimm EB, Hollis BW, Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 451–459.
  • Tong WM, Hofer H, Ellinger A, Peterlik M, Cross HS. Mechanism of antimitogenic action of vitamin D in human colon carcinoma cells: relevance for suppression of epidermal growth factor-stimulated cell growth. Oncol Res 1999; 11: 77–84.
  • Belleli A, Shany S, Levy J, Guberman R, Lamprecht SA. A protective role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in chemically induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 1992; 13: 2293–2298.
  • Shabahang M, Buras RR, Davoodi F, Schumaker LM, Nauta RJ, Evans SR. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor as a marker of human colon carcinoma cell line differentiation and growth inhibition. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 3712–3718.
  • Vandewalle B, Adenis A, Hornez L, Revillion F, Lefebvre J. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in normal and malignant human colorectal tissues. Cancer Lett 1994; 86: 67–73.
  • Sheinin Y, Kaserer K, Wrba F, Wenzl E, Kriwanek S, Peterlik M, Cross HS. In situ mRNA hybridization analysis and immunolocalization of the vitamin D receptor in normal and carcinomatous human colonic mucosa: relation to epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Virchows Arch 2000; 437: 501–507.
  • Cross HS, Bareis P, Hofer H, Bischof MG, Bajna E, Kriwanek S, Bonner E, Peterlik M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase and vitamin D receptor gene expression in human colonic mucosa is elevated during early cancerogenesis. Steroids 2001; 66: 287–292.
  • Qi X, Pramanik R, Wang J, Schultz RM, Maitra RK, Han J, DeLuca HF, Chen G. The p38 and JNK pathways cooperate to trans-activate vitamin D receptor via c-Jun/AP-1 and sensitize human breast cancer cells to vitamin D3-induced growth inhibition. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 25884–25892.
  • Wiese RJ, Uhland-Smith A, Ross TK, Prahl JM, DeLuca HF. Up-regulation of the vitamin D receptor in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 results from ligand-induced stabilization. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 20082–20086.
  • Alrefai WA, Scaglione-Sewell B, Tyagi S, Wartman L, Brasitus TA, Ramaswamy K, Dudeja PK. Differential regulation of the expression of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform NHE3 by PKC-alpha in CaCo-2 cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281: C1551–C1558.
  • Wali RK, Baum CL, Sitrin MD, Brasitus TA. 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 stimulates membrane phosphoinositide turnover, activates protein kinase C, and increases cytosolic calcium in rat colonic epithelium. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 1296–1303.
  • Gaschott T, Werz O, Steinmeyer A, Steinhilber D, Stein J. Butyrate-induced differentiation of CaCo-2 cells is mediated by vitamin D receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 288: 690–696.
  • Cui M, Klopot A, Jiang Y, Fleet JC. The effect of differentiation on 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D-mediated gene expression in the enterocyte-like cell line, Caco-2. J Cell Physiol 2009; 218: 113–121.
  • Easwaran V, Pishvaian M, Salimuddin Byers, S. Cross-regulation of beta-catenin-LEF/TCF and retinoid signaling pathways. Curr Biol 1999; 9: 1415–1418.
  • Shah S, Islam MN, Dakshanamurthy S, Rizvi I, Rao M, Herrell R, Zinser G, Valrance M, Aranda A, Moras D, Norman A, Welsh J, Byers SW. The molecular basis of vitamin D receptor and beta-catenin crossregulation. Mol Cell 2006; 21: 799–809.
  • Larriba MJ, Valle N, Palmer HG, Ordonez-Moran P, Alvarez-Diaz S, Becker KF, Gamallo C, de Herreros AG, Gonzalez-Sancho JM, Munoz A. The inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin signalling by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is abrogated by Snail1 in human colon cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007; 14: 141–151.
  • Pendas-Franco N, Garcia JM, Pena C, Valle N, Palmer HG, Heinaniemi M, Carlberg C, Jimenez B, Bonilla F, Munoz A, Gonzalez-Sancho JM. DICKKOPF-4 is induced by TCF/beta-catenin and upregulated in human colon cancer, promotes tumour cell invasion and angiogenesis and is repressed by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Oncogene 2008; 27: 4467–4477.
  • Gumbiner BM. Cell adhesion: the molecular basis of tissue architecture and morphogenesis. Cell 1996; 84: 345–357.
  • Wilson AJ, Velcich A, Arango D, Kurland AR, Shenoy SM, Pezo RC, Levsky JM, Singer RH, Augenlicht LH. Novel detection and differential utilization of a c-myc transcriptional block in colon cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 6006–6010.
  • Huang YC, Chen JY, Hung WC. Vitamin D3 receptor/Sp1 complex is required for the induction of p27Kip1 expression by vitamin D3. Oncogene 2004; 23: 4856–4861.
  • Zinser GM, Suckow M, Welsh J. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) ablation alters carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis in mammary gland, epidermis and lymphoid tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97: 153–164.
  • Welsh J. Vitamin D and breast cancer: insights from animal models. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80(Suppl 6): S1721–1724.
  • Escaleira MT, Brentani MM. Vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) expression in HC-11 mammary cells: regulation by growth-modulatory agents, differentiation, and Ha-Ras transformation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 54: 123–133.
  • Pendas-Franco N, Gonzalez-Sancho JM, Suarez Y, Aguilera O, Steinmeyer A, Gamallo C, Berciano MT, Lafarga M, Munoz A. Vitamin D regulates the phenotype of human breast cancer cells. Differentiation 2007; 75: 193–207.
  • Agadir A, Lazzaro G, Zheng Y, Zhang XK, Mehta R. Resistance of HBL100 human breast epithelial cells to vitamin D action. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20: 577–582.
  • Valrance ME, Brunet AH, Welsh J. Vitamin D receptor- dependent inhibition of mammary tumor growth by EB1089 and ultraviolet radiation in vivo. Endocrinology 2007; 148: 4887–4894.
  • Byrne B, Welsh J. Identification of novel mediators of Vitamin D signaling and 1,25(OH)2D3 resistance in mammary cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103: 703–707.
  • Wang Q, Lee D, Sysounthone V, Chandraratna RAS, Christakos S, Korah R, Wieder R. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and retinoic acid analogues induce differentiation in breast cancer cells with function- and cell-specific additive effects. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001; 67: 157–168.
  • Simboli-Campbell M, Narvaez CJ, van Weelden K, Tenniswood M, Welsh J. Comparative effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and EB1089 on cell cycle kinetics and apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1997; 42: 31–41.
  • Byrne BM, Welsh J. Altered thioredoxin subcellular localization and redox status in MCF-7 cells following 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97: 57–64.
  • Li QP, Qi X, Pramanik R, Pohl NM, Loesch M, Chen G. Stress-induced c-Jun-dependent Vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation dissects the non-classical VDR pathway from the classical VDR activity. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 1544–1551.
  • McGaffin KR, Acktinson LE, Chrysogelos SA. Growth and EGFR regulation in breast cancer cells by vitamin D and retinoid compounds. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 86: 55–73.
  • McGaffin KR, Chrysogelos SA. Identification and characterization of a response element in the EGFR promoter that mediates transcriptional repression by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in breast cancer cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2005; 35: 117–133.
  • Campbell MJ, Gombart AF, Kwok SH, Park S, Koeffler HP. The anti-proliferative effects of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 on breast and prostate cancer cells are associated with induction of BRCA1 gene expression. Oncogene 2000; 19: 5091–5097.
  • Lazzaro G, Agadir A, Qing W, Poria M, Mehta RR, Moriarty RM, Das Gupta TK, Zhang XK, Mehta RG. Induction of differentiation by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D5 in T47D human breast cancer cells and its interaction with vitamin D receptors. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36: 780–786.
  • Peng X, Jhaveri P, Hussain-Hakimjee EA, Mehta RG. Overexpression of ER and VDR is not sufficient to make ER-negative MDA-MB231 breast cancer cells responsive to 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D5. Carcinogenesis 2007; 28: 1000–1007.
  • Campbell MJ, Reddy GS, Koeffler HP. Vitamin D3 analogs and their 24-oxo metabolites equally inhibit clonal proliferation of a variety of cancer cells but have differing molecular effects. J Cell Biochem 1997; 66: 413–425.
  • Getzenberg RH, Light BW, Lapco PE, Konety BR, Nangia AK, Acierno JS, Dhir R, Shurin Z, Day RS, Trump DL, Johnson CS. Vitamin D inhibition of prostate adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis in the Dunning rat prostate model system. Urology 1997; 50: 999–1006.
  • Zhao XY, Feldman D. The role of vitamin D in prostate cancer. Steroids 2001; 66: 293–300.
  • Krishnan AV, Peehl DM, Feldman D. Inhibition of prostate cancer growth by vitamin D: regulation of target gene expression. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88: 363–371.
  • Beer TM, Garzotto M, Park B, Mori M, Myrthue A, Janeba N, Sauer D, Eilers K. Effect of calcitriol on prostate-specific antigen in vitro and in humans. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 2812–2816.
  • Reiter W. The clinical value of the Enzymun-Test for total and free PSA—a multicentre evaluation. Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 5559–5562.
  • Konety BR, Schwartz GG, Acierno JS, Jr., Becich MJ, Getzenberg RH. The role of vitamin D in normal prostate growth and differentiation. Cell Growth Differ 1996; 7: 1563–1570.
  • Floryk D, Tollaksen SL, Giometti CS, Huberman E. Differentiation of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells induced by inhibitors of inosine 5’-monophosphate dehydrogenase. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 9049–9056.
  • Campbell MJ, Elstner E, Holden S, Uskokovic M, Koeffler HP. Inhibition of proliferation of prostate cancer cells by a 19-nor-hexafluoride vitamin D3 analogue involves the induction of p21waf1, p27kip1 and E-cadherin. J Mol Endocrinol 1997; 19: 15–27.
  • Ortel B, Sharlin D, O’Donnell D, Sinha AK, Maytin EV, Hasan T. Differentiation enhances aminolevulinic acid-dependent photodynamic treatment of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 1321–1327.
  • Krishnan AV, Shinghal R, Raghavachari N, Brooks JD, Peehl DM, Feldman D. Analysis of vitamin D-regulated gene expression in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells using cDNA microarrays. Prostate 2004; 59: 243–251.
  • Boyle BJ, Zhao XY, Cohen P, Feldman D. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 mediates 1 alpha,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 growth inhibition in the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line through p21/WAF1. J Urol 2001; 165: 1319–1324.
  • Paralkar VM, Vail AL, Grasser WA, Brown TA, Xu H, Vukicevic S, Ke HZ, Qi H, Owen TA, Thompson DD. Cloning and characterization of a novel member of the transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein family. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 13760–13767.
  • Zhao XY, Ly LH, Peehl DM, Feldman D. Induction of androgen receptor by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 9-cis retinoic acid in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 1205–1212.
  • Zhao XY, Peehl DM, Navone NM, Feldman D. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by androgen-dependent and androgen-independent mechanisms. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 2548–2556.
  • Tuohimaa P, Lyakhovich A, Aksenov N, Pennanen P, Syvala H, Lou YR, Ahonen M, Hasan T, Pasanen P, Blauer M, Manninen T, Miettinen S, Vilja P, Ylikomi T. Vitamin D and prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 76: 125–134.
  • Moreno J, Krishnan AV, Swami S, Nonn L, Peehl DM, Feldman D. Regulation of prostaglandin metabolism by calcitriol attenuates growth stimulation in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 7917–7925.
  • Cussenot O, Villette JM, Cochand-Priollet B, Berthon P. Evaluation and clinical value of neuroendocrine differentiation in human prostatic tumors. Prostate Suppl 1998; 8: 43–51.
  • Xiao W, Hodge DR, Wang L, Yang X, Zhang X, Farrar WL. Co-operative functions between nuclear factors NFkB and CCAT/enhancer-binding protein-beta (C/EBP-beta) regulate the IL-6 promoter in autocrine human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2004; 61: 354–370.
  • Mori R, Xiong S, Wang Q, Tarabolous C, Shimada H, Panteris E, Danenberg KD, Danenberg PV, Pinski JK. Gene profiling and pathway analysis of neuroendocrine transdifferentiated prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2009; 69: 12–23.
  • Marcinkowska E, Garay E, Gocek E, Chrobak A, Wang X, Studzinski GP. Regulation of C/EBPbeta isoforms by MAPK pathways in HL60 cells induced to differentiate by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312: 2054–2065.
  • Abban G, Yildirim NB, Jetten AM. Regulation of the vitamin D receptor and cornifin beta expression in vaginal epithelium of the rats through vitamin D3. Eur J Histochem 2008;52:107–114.
  • White JH. Profiling 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-regulated gene expression by microarray analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89–90: 239–244.
  • Tomita K, van Bokhoven A, van Leenders GJ, Ruijter ET, Jansen CF, Bussemakers MJ, Schalken JA. Cadherin switching in human prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 3650–3654.
  • Bikle DD, Ng D, Tu CL, Oda Y, Xie Z. Calcium- and vitamin D-regulated keratinocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 177: 161–171.
  • Xie Z, Bikle DD. The recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the E-cadherin-catenin complex at the plasma membrane is required for calcium-induced phospholipase C-gamma1 activation and human keratinocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 8695–8703.
  • Falasca M, Logan SK, Lehto VP, Baccante G, Lemmon MA, Schlessinger J. Activation of phospholipase C gamma by PI 3-kinase-induced PH domain-mediated membrane targeting. EMBO J 1998; 17: 414–422.
  • Xie Z, Singleton PA, Bourguignon LY, Bikle DD. Calcium-induced human keratinocyte differentiation requires src- and fyn-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent activation of phospholipase C-gamma1. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16: 3236–3246.
  • Bikle DD, Oda Y, Xie Z. Vitamin D and skin cancer: a problem in gene regulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97: 83–91.
  • Lehen’kyi V, Beck B, Polakowska R, Charveron M, Bordat P, Skryma R, Prevarskaya N. TRPV6 is a Ca2+ entry channel essential for Ca2+-induced differentiation of human keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282: 22582–22591.
  • Johansen C, Iversen L, Ryborg A, Kragballe K. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induced differentiation of cultured human keratinocytes is accompanied by a PKC-independent regulation of AP-1 DNA binding activity. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114: 1174–1179.
  • Takahashi H, Ibe M, Honma M, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Hashimoto Y, Iizuka H. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases human cystatin A expression by inhibiting the Raf-1/MEK1/ERK signaling pathway of keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 2003; 295: 80–87.
  • Takahashi H, Honma M, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Namikawa K, Kiyama H, Iizuka H. Expression of human cystatin A by keratinocytes is positively regulated via the Ras/MEKK1/MKK7/JNK signal transduction pathway but negatively regulated via the Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK pathway. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 36632–36638.
  • Lippens S, Kockx M, Denecker G, Knaapen M, Verheyen A, Christiaen R, Tschachler E, Vandenabeele P, Declercq W. Vitamin D3 induces caspase-14 expression in psoriatic lesions and enhances caspase-14 processing in organotypic skin cultures. Am J Pathol 2004; 165: 833–841.
  • Manggau M, Kim DS, Ruwisch L, Vogler R, Korting HC, Schafer-Korting M, Kleuser B. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 protects human keratinocytes from apoptosis by the formation of sphingosine-1-phosphate. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 117: 1241–1249.
  • Lu J, Goldstein KM, Chen P, Huang S, Gelbert LM, Nagpal S. Transcriptional profiling of keratinocytes reveals a vitamin D-regulated epidermal differentiation network. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124: 778–785.
  • Feinberg MW, Wara AK, Cao Z, Lebedeva MA, Rosenbauer F, Iwasaki H, Hirai H, Katz JP, Haspel RL, Gray S, Akashi K, Segre J, Kaestner KH, Tenen DG, Jain MK. The Kruppel-like factor KLF4 is a critical regulator of monocyte differentiation. EMBO J 2007; 26: 4138–4148.
  • Autieri MV. Kruppel-like factor 4: transcriptional regulator of proliferation, or inflammation, or differentiation, or all three? Circ Res 2008; 102: 1455–1457.
  • Alder JK, Georgantas RW, 3rd, Hildreth RL, Kaplan IM, Morisot S, Yu X, McDevitt M, Civin CI. Kruppel-like factor 4 is essential for inflammatory monocyte differentiation in vivo. J Immunol 2008; 180: 5645–5652.
  • Dai X, Sayama K, Shirakata Y, Tokumaru S, Yang L, Tohyama M, Hirakawa S, Hanakawa Y, Hashimoto K. PPAR gamma is an important transcription factor in 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced involucrin expression. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 50: 53–60.
  • Bikle DD, Pillai S, Gee E. Squamous carcinoma cell lines produce 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, but fail to respond to its prodifferentiating effect. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 97: 435–441.
  • Solomon C, White JH, Kremer R. Mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibits 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dependent signal transduction by phosphorylating human retinoid X receptor alpha. J Clin Invest 1999; 103: 1729–1735.
  • McGuire TF, Trump DL, Johnson CS. Vitamin D3-induced apoptosis of murine squamous cell carcinoma cells. Selective induction of caspase-dependent MEK cleavage and up-regulation of MEKK-1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 26365–26373.
  • Ma Y, Yu WD, Kong RX, Trump DL, Johnson CS. Role of nongenomic activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathways in 1,25D3-mediated apoptosis in squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 8131–8138.
  • Xie Z, Bikle DD. Differential regulation of vitamin D responsive elements in normal and transformed keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1998; 110: 730–733.
  • Goltzman D, White J, Kremer R. Studies of the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D on skeletal and calcium homeostasis and on inhibition of tumor cell growth. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 76: 43–47.
  • Oda Y, Sihlbom C, Chalkley RJ, Huang L, Rachez C, Chang CP, Burlingame AL, Freedman LP, Bikle DD. Two distinct coactivators, DRIP/mediator and SRC/p160, are differentially involved in vitamin D receptor transactivation during keratinocyte differentiation. Mol Endocrinol 2003; 17: 2329–2339.
  • Tokuumi Y. Correlation between the concentration of 1,25 alpha dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors and growth inhibition, and differentiation of human osteosarcoma cells induced by vitamin D3. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi 1995; 69: 181–190.
  • Van Auken M, Buckley D, Ray R, Holick MF, Baran DT. Effects of the vitamin D3 analog 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-3 beta-bromoacetate on rat osteosarcoma cells: comparison with 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Cell Biochem 1996; 63: 302–310.
  • Harris SA, Enger RJ, Riggs BL, Spelsberg TC. Development and characterization of a conditionally immortalized human fetal osteoblastic cell line. J Bone Miner Res 1995; 10: 178–186.
  • Vertino AM, Bula CM, Chen JR, Almeida M, Han L, Bellido T, Kousteni S, Norman AW, Manolagas SC. Nongenotropic anti-apoptotic signaling of 1alpha 25(OH)2-vitamin D3 and analogs through the ligand binding domain of the vitamin D receptor in osteoblasts andandosteocytes. Mediation by Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-, and JNK kinases. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 14130–14137.
  • Cordero JB, Cozzolino M, Lu Y, Vidal M, Slatopolsky E, Stahl PD, Barbieri MA, Dusso A. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D down-regulates cell membrane growth- and nuclear growth-promoting signals by the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 38965–38971.
  • Gonzalez EA, Disthabanchong S, Kowalewski R, Martin KJ. Mechanisms of the regulation of EGF receptor gene expression by calcitriol and parathyroid hormone in UMR 106-01 cells. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1627–1634.
  • Schedlich LJ, Muthukaruppan A, O’Han MK, Baxter RC. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 interacts with the vitamin D receptor and modulates the vitamin D response in osteoblasts. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 21: 2378–2390.
  • Lu X, Farmer P, Rubin J, Nanes MS. Integration of the NFkappaB p65 subunit into the vitamin D receptor transcriptional complex: identification of p65 domains that inhibit 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated transcription. J Cell Biochem 2004; 92: 833–848.
  • Lemire JM, Adams JS, Sakai R, Jordan SC. 1 alpha,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses proliferation and immunoglobulin production by normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 657–661.
  • Tsoukas CD, Provvedini DM, Manolagas SC. 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3: a novel immunoregulatory hormone. Science 1984; 224: 1438–1440.
  • Abe E, Miyaura C, Sakagami H, Takeda M, Konno K, Yamazaki T, Yoshiki S, Suda T. Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells induced by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 4990–4994.
  • Tanaka H, Abe E, Miyaura C, Kuribayashi T, Konno K, Nishii Y, Suda T. 1 alpha,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and a human myeloid leukaemia cell line (HL-60). Biochem J 1982; 204: 713–719.
  • Studzinski GP, Bhandal AK, Brelvi ZS. A system for monocytic differentiation of leukemic cells HL 60 by a short exposure to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1985; 179: 288–295.
  • Munker R, Norman A, Koeffler HP. Vitamin D compounds. Effect on clonal proliferation and differentiation of human myeloid cells. J Clin Invest 1986; 78: 424–430.
  • Brackman D, Lund-Johansen F, Aarskog D. Expression of cell surface antigens during the differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, retinoic acid and DMSO. Leuk Res 1995; 19: 57–64.
  • Uphoff CC, Drexler HG. Biology of monocyte-specific esterase. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 39: 257–270.
  • Steiner M, Priel I, Giat J, Levy J, Sharoni Y, Danilenko M. Carnosic acid inhibits proliferation and augments differentiation of human leukemic cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and retinoic acid. Nutr Cancer 2001; 41: 135–144.
  • Sharabani H, Izumchenko E, Wang Q, Kreinin R, Steiner M, Barvish Z, Kafka M, Sharoni Y, Levy J, Uskokovic M, Studzinski GP, Danilenko M. Cooperative antitumor effects of vitamin D3 derivatives and rosemary preparations in a mouse model of myeloid leukemia. Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 3012–3021.
  • Wright SD, Ramos RA, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ, Mathison JC. CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein. Science 1990; 249: 1431–1433.
  • Hickstein DD, Ozols J, Williams SA, Baenziger JU, Locksley RM, Roth GJ. Isolation and characterization of the receptor on human neutrophils that mediates cellular adherence. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 5576–5580.
  • Studzinski GP, Rathod B, Wang QM, Rao J, Zhang F. Uncoupling of cell cycle arrest from the expression of monocytic differentiation markers in HL60 cell variants. Exp Cell Res 1997; 232: 376–387.
  • Ji Y, Kutner A, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Studzinski GP. Derivatives of vitamins D2 and D3 activate three MAPK pathways and upregulate pRb expression in differentiating HL60 cells. Cell Cycle 2002; 1: 410–415.
  • Sikora E, Grassilli E, Bellesia E, Troiano L, Franceschi C. Studies of the relationship between cell proliferation and cell death. III.AP-1 DNA-binding activity during concanavalin A-induced proliferation or dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of rat thymocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 192: 386–391.
  • Hewison M, Dabrowski M, Vadher S, Faulkner L, Cockerill FJ, Brickell PM, O’Riordan JL, Katz DR. Antisense inhibition of vitamin D receptor expression induces apoptosis in monoblastoid U937 cells. J Immunol 1996; 156: 4391–4400.
  • Marcinkowska E, Chrobak A, Wiedlocha A. Evading apoptosis by calcitriol-differentiated human leukemic HL-60 cells is not mediated by changes in CD95 receptor system but by increased sensitivity of these cells to insulin. Exp Cell Res 2001; 270: 119–127.
  • Zhang Y, Zhang J, Studzinski GP. AKT pathway is activated by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and participates in its anti-apoptotic effect and cell cycle control in differentiating HL60 cells. Cell Cycle 2006; 5: 447–451.
  • Wang X, Studzinski GP. The requirement for and changing composition of the activating protein-1 transcription factor during differentiation of human leukemia HL60 cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 4402–4409.
  • Nakagawa K, Kurobe M, Konno K, Fujishima T, Takayama H, Okano T. Structure-specific control of differentiation and apoptosis of human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells by A-ring diastereomers of 2-methyl-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its 20-epimer. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60: 1937–1947.
  • Urahama N, Ito M, Sada A, Yakushijin K, Yamamoto K, Okamura A, Minagawa K, Hato A, Chihara K, Roeder RG, Matsui T. The role of transcriptional coactivator TRAP220 in myelomonocytic differentiation. Genes Cells 2005; 10: 1127–1137.
  • Ikezoe T, Bandobashi K, Yang Y, Takeuchi S, Sekiguchi N, Sakai S, Koeffler HP, Taguchi H. HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir potentiates the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to induce growth arrest and differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells via down-regulation of CYP24. Leuk Res 2006; 30: 1005–1011.
  • Takahashi E, Nakagawa K, Suhara Y, Kittaka A, Nihei K, Konno K, Takayama H, Ozono K, Okano T. Biological activities of 2alpha-substituted analogues of 1alpha,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 in transcriptional regulation and human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cell proliferation and differentiation. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29: 2246–2250.
  • Suzuki T, Tazoe H, Taguchi K, Koyama Y, Ichikawa H, Hayakawa S, Munakata H, Isemura M. DNA microarray analysis of changes in gene expression induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Biomed Res 2006; 27: 99–109.
  • Hughes PJ, Brown G. 1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated stimulation of steroid sulphatase activity in myeloid leukaemic cell lines requires VDRnuc-mediated activation of the RAS/RAF/ERK-MAP kinase signalling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98: 590–617.
  • Hughes PJ, Lee JS, Reiner NE, Brown G. The vitamin D receptor-mediated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase (PI3Kalpha) plays a role in the 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-stimulated increase in steroid sulphatase activity in myeloid leukaemic cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103: 1551–1572.
  • Munker R, Kobayashi T, Elstner E, Norman AW, Uskokovic M, Zhang W, Andreeff M, Koeffler HP. A new series of vitamin D analogs is highly active for clonal inhibition, differentiation, and induction of WAF1 in myeloid leukemia. Blood 1996; 88: 2201–2209.
  • Muto A, Kizaki M, Yamato K, Kawai Y, Kamata-Matsushita M, Ueno H, Ohguchi M, Nishihara T, Koeffler HP, Ikeda Y. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces differentiation of a retinoic acid-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line (UF-1) associated with expression of p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(KIP1). Blood 1999; 93: 2225–2233.
  • Shiohara M, Uskokovic M, Hisatake J, Hisatake Y, Koike K, Komiyama A, Koeffler HP. 24-Oxo metabolites of vitamin D3 analogues: disassociation of their prominent antileukemic effects from their lack of calcium modulation. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 3361–3368.
  • O’Kelly J, Uskokovic M, Lemp N, Vadgama J, Koeffler HP. Novel Gemini-vitamin D3 analog inhibits tumor cell growth and modulates the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 100: 107–116.
  • Wang X, Studzinski GP. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) defines the first phase of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation of HL60 cells. J Cell Biochem 2001; 80: 471–482.
  • Marcinkowska E. Evidence that activation of MEK1,2/Erk1,2 signal transduction pathway is necessary for calcitriol-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells. Anticancer Res 2001; 21: 499–504.
  • Wang Q, Wang X, Studzinski GP. Jun N-terminal kinase pathway enhances signaling of monocytic differentiation of human leukemia cells induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Cell Biochem 2003; 89: 1087–1101.
  • Wang Q, Salman H, Danilenko M, Studzinski GP. Cooperation between antioxidants and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in induction of leukemia HL60 cell differentiation through the JNK/AP-1/Egr-1 pathway. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204: 964–974.
  • Szabo E, Preis LH, Birrer MJ. Constitutive cJun expression induces partial macrophage differentiation in U-937 cells. Cell Growth Differ 1994; 5: 439–446.
  • Cuenda A, Rouse J, Doza YN, Meier R, Cohen P, Gallagher TF, Young PR, Lee JC. SB 203580 is a specific inhibitor of a MAP kinase homologue which is stimulated by cellular stresses and interleukin-1. FEBS Lett 1995; 364: 229–233.
  • Wang X, Rao J, Studzinski GP. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase activity up-regulates multiple MAP kinase pathways and potentiates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation of human leukemia HL60 cells. Exp Cell Res 2000; 258: 425–437.
  • Ishii Y, Sakai S, Honma Y.Pyridinyl imidazole inhibitor SB203580 activates p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and induces the differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2001; 25: 813–820.
  • Weinberg RA. The Biology of Cancer. Pp. 173–183. London: Garland Science, 2006.
  • Hmama Z, Nandan D, Sly L, Knutson KL, Herrera-Velit P, Reiner NE. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced myeloid cell differentiation is regulated by a vitamin D receptor-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling complex. J Exp Med 1999; 190: 1583–1594.
  • Marcinkowska E, Kutner A. Side-chain modified vitamin D analogs require activation of both PI 3-K and erk1,2 signal transduction pathways to induce differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Acta Biochim Pol 2002; 49: 393–406.
  • Marcinkowska E, Wiedlocha A. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-dependent activation of Akt does not correlate with either high mitogenicity or cell migration induced by FGF-1. Anticancer Res 2003; 23: 4071–4077.
  • Gocek E, Kielbinski M, Marcinkowska E. Activation of intracellular signaling pathways is necessary for an increase in VDR expression and its nuclear translocation. FEBS Lett 2007; 581: 1751–1757.
  • Berry DM, Antochi R, Bhatia M, Meckling-Gill KA. 1,25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulates expression and translocation of protein kinase Calpha and Cdelta via a nongenomic mechanism and rapidly induces phosphorylation of a 33-kDa protein in acute promyelocytic NB4 cells. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 16090–16096.
  • Zanello SB, Collins ED, Marinissen MJ, Norman AW, Boland RL. Vitamin D receptor expression in chicken muscle tissue and cultured myoblasts. Horm Metab Res 1997; 29: 231–236.
  • Marcinkowska E. A run for a membrane vitamin D receptor. Biol Signals Recept 2001; 10: 341–349.
  • Okazaki T, Bielawska A, Bell RM, Hannun YA. Role of ceramide as a lipid mediator of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced HL-60 cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 15823–15831.
  • Wang X, Studzinski GP. Kinase suppressor of RAS (KSR) amplifies the differentiation signal provided by low concentrations 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Cell Physiol 2004; 198: 333–342.
  • Zhang Y, Yao B, Delikat S, Bayoumy S, Lin XH, Basu S, McGinley M, Chan-Hui PY, Lichenstein H, Kolesnick R. Kinase suppressor of Ras is ceramide-activated protein kinase. Cell 1997; 89: 63–72.
  • Wang X, Studzinski GP. Phosphorylation of raf-1 by kinase suppressor of ras is inhibited by “MEK-specific” inhibitors PD 098059 and U0126 in differentiating HL60 cells. Exp Cell Res 2001; 268: 294–300.
  • Xing HR, Kolesnick R. Kinase suppressor of Ras signals through Thr269 of c-Raf-1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 9733–9741.
  • Michaud NR, Therrien M, Cacace A, Edsall LC, Spiegel S, Rubin GM, Morrison DK. KSR stimulates Raf-1 activity in a kinase-independent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 12792–12796.
  • Morrison DK. KSR: a MAPK scaffold of the Ras pathway? J Cell Sci 2001; 114: 1609–1612.
  • Wang X, Wang TT, White JH, Studzinski GP. Induction of kinase suppressor of RAS-1(KSR-1) gene by 1,alpha25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human leukemia HL60 cells through a vitamin D response element in the 5’-flanking region. Oncogene 2006; 25: 7078–7085.
  • Garay E, Donnelly R, Wang X, Studzinski GP. Resistance to 1,25D-induced differentiation in human acute myeloid leukemia HL60-40AF cells is associated with reduced transcriptional activity and nuclear localization of the vitamin D receptor. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213: 816–825.
  • Gocek E, Kielbinski M, Wylob P, Kutner A, Marcinkowska E. Side-chain modified vitamin D analogs induce rapid accumulation of VDR in the cell nuclei proportionately to their differentiation-inducing potential. Steroids 2008; 73: 1359–1366.
  • Wang X, Studzinski GP. Raf-1 signaling is required for the later stages of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced differentiation of HL60 cells but is not mediated by the MEK/ERK module. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209: 253–260.
  • Jamshidi F, Zhang J, Harrison JS, Wang X, Studzinski GP. Induction of differentiation of human leukemia cells by combinations of COX inhibitors and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 involves Raf1 but not Erk 1/2 signaling. Cell Cycle 2008; 7: 917–924.
  • Porras A, Muszynski K, Rapp UR, Santos E. Dissociation between activation of Raf-1 kinase and the 42-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase/90-kDa S6 kinase (MAPK/RSK) cascade in the insulin/Ras pathway of adipocytic differentiation of 3T3 L1 cells. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 12741–12748.
  • Kuo WL, Abe M, Rhee J, Eves EM, McCarthy SA, Yan M, Templeton DJ, McMahon M, Rosner MR. Raf, but not MEK or ERK, is sufficient for differentiation of hippocampal neuronal cells. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16: 1458–1470.
  • Dhillon AS, Pollock C, Steen H, Shaw PE, Mischak H, Kolch W. Cyclic AMP-dependent kinase regulates Raf-1 kinase mainly by phosphorylation of serine 259. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22: 3237–3246.
  • Godyn JJ, Xu H, Zhang F, Kolla S, Studzinski GP. A dual block to cell cycle progression in HL60 cells exposed to analogues of vitamin D3. Cell Prolif 1994; 27: 37–46.
  • Cicero S, Herrup K. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is essential for neuronal cell cycle arrest and differentiation. J Neurosci 2005; 25: 9658–9668.
  • Chen F, Studzinski GP. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity enhances monocytic phenotype and cell cycle traverse in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated HL60 cells. Exp Cell Res 1999; 249: 422–428.
  • Chen F, Rao J, Studzinski GP. Specific association of increased cyclin-dependent kinase 5 expression with monocytic lineage of differentiation of human leukemia HL60 cells. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 67: 559–566.
  • Tsai LH, Delalle I, Caviness VS, Jr., Chae T, Harlow E. p35 is a neural-specific regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Nature 1994; 371: 419–423.
  • Chen F, Studzinski GP. Expression of the neuronal cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator p35Nck5a in human monocytic cells is associated with differentiation. Blood 2001; 97: 3763–3767.
  • Chen F, Wang Q, Wang X, Studzinski GP. Up-regulation of Egr1 by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 contributes to increased expression of p35 activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and consequent onset of the terminal phase of HL60 cell differentiation. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 5425–5433.
  • Dudley DT, Pang L, Decker SJ, Bridges AJ, Saltiel AR. A synthetic inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 7686–7689.
  • Foster JS, Fernando RI, Ishida N, Nakayama KI, Wimalasena J. Estrogens down-regulate p27Kip1 in breast cancer cells through Skp2 and through nuclear export mediated by the ERK pathway. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 41355–41366.
  • Park BH, Qiang L, Farmer SR. Phosphorylation of C/EBPbeta at a consensus extracellular signal-regulated kinase/glycogen synthase kinase 3 site is required for the induction of adiponectin gene expression during the differentiation of mouse fibroblasts into adipocytes. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24: 8671–8680.
  • Buck M, Poli V, Hunter T, Chojkier M. C/EBPbeta phosphorylation by RSK creates a functional XEXD caspase inhibitory box critical for cell survival. Mol Cell 2001; 8: 807–816.
  • Pan Z, Hetherington CJ, Zhang DE. CCAAT/enhancer- binding protein activates the CD14 promoter and mediates transforming growth factor beta signaling in monocyte development. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 23242–23248.
  • Ji Y, Studzinski GP. Retinoblastoma protein and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta are required for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced monocytic differentiation of HL60 cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 370–377.
  • Studzinski GP, Wang X, Ji Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Kutner A, Harrison JS. The rationale for deltanoids in therapy for myeloid leukemia: role of KSR-MAPK-C/EBP pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97: 47–55.
  • Penna G, Adorini L. 1 Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival of dendritic cells leading to impaired alloreactive T cell activation. J Immunol 2000; 164: 2405–2411.
  • Zhu K, Glaser R, Mrowietz U. Vitamin D3 and analogues modulate the expression of CSF-1 and its receptor in human dendritic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 297: 1211–1217.
  • Garzon R, Pichiorri F, Palumbo T, Visentini M, Aqeilan R, Cimmino A, Wang H, Sun H, Volinia S, Alder H, Calin GA, Liu CG, Andreeff M, Croce CM. MicroRNA gene expression during retinoic acid-induced differentiation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia. Oncogene 2007; 26: 4148–4157.
  • Sharma P, Veeranna Sharma, M, Amin ND, Sihag RK, Grant P, Ahn N, Kulkarni AB, Pant HC. Phosphorylation of MEK1 by cdk5/p35 down-regulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 528–534.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.