The multidimensional value of natriuretic peptides in heart failure, integrating laboratory and clinical aspects

References

• Savarese G, Lund LH. Global public health burden of heart failure. Card Fail Rev. 2017;3(1):7–11. doi: 10.15420/cfr.2016:25:2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2016;18(8):891–975. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castiglione V, Aimo A, Vergaro G, et al. Biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2022;27(2):625–643. doi: 10.1007/s10741-021-10105-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789–1858.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMurray JJ, Stewart S. Epidemiology, etiology, and prognosis of heart failure. Heart. 2000;83(5):596–602. doi: 10.1136/heart.83.5.596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayés-Genís A, Santaló-Bel M, Zapico-Muñiz E, et al. N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the emergency diagnosis and in-hospital monitoring of patients with dyspnoea and ventricular dysfunction. European J Heart Fail. 2004;6(3):301–308. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2003.12.013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Breathing not properly multinational study investigators. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(3):161–167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porapakkham P, Porapakkham P, Zimmet H, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide-guided heart failure therapy: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(6):507–514. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Bold AJ, Borenstein HB, Veress AT, et al. A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats. Life Sci. 1981;28(1):89–94. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90370-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter LR, Abbey-Hosch S, Dickey DM. Natriuretic peptides, their receptors, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent signaling functions. Endocr Rev. 2006;27(1):47–72. doi: 10.1210/er.2005-0014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong PC, Guo J, Zhang A. The renal and cardiovascular effects of natriuretic peptides. Adv Physiol Educ. 2017;41(2):179–185. doi: 10.1152/advan.00177.2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsukawa N, Grzesik WJ, Takahashi N, et al. The natriuretic peptide clearance receptor locally modulates the physiological effects of the natriuretic peptide system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(13):7403–7408. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kone BC. Molecular biology of natriuretic peptides and nitric oxide synthases. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;51(3):429–441. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(01)00327-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amplatz B, Sarg B, Faserl K, et al. Exposing the high heterogeneity of circulating pro B-type natriuretic peptide fragments in healthy individuals and heart failure patients. Clin Chem. 2020;66(9):1200–1209. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Favresse J, Gruson D. Natriuretic peptides: degradation, circulating forms, dosages and new therapeutic approaches. Ann Biol Clin. 2017;75(3):259–267. doi: 10.1684/abc.2017.1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber M, Hamm C. Role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP in clinical routine. Heart. 2006;92(6):843–849. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2005.071233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3599–3726. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcidi G, Goffredo G, Correale M, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide biomarkers in current clinical and therapeutic scenarios of heart failure. J Clin Med. 2022;11(11):3192. doi: 10.3390/jcm11113192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fu S, Ping P, Wang F, et al. Synthesis, secretion, function, metabolism and application of natriuretic peptides in heart failure. J Biol Eng. 2018;12(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s13036-017-0093-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emdin M, Passino C, Prontera C, et al. Comparison of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and amino-terminal ProBNP for early diagnosis of heart failure. Clin Chem. 2007;53(7):1289–1297. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.080234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou SL, Zhang J, Song TT, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of natriuretic peptides for acute heart failure: a review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018;22(8):2415–2420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Januzzi JL, Jr, Camargo CA, Anwaruddin S, et al. The N-terminal Pro-BNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95(8):948–954. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.12.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKie PM, Cataliotti A, Sangaralingham SJ, et al. Predictive utility of atrial, N-terminal pro-atrial, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptides for mortality and cardiovascular events in the general community: a 9-year follow-up study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(12):1154–1160. doi: 10.4065/mcp.2011.0437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toukhsati SR, Driscoll A, Hare DL. Patient self-management in chronic heart failure - establishing concordance between guidelines and practice. Card Fail Rev. 2015;1(2):128–131. doi: 10.15420/cfr.2015.1.2.128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iacoviello M, Pede S, Aspromonte., et Al. The apulia multicenter study: efficacy of a management protocole shared between hospital and territorial health services for acute decompenasted heart failure patients. G Ital Cardiol. 2017;18(2):150–158.
   Google Scholar
• Lee SC, Stevens TC, Sandberg SM, et al. The potential of brain natriuretic peptide as a biomarker for New York Heart Association class during the outpatient treatment of heart failure. J Card Fail. 2002;8(3):149–154. doi: 10.1054/jcaf.2002.125368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller C, McDonald K, de Boer RA, et al. Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology practical guidance on the use of natriuretic peptide concentrations. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(6):715–731. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijers WC, van der Velde AR, Muller Kobold AC, et al. Variability of biomarkers in patients with chronic heart failure and healthy controls. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(3):357–365. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu AHB. Serial testing of B-type natriuretic peptide and NT-proBNP for monitoring therapy of heart failure: the role of biological variation in the interpretation of results. Am Heart J. 2006;152(5):828–834. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.08.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruins S, Fokkema MR, Römer JWP, et al. High intraindividual variation of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and amino-terminal proBNP in patients with stable chronic heart failure. Clin Chem. 2004;50(11):2052–2058. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.038752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozkurt B, Coats AJS, Tsutsui H, et al. Universal definition and classification of heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(3):352–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough PA, Nowak RM, McCord J, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide and clinical judgment in emergency diagnosis of heart failure: analysis from Breathing Not Properly (BNP) Multinational Study. Circulation. 2002;106(4):416–422. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000025242.79963.4c.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seferovic PM, Vardas P, Jankowska EA, et al. National Heart Failure Societies of the ESC member countries. The Heart Failure Association Atlas; heart failure epidemiology and management statistics. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(6):906–914.
   Google Scholar
• Lainchbury JG, Campbell E, Frampton CM, et al. Brain natriuretic peptide and N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of heart failure in patients with acute shortness of breath. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(4):728–735. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(03)00787-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Januzzi JL, van Kimmenade R, Lainchbury J, et al. NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients: the International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(3):330–337. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisel A, Hollander JE, Guss D, et al. Primary results of the rapid emergency department heart failure outpatient trial (REDHOT). A multicenter study of B-type natriuretic peptide levels, emergency department decision making, and outcomes in patients presenting with shortness of breath. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(6):1328–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayes-Genis A, Januzzi JL, Richards AM, et al. The The ‘Peptide for Life’ Initiative: a call for action to provide equal access to the use of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis of acute heart failure across Europe. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(9):1432–1436. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felker GM, Hasselblad V, Hernandez AF, et al. Biomarker-guided therapy in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J. 2009;158(3):422–430. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2009.06.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsutsui H, Albert NM, Coats AJS, et al. Natriuretic peptides: role in the diagnosis and management of heart failure: a scientific statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America and Japanese Heart Failure Society. Eur J Heart Fail. 2023;25(5):616–631. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2848.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bayes-Genis A, Docherty KF, Petrie MC, et al. Practical algorithms for early diagnosis of heart failure and heart stress using NT-proBNP: a clinical consensus statement from the Heart Failure Association of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2023;25(11):1891–1898.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the european society of cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24(1):4–131. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(18):e895–e1032. 2022. Erratum in: circulation. 2022;(145):e1033. Erratum in: circulation. 2022;146:e185. Erratum in: circulation. 2023;(147):e674
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: developed by the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;42(36):4–131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammerer-Lercher A, Gruson D, Stankovic S, et al. Update on current practice in laboratory medicine in respect of natriuretic peptide testing for heart failure diagnosis and management in Europe. The CARdiac MArker guideline Uptake in Europe (CARMAGUE) study. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;511:59–66. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.09.030.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AbouEzzeddine OF, French B, Mirzoyev SA, et al. From statistical significance to clinical relevance: a simple algorithm to integrate brain natriuretic peptide and the seattle heart failure model for risk stratification in heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35(6):714–721. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.01.016.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abouezzeddine OF, Redfield MM,. Who has advanced heart failure? definition and epidemiology. Congest Heart Fail. 2011;17(4):160–168. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2011.00246.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy WC, Mozaffarian D, Linker DT, et al. The Seattle heart failure model: prediction of survival in hearft failure. Circulation. 2006;113(11):1424–1433. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daubert MA, Yow E, Barnhart HX, et al. Critical review of current approaches for echocardiographic reproducibility and reliability assessment in clinical research. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(12):1144–1154.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.08.006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Welsch P, Campbell RT, Mooney L, et al. Reference ranges for NT-proBNP (N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide) and risk factors for higher NT-proBNP concentrations in a large general population cohort. Circ Heart Fail. 2022;15:e009427.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parcha V, Patel N, Kalra R, et al. Obesity and serial NT-proBNP levels in guided medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from the GUIDE-IT trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e018689.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ky B, French B, Levy WC, et al. Multiple biomarkers for risk prediction in chronic heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2012;5(2):183–190. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.965020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappola TP, Matkovich SJ, Wang W, et al. Loss-of-function DNA sequence variant in the CLCNKA chloride channel implicates the cardio-renal axis in interindividual heart failure risk variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(6):2456–2461. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1017494108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ky B, Kimmel SE, Safa RN, et al. Neuregulin-1 beta is associated with disease severity and adverse outcomes in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 2009;120(4):310–317. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.856310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain A, Sun W, Deswal A, et al. Association of NT-ProBNP, blood pressure, and cardiovascular events: the ARIC study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77):559–571.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS): Developed by the task force on cardio-oncology of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2022;43(41):4229–4361. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledwidge M, Gallagher J, Conlon C, et al. Natriuretic peptide-based screening and collaborative care for heart failure: the STOP-HF randomized trial. JAMA. 2013;310(1):66–74. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.7588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clerico A, Zaninotto M, Aimo A, et al. Evaluation of the cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: role of cardiac-specific biomarkers. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2022;60(10):1525–1542. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0481.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergler-Klein J, Rainer PP, Wallner M, et al. Cardio-oncology in Austria: cardiotoxicity and surveillance of anti-cancer therapies: position paper of the Heart Failure Working Group of the Austrian Society of Cardiology. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2022;134(17–18):654–674. doi: 10.1007/s00508-022-02031-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Troughton RW, Frampton CM, Yandle TG, et al. Treatment of heart failure guided by plasma aminoterminal brain natriuretic peptide (N-BNP) concentrations. Lancet. 2000;355(9210):1126–1130. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02060-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lainchbury JG, Troughton RW, Strangman KM, et al. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-guided treatment for chronic heart failure: results from the BATTLESCARRED (NT-proBNP-Assisted Treatment To Lessen Serial Cardiac Readmissions and Death). trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;55:53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jourdain P, Jondeau G, Funck F, et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide-guided therapy to improve outcome in heart failure: the STARS-BNP Multicenter Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(16):1733–1739. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.10.081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurlings LWM, van Pol PEJ, Kok WE, et al. Management of chronic heart failure guided by individual N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide targets: results of the PRIMA (Can PRo-brain-natriuretic peptide guided therapy of chronic heart failure IMprove heart fAilure morbidity and mortality?) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:2090–2100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfisterer M, Buser P, Rickli H, et al. BNP-guided vs symptom-guided heart failure therapy: the trial of intensified vs standard medical therapy in elderly patients with congestive heart failure (TIME-CHF) randomized trial. JAMA. 2009;301(4):383–392. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felker GM, Anstrom KJ, Adams KF, et al. Effect of natriuretic peptide-guided therapy on hospitalization or cardiovascular mortality in high-risk patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318(8):713–720. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.10565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamo M, Pagnesi M, Mebazaa A, et al. NT-proBNP and high intensity care for acute heart failure: the STRONG-HF trial. Eur Heart J. 2023;44(31):2947–2962. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horiuchi Y, Villacorta H, Maisel AS. Natriuretic peptide-guided therapy for heart failure. Heart Int. 2022;16(2):112–116. doi: 10.17925/HI.2022.16.2.112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Troughton RW, Frampton CM, Nicholls MG. Biomarker-guided treatment of heart failure: still waiting for a definitive answer. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(25):2101–2104. :doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.034.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cunningham JW, Myhre PL. NT-proBNP response to heart failure therapies: an Imperfect surrogate. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(13):1333–1336. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.045.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Januzzi JL, Zannad F, Anker SD, et al. Pronostic importance of NT-proBNP and effect of empagliflozin in the EMPEROR-reduced trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(13):1321–1332. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.07.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripolt NJ, Kolesnik E, Pferschy PN, et al. Empagliflozin in acute myocardial infarction: the EMMY trial. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(41):4421–4432. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac494.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Myhre PL, Vaduganathan M, Claggett B, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide during treatment with sacubitril/valsartan: the PARADIGM-HF trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(11):1264–1272. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zile MR, Claggett BL, Prescott MF, et al. Prognostic implications of changes in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(22):2425–2436. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg DD, et al. Efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in high-risk patients in the PIONEER-HF trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2021;14(2):e007034.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clerico A, Zaninotto M, Prontera C, et al. State of the art of BNP and NT-proBNP immunoassays: the CardioOrmoCheck study. Clin Chim Acta. 2012;414:112–119. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.07.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavsak PA, Lam CS, Saenger AK, et al. Educational recommendations on selected analytical and clinical aspects of natriuretic peptides with a focus on heart failure: A report from the IFCC committee on clinical applications of cardiac bio-markers. Clin Chem. 2019;65(10):1221–1227. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.306621.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saenger AK, Jaffe AS, Body R, et al. Cardiac troponin and natriuretic peptide analytical interferences from hemolysis and biotin: educational aids from the IFCC committee on cardiac biomarkers (IFCC C-CB). Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019;57(5):633–640. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0905.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luckenbill KN, Christenson RH, Jaffe AS, et al. Cross-reactivity of BNP, NT-proBNP, and proBNP in commercial BNP and NT-proBNP assays: preliminary observations from the IFCC committee for standardization of markers of cardiac damage. Clin Chem. 2008;54(3):619–621. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.097998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau C-S, Liang YL, Phua SK, et al. Performance of the Abbott architect immuno-chemiluminometric NT-proBNP assay. Diagnostics. 2022;12(5) doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12051172.
   Google Scholar
• Collin-Chavagnac D, Dehoux M, Schellenberg F, et al. Head-to-head comparison of 10 natriuretic peptide assays. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015;53(11):1825–1837. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0592.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nougué H, Michel T, Picard F, et al. Deconvolution of BNP and NT-proBNP immunoreactivities by mass spectrometry in heart failure and sacubitril/valsartan treatment. Clin Chem. 2023;69(4):350–362. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vodovar N, Séronde M-F, Laribi S, et al. Post-translational modifications enhance NT-proBNP and BNP production in acute decompensated heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(48):3434–3441. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nougué H, Pezel T, Picard F, et al. Effects of sacubitril/valsartan on neprilysin targets and the metabolism of natriuretic peptides in chronic heart failure: a mechanistic clinical study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(5):598–605. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis LK, Raudsepp SD, Prickett TCR, et al. ProBNP that is not glycosylated at threonine 71 is decreased with obesity in patients with heart failure. Clin Chem. 2019;65(9):1115–1124. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2019.302547.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Semenov AG, Postnikov AB, Tamm NN, et al. Processing of pro-brain natriuretic peptide is suppressed by O-glycosylation in the region close to the cleavage site. Clin Chem. 2009;55(3):489–498. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.113373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clerico A, Giannoni A, Vittorini S, et al. Thirty years of the heart as an endocrine organ: physiological role and clinical utility of cardiac natriuretic hormones. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011;301(1):H12–20. :doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00226.2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerer-Lercher A, Halfinger B, Sarg B, et al. Analysis of circulating forms pf proBNP and NT-proBNP in patients with severe heart failure. Clin Chem. 2008;54(5):858–865. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.090266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myhre PL, Vaduganathan M, Claggett B, et al. B-Type natriuretic peptide during treatment with sacubitril/valsartan: the PARADIGM-HF trial. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020;(22):150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sbolli M, deFilippi C. BNP and NT-proBNP interpretation in the neprilysin inhibitor era. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2020;73(11):150. doi: 10.1007/s11886-020-01398-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tate JR, Bunk DM, Christenson RH, et al. Evaluation of standardization capability of current cardiac troponin I assays by a correlation study: results of an IFCC pilot project. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015;53(5):677–690. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2014-1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis LK, Raudsepp SD, Yandle TG, et al. Development of a BNP1-32 immunoassay that does not cross-react with proBNP. Clin Chem. 2017;63(6):1110–1117. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.269712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clerico A, Zaninotto M, Aimo A, et al. Variability of cardiac troponin levels in normal subjects and in patients with cardiovascular diseases: analytical considerations and clinical relevance. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2023;61(7):1209–1229. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huntley BK, Sandberg SM, Heublein DM, et al. ProBNP1-108 processing and degradation in human heart failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2015;8(1):89–97. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu AH, Smith A. Biological variation of the natriuretic peptides and their role in monitoring patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2004;6(3):355–358. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2003.12.011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang X, Zeng Y, He H, et al. Biological variation of cardiovascular biochemical markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta. 2022;534:161–166. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.07.017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peeters FECM, Kietselaer BLJH, Hilderink J, et al. Biological variation of cardiac markers in patients with aortic valve stenosis. Open Heart. 2019;6(1):e001040. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001040.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Januzzi JL, Jr,Sakhuja R, O'Donoghue M, et al. Utility of amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide testing for prediction of 1-year mortality in patients with dyspnea treated in the emergency department. Arch Intern Med. 166(3):315–320. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.3.315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baggish A, Cameron R, Anwaruddin S, et al. A clinical and biochemical critical pathway for the evaluation of patients with suspected acute congestive heart failure: the ProBNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) algorithm. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2004;3(4):171–176. doi: 10.1097/01.hpc.0000145817.68289.a2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alawieh H, El Chemaly T, Alam S, et al. Towards point-of-care heart failure diagnostic platforms: BNP and NT-proBNP biosensors. Sensors. 2019;19(22):5003. doi: 10.3390/s19225003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bettencourt P, Azevedo A, Pimenta J, et al. N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide predicts outcome after hospital discharge in heart failure patients. Circulation. 2004;110(15):2168–2174. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000144310.04433.BE.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Januzzi JL. Amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide testing - recent lessons learned. eur Cardiovasc Dis. 2006;2(2):17–19.
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Health (Quality). Use of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) as diagnostic tests in adults with suspected heart failure: a health technology assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2021;21(2):1–125.
   Google Scholar
• Shimizu N, Kotani K. Point-of-care testing of (N-terminal pro) B-type natriuretic peptide for heart disease patients in home care and ambulatory care setting. Pract Lab Med. 2020;22:e00183. doi: 10.1016/j.plabm.2020.e00183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siebert U, Milev S, Zou D, et al. Economic evaluation of an N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide-supported diagnostic strategy among dyspneic patients suspected of acute heart failure in the emergency department. Am J Cardiol. 2021;147:61–69. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.01.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonseca C, Bettencourt P, Brito D, et al. NT-proBNP for heart failure diagnosis in primary care: costs or savings? A budget impact study. Rev Port Cardiol. 2022;41(3):183–193. doi: 10.1016/j.repc.2021.03.009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin Chung-Yin, Tsai Sheng-Hung, Tai Dar-Fu Detection of oxytocin, atrial natriuretic peptide, and brain natriuretic peptide using novel imprinted polymers produced with amphiphilic monomers. J Pept Sci. 2019;25(3):e3150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joury A, Razaghizad A, Sharma A. Multi-biomarker approach to predict survival and adverse cardiovascular events among patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2022;24(10):1879–1882. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.2689.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gruson D, Bernardini S, Dabla PK, et al. Collaborative AI and laboratory medicine integration in precision cardiovascular medicine. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;509:67–71. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khedraki R, Srivastava AV, Bhavnani SP. Framework for digital health phenotypes in heart failure: from wearable devices to new sensor technologies. Heart Fail Clin. 2022;18(2):223–244. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2021.12.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leclercq C, Witt H, Hindricks C, et al. Wearables, telemedicine, and artificial intelligence in arrhythmias and heart failure: proceedings of the European Society of Cardiology Cardiovascular Round Table. Europace. 2022;24(9):1372–1383. doi: 10.1093/europace/euac052.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacInnes J, Williams L. A review on integrated heart failure care. Prim Health Care Res. 2019;(20):e57.
   Google Scholar