Survival of Microencapsulated Probiotic Bacteria after Processing and during Storage: A Review

REFERENCES

• Adler, M. and Lee, G. (1999). Stability and surface activity of lactate dehydrogenase in spray-dried trehalose. J. Pharm. Sci. 88:199–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, T. and Kanwal, R. (2004). Biochemical characteristics of lactic acid producing bacteria and preparation of camel milk cheese by using starter culture. Pakistan Vet. J. 24:87–91.
   Google Scholar
• Amagase, H. and Ide, N. (2007). Simulation of daily consumption of commercial probiotics culture products needed to be kept in refrigerator: Influence of moisture from the ambient air on the viable cell numbers and stability. FASEB J. 21:2.
   Google Scholar
• Anal, A. K. and Singh, H. (2007). Recent advances in microencapsulation of probiotics for industrial applications and targeted delivery. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 18:240–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananta, E., Volkert, M. and Knorr, D. (2005). Cellular injuries and storage stability of spray-dried Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Int. Dairy. J. 15:399–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, J. C., Ferreira, M., Cardoso, S. and Cardoso, C. (2010). Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria in alginate- protein mixtures. In: XVIII International Conference on Bioencapsulation. p.102. Porto, Portugal.
   Google Scholar
• Angelis, M. D. and Gobbetti, M. (2004). Environmental stress responses in Lactobacillus: A review. Proteomics 4:106–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ann, E. Y., Kim, Y., Oh, S., Imm, J.-Y., Park, D.-J., Han, K. S. and Kim, S. H. (2007). Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 with prebiotic substrates using a hybridisation system. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 42:411–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous (2008). Global Probiotics Market Worth $19.6B by 2013. Available at http://www.naturalproductsinsider.com/news/2008/05/global-probiotics-market-worth-196b-by-2013.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Asraf, S. S. and Gunasekaran, P. (2010). Current trends of ß-galactosidase research and application. Curr. Res. Technol. Edu. Topics Appl. Microbiol. Microbial. Biotechnol. FORMATEX:880–890.
   Google Scholar
• Asraf Shaikh, S., Gunasekaran, P. (2010). Current trends of b-galactosidase research and application. In: Mendez-Vilas, A. (ed.). Current research, technology and education topics in applied microbiology and microbial biotechnology, 2nd ed. Formatex Research Center, Spain, pp. 880–889.
   Google Scholar
• Axelsson, L. (1998). Lactic acid bacteria: Classification and Physiology. In: Lactic Acid Bacteria: Microbiology and Functional Aspects, pp.1–72. Salminen, S. and Wright, A., Eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Ballongue, J. (1998). Bifidobacteria and probiotic action. In: Lactic Acid Bacteria: Microbiology and Functional Aspects, p. 617. Salminen, S. and Wright, A., Eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Bedu-Addo, F. K. (2004). Understanding lyophilization formulation development. PharmTechnol. Lyophilization. 10–18. Available at http://images.alfresco.advanstar.com/alfresco_images/pharma/2014/08/22/9d9a55d5-6890-47ae-821a-e04be7b7afd8/article-84717.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bell, L. N. and Hageman, M. J. (1994). Differentiating between the effects of water activity and glass transition dependent mobility on a solid state chemical reaction: Aspartame degradation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42:2398–2401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berner, D. and Viernstein, H. (2006). Effect of protective agents on the viability of Lactococcus lactis subjected to freeze-thawing and freeze-drying. Scientia Pharmaceutica 74:137–149.
   Google Scholar
• Biró, E., Németh, A. Sz., Sisak, C., Feczkó, T. and Gyenis, J. 2008. Preparation of chitosan particles suitable for enzyme immobilization. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 70:1240–1246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boirivant, M. and Strober, W. (2007). The mechanism of action of probiotics. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 23:679–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boza, Y., Barbin, D. and Scamparini, A. (2004). Effect of spray-drying on the quality of encapsulated cells of Beijerinckia sp. Process Biochem. 39:1275–1284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, M., Wanismail, B., Johnson, M. C. and Ray, B. (1986) Cellular damage in dried Lactobacillus acidophilus. J. Food Protection. 49:47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadhead, J., Rouan, S. K. and Rhodes, C. T. (1994). The effect of process and formulation variables on the properties of spray-dried β-galactosidase. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46:458–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno, F. A. and Shah, N. P. (2003). Viability of two freeze-dried strains of Bifidobacterium and of commercial preparations at various temperatures during prolonged storage. J. Food Sci. 68:2336–2339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burin, L., Buera, M. P., Hough, G. and Chirife, J. (2002). Thermal resistance of β-galactosidase in dehydrated dairy model systems as affected by physical and chemical changes. Food Chem. 76:423–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calleros, C. L., Cruz-Hernández, M., Castillo-Zambrano, C., Sandoval-Castilla, O., Martínez-Romero, S., Yolanda, Hornelas-Orozco and Vernon-Carter, E. J. (2007) Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus casei 81 lyo using sodium alginate blended with amidated low-methoxyl pectin or modified starch as wall materials: Viability in yogurt. Acta Microsc. 16:250–251.
   Google Scholar
• Canzi, E., Guglielmetti, S., Mora, D., Tamagnini, I. and Parin, C. (2005). Conditions affecting cell surface properties of human intestinal bifidobacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 88:207–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capela, P., Hay, T. K. C. and Shah, N. P. (2006). Effect of cryoprotectants, prebiotics and microencapsulation on survival of probiotic organisms in yoghurt and freeze-dried yoghurt. Food Res. Int. 39:203–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, J. F. and Crowe, J. H. (1988). The mechanism of cryoprotection of proteins by solutes. Cryobiology 25:244–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho, A. S., Silva, J., Ho, P., Teixeira, P., Malcata, F. X. and Gibbs, P. (2003a). Effects of addition of sucrose and salt, and of starvation upon thermotolerance And survival during storage of freeze-dried Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. J. Food Sci. 68:2538–2541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho, A. S., Silva, J., Ho, P., Teixeira, P., Malcata, F. X. and Gibbs, P. (2003b). Protective effect of sorbitol and monosodium glutamate during storage of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria. Le. Lait. 83:203–210.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho, A. S., Silva, J., Ho, P., Teixeira, P., Malcata, F. X. and Gibbs, P. (2004). Relevant factors for the preparation of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria—Review. Int. Dairy J. 14:835–847.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champagne, C. P. and Gardner, N. J. (2001). The effect of protective ingredients on the survival of immobilized cells of Streptococcus thermophilus to air and freeze-drying. EJB 4:146–152.
   Google Scholar
• Champagne, C. P., Morin, N., Couture, R., Gagnon, C., Jelen, P. and Lacroix, C. (1992). The potential of immobilized cell technology to produce freeze-dried, phage-protected cultures of Lactococcus lactis. Food Res. Int. 25:419–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champagne, C. P., Raymond, Y. and Tompkins, T. A. (2010). The determination of viable counts in probiotic cultures microencapsulated by spray-coating. Food Microbiol. 27:1104–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandramouli, V., Kailasapathy, K., Peiris, P. and Jones, M. (2004). An improved method of microencapsulation and its evaluation to protect Lactobacillus spp. in simulated gastric conditions. J. Microbiol. Methods 56:27–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, B. S., Beauvais, R. M., Dong, A. and Carpenter, J. F. (1996). Physical factors affecting the storage stability of freeze-dried Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: Glass transition and protein conformation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 331:249–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charteris, W. P., Kelly, P. M., Morelli, L. and Collins, J. K. (1998). Development and application of an in vivo methodology to determine the transit tolerance of potentially probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in the upper human gastrointestinal tract. J. Appl. Microbiol. 84:759–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavarri, M., Maranon, I., Ares, R., Ibanez, F. C., Marzo, F. and Mdel, C. V. (2010). Microencapsulation of a probiotic and prebiotic in alginate-chitosan capsules improves survival in simulated gastro-intestinal conditions. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 142:185–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez, B. E. and Ledeboer, A. M. (2007). Drying of probiotics: Optimization of formulation and process to enhance storage survival drying technology. Dry. Technol. 25:1193–1201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, K.-N., Chen, M.-J., Liu, J.-R., Lin, C.-W. and Chiu, H.-Y. (2005). Optimization of incorporated prebiotics as coating materials for probiotic microencapsulation. J. Food Sci. 70:M260–M266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colloca, M. E., Ahumada, M. C., Lopez, M. E. and Nader-Macıas, M. E. (2000). Surface properties of lactobacilli isolated from healthy subjects. Oral Dis. 6:227–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantino, H. R., Nguyen, P. A., Sweeney, T. D. and Hsu, C. C. (1998). Effect of mannitol crystallization on the stability and aerosol performance of a spray-dried pharmaceutical protein, recombinant humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody. J. Pharm. Sci. 87:1406–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran, B. M., Ross, R. P., Fitzgerald, G. F. and Stanton, C. (2004). Comparative survival of probiotic lactobacilli spray-dried in the presence of prebiotic substances. J. Appl. Microbiol. 96:1024–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran, B. M., Stanton, C., Fitzgerald, G. F. and Ross, R. P. (2005). Survival of probiotic lactobacilli in acidic environments is enhanced in the presence of metabolizable sugars. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:3060–3067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotter, P. D. and Hill, C. (2003). Surviving the acid test: Responses of gram positive bacteria to low pH. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 67:429–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulibaly, I., Dubois-Dauphin, R., Destain, J., Fauconnier, M.-L., Lognay, G. and Thonart, P. (2010). The resistance to freeze-drying and to storage was determined as the cellular ability to recover its survival rate and acidification activity. Int. J. Microbiol. 2010:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Crittenden, R., Weerakkody, R., Sanguansri, L. and Augustin, M. (2006). Synbiotic microcapsules that enhance microbial viability during nonrefrigerated storage and gastrointestinal transit. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 72:2280–2282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe, J. H., Crowe, L. M., Carpenter, J. F. and Wistrom, C. A. (1987). Stabilization of dry phospholipid bilayers and proteins by sugars - review. Biochem. J. 242:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, J.-H., Cao, Q.-R., Choi, Y.-J., Lee, K.-H. and Lee, B.-J. (2006). Effect of additives on the viability of bifidobacteria loaded in alginate poly- l -lysine microparticles during the freeze-drying process. Arch. Pharm. Res. 29:707–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del-Re, B., Sgorbati, B., Miglioli, M. and Palenzona, D. (2000). Adhesion, autoaggregation and hydrophobicity of 13 strains of Bifidobacterium longum. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 31:438–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmond, C., Ross, R. P., O'Callaghan, E., Fitzgerald, G. and Stanton, C. (2002). Improved survival of Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338 in spray-dried powders containing gum acacia. J. Appl. Microbiol. 93:1003–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De-Valdez, G. F., De-Giori, G. S., Holgado, A. A. P. D. R. and Oliver, G. (1983). Protective effect of adonitol on lactic acid bacteria subjected to freeze-drying. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 45:302–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dianawati, D., Mishra, V. and Shah, N. P. (2012). Role of calcium alginate and mannitol in protecting Bifidobacterium. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 78:6914–6921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dianawati, D., Mishra, V. and Shah, N. P. (2013a). Stability of microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris during storage at room temperature at low aw. Food Res. Int. 50:259–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dianawati, D., Mishra, V. and Shah, N. P. (2013b). Effect of drying methods on microencapsulated L. acidophilus and L. cremoris on secondary protein structure and glass transition temperature as studied by Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. J. Dairy Sci. 96:1419–1430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dianawati, D. and Shah, N. P. (2011a). Enzyme stability of microencapsulated Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 after freeze drying and during storage in low water activity at room temperature. J. Food Sci. 76:M463–M471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dianawati, D. and Shah, N. P. (2011b). Survival, acid and bile tolerance, and surface hydrophobicity of microencapsulated B. animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 during storage at room temperature. J. Food Sci. 76:M592–M599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dicks, L. M. T. and Botes, M. (2010). Probiotic lactic acid bacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract: Health benefits, safety and mode of action. Benef. Microb. 1:11–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, W. K. and Shah, N. P. (2007). Acid, bile, and heat tolerance of free and microencapsulated probiotic bacteria. J. Food Sci. 72:M446–M450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, W. K. and Shah, N. P. (2009a). Effect of various encapsulating materials on the stability of probiotic bacteria. J. Food Sci. 74:M100–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, W. K. and Shah, N. P. (2009b). An improved method of microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria for their stability in acidic and bile conditions during storage. J. Food Sci. 74:M53–M61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, W. K. and Shah, N. P. (2009c). Effect of homogenization techniques on reducing the size of microcapsules and the survival of probiotic bacteria therein. J. Food Sci. 74(6):M231–M236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doherty, S. B., Gee, V. L., Ross, R. P., Stanton, C., Fitzgerald, G. F. and Brodkorb, A. (2011). Development and characterisation of whey protein micro-beads as potential matrices for probiotic protection. Food Hydrocol. 25:1604–1617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, X., Xin, Y., Jian, W., Liu, X. and Ling, D. (2000). Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum sp. nov., isolated from an anaerobic digester. Int. J. System Evol. Microbiol. 50:119–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donthidi, A. R., Tester, R. F. and Aidoo, K. E. (2010). Effect of lecithin and starch on alginate-encapsulated probiotic bacteria. J. Microencaps 27:67–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driks, A. (1999) Bacillus subtilis spore coat. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 63:1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drouault, S., Corthier, G., Ehrlich, S. D. and Renault, P. (1999). Survival, physiology, and lysis of Lactococcus lactis in the digestive tract. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 65:4881–4886.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durand, H., Panes, J., 2003. Particles containing coated living micro-organisms, and method for producing same. Unites States Patent US2003/0109025 A1.
   Google Scholar
• Efiuvwevwere, B. J. O., Gorris, L. G. M., Smid, E. J. and Kets, E. P. W. (1999). Mannitol-enhanced survival of Lactococcus lactis subjected to drying. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 51:100–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmarzugi, N., Enshasy, H. E., Malek, R. A., Othman, Z., Sarmidi, M. R. and Aziz, R. A. (2010). Optimization of cell mass production of the probiotic strain Lactococcus lactis in batch and fed-bach culture in pilot scale levels. Curr. Res. Technol. Edu. Topics Appl. Microbiol. Microbial. Technol. A. Mendez-Vilaz (ed.): 873–879.
   Google Scholar
• Fachin, L., Moryia, J., Gândara, A. L. N. and Viotto, W. H. (2008). Evaluation of culture media for counts of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb 12 in yoghurt after refrigerated storage. Brazilian J. Microbiol. 39:357–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO/WHO. (2001) Evaluation of health and nutritional properties of powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. In Report from FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, 1–4 October 2001. Cordoba, Argentina.
   Google Scholar
• Fávaro-Trindade, C. S. and C. R.Grosso (2002). Microencapsulation of L. acidophilus (La-05) and B. lactis (Bb-12) and evaluation of their survival at the pH values of the stomach and in bile. J. Microencapsul. 19:485–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galazzo, J. L. and Bailey, J. E. (1990). Growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae in calcium-alginate beads induces cell alterations which accelerate glucose conversion to ethanol. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 36:417–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner, G. E., O'sullivan, E., Kelly, J., Auty, M. A. E., Fitzgerald, G. F., Collins, J. K., Ross, R. P. and Stanton, C. (2000). Comparative survival rates of human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei and L. salivarius strains during heat treatment and spray drying. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 66:2605–2612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gbassi, G. K., Vandamme, T., Ennahar, S. and Marchioni, E. (2009). Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum spp in an alginate matrix coated with whey proteins. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 129:103–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gharsallaoui, A., Roudaut, G. L., Chambin, O., Voilley, A. E. and Saurel, R. M. (2007). Applications of spray-drying in microencapsulation of food ingredients: An overview. Food Res. Int. 40:1107–1121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, B. F., Kermasha, S., Alli, I. and Mulligan, C. N. (1999). Encapsulation in the food industry: A review. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 50:213–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, G. R. (2007). Functional foods: Probiotics and prebiotics. Oxoid 28:1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, H. S. and Guarner, F. (2004). Probiotics and human health: A clinical perspective. Postgrad. Med. J. 80:516–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilliland, S. E. (1990). Health and nutritional benefits from lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 87:175–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goderska, K. and Czarnecki, Z. (2008). Influence of microencapsulation and spray drying on the viability of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. Polish J. Microbiol. 57:135–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goderska, K., Zybata, M. and Czarnecki, Z. (2003). Characterisation of microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR7 strain. Polish J. Food Nutr. Sci. 12/53:21–24.
   Google Scholar
• Goel, A., Sharma, R. K. and Tandon, H. K. L. (2006). A comparison of different polymeric gels for entrapment of cells of Streptococcus thermophilus containing s-galactosidase. J. Food Sci. Technol. 43:526–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golowczyc, M. A., Silva, J., Abraham, A. G., Antoni, G. L. D. and Teixeira, P. (2010). Preservation of probiotic strains isolated from kefir by spray drying. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 50:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, J. D. and Klaenhammer, T. R. (1994). Factors involved in adherence of lactobacilli to human Caco-2 cell. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:4487–4494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosova, Z., Rosenberg, M., Gdovin, M., Slavikova, L. and Rebroš, M. (2009). Production of D-galactose using β -galactosidase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae entrapped in poly (vinylalcohol) hydrogel. Food Chem. 116:96–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosso, C. R. F. and Fávaro-Trindade, C. S. (2004). Stability of free and immobilized Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis in acidified milk and of immobilized B. lactis in yoghurt. Brazilian J. Microbiol. 35:151–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, Y., Jin, B.-S., Lee, S.-B., Sohn, Y., Joung, J.-W. and Lee, J.-H. (2007). Effects of sugar additives on protein stability of recombinant human serum albumin during lyophilization and storage. Arch. Pharm. Res. 30:1124–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidebach, T., Forst, P. and Kulozik, U. (2009). Microencapsulation of probiotic cells by means of rennet-gelation of milk proteins. Food Hydrocol. 23:1670–1677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidebach, T., Först, P. and Kulozik, U. (2010). Influence of casein-based microencapsulation on freeze-drying and storage of probiotic cells. J. Food Eng. 98:309–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriques, A. O. and Moran, C. P. (2000). Structure and assembly of the bacterial endospore coat. Methods 20:95–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyraud, A. and Leonard, C. (1990). Structural characterization of alginates by liquid chromatographies. Food Hydrocoll. 4:59–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higl, B., Kurtmann, L., Carlsen, C. U., Ratjen, J., Forst, P., Skibsted, L. H., Kulozik, U. and Risbo, J. (2007). Impact of water activity, temperature, and physical state on the storage stability of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei freeze-dried in a lactose matrix. Biotechnol. Prog. 23:794–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hincha, D. K., Zuther, E., Hellwege, E. M. and Heyer, A. G. (2002). Specific effects of fructo-and oligosaccharides in the preservation of liposomes during drying. Glycobiology 12:103–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao, H.-C., Lian, W.-C., Chou, C.-C. and (2004). Effect of packaging conditions and temperature on viability of microencapsulated bifidobacteria during storage. J. Sci. Food Agric. 84:134–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, C. A., Yu, R. C. and Chou, C. C. (2006). Purification and characterization of a sodium-stimulated β-galactosidase from Bifidobacterium longum CCRC 15708. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 22:355–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishibashi, N., Yaeshima, T. and Hayasawa, H. (1997). Bifidobacteria: Their significance in human intestinal health. Mal. J. Nutr. 3:149–159.
   Google Scholar
• Islam,  , Ariful, M., Yun, C.-H., Choi, Y.-J. and Cho, C.-S. (2010). Microencapsulation of live probiotic bacteria. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 20:1367–1377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izumi, T., Piskula, M. K., Osawa, S., Obata, A., Tobe, K., Saito, M., Kataoka, S., Kubota, Y. and Kikuchi, M. (2000). Soy isoflavone aglycones are absorbed faster and in higher amounts than their glucosides in humans. J. Nutr. 130:1695–1699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izutsu, K. and Kojima, S. (2002). Excipient crystallinity and its protein-structurestabilizing effect during freeze-drying. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 54:1033–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalali, M., Abedi, D., Varshosaz, J., Najjarzadeh, M., Mirlohi, M. and Tavakoli, N. (2011). Stability evaluation of freeze-dried Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerance and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in oral capsules. Res. Pharm. Sci. 7:31–36.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. A. C. and Etzel, M. R. (1995). Properties of Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ-32 attenuated by spray-drying, freeze-drying, or freezing. J. Dairy Sci. 78:761–768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kailasapathy, K. (2002). Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria: Technology and potential applications. Curr. Issues Intest Microbiol. 3:39–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kailasapathy, K. (2006). Survival of free and encapsulated probiotic bacteria and their effect on the sensory properties of yoghurt. LWT 39:1221–1227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kailasapathy, K. and Sureeta, B. S. (2004). Effect of storage and shelf life viability of freeze dried and microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium infantis cultures. Aust. J. Dairy Tech. 59:204–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney, N., Meng, X. C., Stanton, C., Kelly, J., Fitzgerald, G. F. and Ross, R. P. (2009). Development of a spray dried probiotic yoghurt containing Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 338. Int. Dairy J. 19:684–689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiely, L. J. and Olson, N. F. (2000). The physicochemical surface characteristics of Lactobacillus casei. Food Microbiol. 17:277–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. S. and Bhowmik, S. R. (1990). Survival of lactic acid bacteria during spray drying of plain yogurt. J. Food Sci. 55:1008–1010, 1048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S.-J., Cho, S. Y., Kim, S. H., Song, O.-J., Shin, I.-S., Cha, D. S. and Park, H. J. (2008). Effect of microencapsulation on viability and other characteristics in Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121. LWT 41:493–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. S., Kamara, B. J., Good, I. C. and Enders, G. L. (1988). Method for the preparation of stabile microencapsulated lactic acid bacteria. J. Indus. Microbiol. 3:253–257.
   Google Scholar
• Kimoto, H., Kurisaki, J., Tsuji, N. M., Ohmomo, S. and Okamoto, T. (1999) Lactococci as probiotic strains: Adhesion to human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells and tolerance to low pH and bile. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 29:313–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimoto, H., Nomura, M., Kobayashi, M., Mizumachi, K. and Okamoto, T. (2003). Survival of lactococci during passage through mouse digestive tract. Canadian J. Microbiol. 49:707–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klijn, N., Weerkamp, A. H. and De-Vos, W. M. (1995). Genetic marking of Lactococcus lactis shows its survival in the human gastrointestinal tract. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 61:2771–2774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kos, B., Suskovic, J., Vukovic, S., Simpraga, M., Frece, J. and Matosic, S. (2003). Adhesion and aggregation ability of probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus M92. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94:981–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasaekoopt, W., Bhandari, B. and Deeth, H. (2004). The influence of coating materials on some properties of alginate beads and survivability of microencapsulated probiotic bacteria. Int. Dairy J. 14:737–743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtmann, L., Carlsen, C. U., Skibted, L. H. and Risbo, J. (2009). Water activity-temperature state diagrams of freeze dried L. acidophilus (La-5): Influence of physical state on bacterial survival during storage. Biotechnol. Prog. 25:265–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankaputhra, W. E. V. and Shah, N. P. (1995). Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium ssp. in the presence of acid and bile salts. Cult. Dairy Prod. J. 30:2–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. S., Cha, D. S. and Park, H. J. (2004). Survival of freeze-dried Lactobacillus bulgaricus KFRI 673 in chitosan-coated calcium alginate microparticles. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:7300–7305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie, S. B., Israeli, E., Lighthart, B., Crowe, J. H. and Crowe, L. M. (1995). Trehalose and sucrose protect both membranes and proteins in intact bacteria during drying. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3592–3597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q. Q., Chen, Q. H., Hui, R., Zhu, D. S. and He, G. Q. (2010). Isolation and characterization of an oxygen, acid and bile resistant B. animalis subsp lactis Qq08. J. Sci. Food Agric. 90:1340–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X. Y., Chen, X. G., Sun, Z. W., Park, H. J. and Cha, D.-S. (2011b). Preparation of alginate / chitosan / carboxymethyl chitosan complex microcapsules and application in Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393. Carb. Polym. 83:1479–1485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, D. C. (2003). Probiotics as functional foods. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 18:497–506.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, B., Tian, F., Liu, X., Zhao, J., Zhang, H. and Chen, W. (2011a). Effects of cryoprotectants on viability of Lactobacillus reuteri CICC6226. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 92:609–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ljungh, Å. and Wadström, T. (2006). Lactic acid bacteria as probiotics. Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol. 7:73–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maltini, E., Torreggiani, D., Venir, E. and Bertolo, G. (2003). Water activity and the preservation of plant foods. Food Chem. 82:79–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal, S., Puniya, A. K. and Singh, K. (2006). Effect of alginate concentrations on survival of microencapsulated Lactobacillus casei NCDC-298. Int. Dairy J. 16:1190–1195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meile, L., Ludwig, W., Rueger, U., Gut, C., Kaufmann, P., Dasen, G., Wenger, S. and Teuber, M. (1997) Bifidobacterium lactis sp. Nov., a moderately oxygen tolerant species isolated from fermented milk. Sys. Appl. Microbiol. 20:57–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, X. C., Stanton, C., Fitzgerald, G. F., Daly, C. and Ross, R. P. (2008). Anhydrobiotics: The challenges of drying probiotic cultures. Food Chem. 106:1406–1416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao, S., Mills, S., Stanton, C., Fitzgerald, G. F., Roos, Y. and Ross, R. P. (2008). Effect of disaccharides on survival during storage of freeze dried probiotics. Dairy Sci. Technol. 88:19–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, S., Stanton, C., Fitzgerald, G. F. and Ross, R. P. (2011). Enhancing the stress responses of probiotics for a lifestyle from gut to product and back again. Microb. Cell Factor. 10:1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ming, L. C., Rahim, R. A., Wan, H. Y. and Ariff, A. B. (2009). Formulation of protective agents for improvement of lactobacillus salivarius i 24 survival rate subjected to freeze drying for production of live cells in powderized form. Food Bioproc. Technol. 2:431–436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mital, B. K. and Garg, S. K. (1992). Acidophilus milk products: Manufacture and therapeutics. Food Rev. Int. 8:347–389.
   Google Scholar
• Monteagudo-Mera, A., Caro, I., Rodriguez-Aparicio, L. B., Rua, J., Ferrero, M. A. and Garcia-Armesto, M. R. (2011). Characterization of certain bacterial strains for potential use as starter or probiotic cultures in dairy products. J. Food Protect. 74:1379–1386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortazavian, A., Razavi, S. H., Ehsani, M. R. and Sohrabvandi, S. (2007). Principles and methods of microencapsulation of probiotic microorganisms: Review article. Iranian J. Biotechnol. 5:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Mottet, C. and Michetti, P. (2005). Probiotics: Wanted dead or alive. Dig. Liver. Dis. 37:3–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mugnier, J. and Jung, G. (1985). Survival of bacteria and fungi in relation to water activity and the solvent properties of water in biopolymer gels. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 50:108–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nag, A. (2011). Development of a microencapsulation technique for probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus casei 431 using a protein-polysaccharide complex. In Food Technology. p.194. Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Nag, A., Singh, H., Das, S., Han, K-S. (2011). Development of a microencapsulation technique for probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus casei 431 using a protein-polysaccharide complex. Master's thesis. Food Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 194 pgs.
   Google Scholar
• Nanasombat, S. and Sriwong, N. (2007). Improving viability of freeze-dried lactic acid bacteria using lyoprotectants in combination with osmotic and cold adaptation. KMITL Sci. Tech. J. 7:61–69.
   Google Scholar
• Noriega, L., Cuevas, I., Margolles, A., De-Los, R. G. and Clara, G. (2006). Deconjugation and bile salts hydrolase activity by Bifidobacterium strains with acquired resistance to bile. Internat Dairy J. 16:850–855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouaille, S., Ribeiro, L. A., Miyoshi, A., Pontes, D., Loir, Y. L., Oliveira, S. C., Langella, P. and Azevedo, V. (2003). Review: Heterologous protein production and delivery systems for Lactococcus lactis. Gen. Molec. Res. 2:102–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Novik, G. I., Astapovich, N. I. and Samartsev, A. A. (2001). Investigation of the physiological and biochemical characteristics of bifidobacteria at the late stages of their development. Microbiol. Molec. Biol. Rev. 70:429–435.
   Google Scholar
• Okamoto, H., Todo, H., Iida, K. and Danjo, K. (2002). Dry powders for pulmonary delivery of peptides and proteins. KONA 20:71–83.
   Google Scholar
• Oldenhof, H., Wolkers, W. F., Fonseca, F., Passot, S. and Marin, M. (2005). Effect of sucrose and maltodextrin on the physical properties and survival of air-dried Lactobacillus bulgaricus: An in situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy study. Biotechnol. Prog. 21:885–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, A. C., Moretti, T. S., Boschini, C., Baliero, J. C. C., Freitas, O. and Favaro-Trindade, C. S. (2007). Stability of microencapsulated B. lactis (BI 01) and L. acidophilus (LAC 4) by complex coacervation followed by spray drying. J. Microencaps. 24:685–693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Op-den-Camp, H. J. M., Oosterhof, A. and Veerkamp, J. H. (1985). Interaction of bifidobacterial lipoteichoic acid with human intestinal epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 47:332–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orłowski, A. and Bielecka, M. (2006). Preliminary characteristics of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium strains as probiotic candidates. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 15/56:269–275.
   Google Scholar
• Otieno, D. O., Shah, N. P. and Ashton, J. F. (2007). Role of microbial strain and storage temperatures in the degradation of isoflavone phytoestrogens in fermented soymilk with selected β-glucosidase producing Lactobacillus casei strains. Food Res. Int. 40:371–380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Riordan, K., Andrews, D., Buckle, K. and Conway, P. (2001). Evaluation of microencapsulation of a Bifidobacterium strain with starch as an approach to prolonging viability during storage. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91:1059–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, W. H., Li, P. L. and Liu, Z. (2006). Food microbiology: The correlation between surface hydrophobicity and adherence of Bifidobacterium strains from centenarians' faeces. Anaerobe 12:148–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peighambardoust, S. H., Tafti, A. G. and Hesari, J. (2011). Application of spray drying for preservation of lactic acid starter cultures: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 22: 215–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phadtare, S. (2004). Recent developments in bacterial cold-shock response. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 6:125–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picot, A. and Lacroix, C. (2004). Encapsulation of bifidobacteria in whey protein-based microcapsules and survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in yoghurt. Int. Dairy J. 14:505–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poncelet, D. (2006). Microencapsulation: Fundamentals, methods and applications. Surf. Chem. Biomed Env. Sci. 228:23–34.
   Google Scholar
• Prado, F. C., Parada, J. L., Pandey, A. and Soccol, C. R. (2008). Trends in non-dairy probiotic beverages. Food Res. Int. 41:111–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. S. (2010). Food stability determination by macro-micro region concept in the state diagram and by defining a critical temperature. J. Food Eng. 99:402–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M. M., Kim, W. S., Kumura, H. and Shimazaki, K. (2008). Autoaggregation and surface hydrophobicity of bifidobacteria. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 24:1593–1598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashid, M. H. (1997). Purification and characterization of native, proteolytically nicked and chemically modified β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger. In: Dep of Zoology. p.128. Punja University, Lahore.
   Google Scholar
• Rashid, M. H., Shakoori, A.R., Siddiqui, K.S. (1997). Purification and characterization of native, proteolytically nicked and chemically modified β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger. PhD thesis. Department of Zoology, Punja University, Lahore. 128 pg.
   Google Scholar
• Ray, S., Sherlock, A., Wilken, T. and Woods, T. 2010. Cell wall lysed probiotic tincture decreases immune response to pathogenic enteric bacteria and improves symptoms in autistic and immune compromised children—Special paper for naturally oriented medical doctors, naturopaths, and pediatricians. Explore 19(1):1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Reid, A. A., Champagne, C. P., Gardner, N., Fustier, P. and Vuillemard, J. C. (2007). Survival in food systems of Lactobacillus rhamnosus R011 microentrapped in whey protein gel particles. J. Food Sci. 72:M31–M37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, A. A., Vuillemard, J. C., Britten, M., Arcand, Y., Farnworth, E. and Champagne, C. P. (2005). Microentrapment of probiotic bacteria in a Ca2O-induced whey protein gel and effects on their viability in a dynamic gastro-intestinal model. J. Microencaps 22:603–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Huezo, M. E., Durán-Lugo, R., Prado-Barragán, L. A., Cruz-Sosa, F., Lobato-Calleros, C., Alvarez-Ramírez, J. and Vernon-Carter, E. J. (2007). Pre-selection of protective colloids for enhanced viability of Bifidobacterium bifidum following spray-drying and storage, and evaluation of aguamiel as thermoprotective prebiotic. Food Res. Int. 40:1299–1306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rokka, S. and Rantamäki, P. (2010). Protecting probiotic bacteria by microencapsulation: Challenges for industrial applications. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 231:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos, Y. (1995). Water activity and glass transition temperature: How do they complement and how do they differ? In: Food Preservation by Moisture Control - Fundamentals and Applications, pp.133–154. Barbosa-Canovas, G. V. and Welti-Chanes, J., Eds. Technomic Publishing Company, Inc, Lancaster, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M., Gutnick, D. and Rosenberg, E. (1980). Adherence of bacteria to hydrocarbons: A simple method for measuring cell surface hydrophobicity. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 9:29–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz, L., Ruas-Madiedo, P., Gueimonde, M., de Los Reyes-Gavilán, C. G., Margolles, A. and Sánchez, B. (2011). How do bifidobacteria counteract environmental challenges? Mechanisms involved and physiological consequences. Genes Nutr. 6:307–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarela, M., Virkajarvi, I., Alakomi, H.-L., Mattila-Sandholm, T., Vaari, A., Suomalainen, T. and Matto, J. (2005). Influence of fermentation time, cryoprotectant and neutralization of cell concentrate on freeze-drying survival, storage stability, and acid and bile exposure of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis cells produced without milk-based ingredients. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:1330–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabir, F., Beyatli, Y., Cokmus, C. and Onal-Darilmaz, D. (2010). Assessment of potential probiotic properties of Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp. and Pediococcus spp. strains isolated from kefir. J. Food Sci. 75:M568–M573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santagapita, P. R. and Buera, M. P. (2008). Trehalose-water-salt interactions related to the stability of β-galactosidase in supercooled media. Food Biophys. 3:87–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santivarangkna, C., Naumann, D., Kulozik, U. and Foerst, P. (2010). Protective effects of sorbitol during the vacuum drying of Lactobacillus helveticus: An FT-IR study. Ann. Microbiol. 60:235–242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sara, M. and Sleytr, U. B. (2000). Minireview: S-layer proteins. Bacteriology 182:859–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar, S. (2007). Functional foods as self-care complementary medicine. Nutr. Food Sci. 37:160–167.
   Google Scholar
• Savini, M., Cecchini, C., Verdenelli, M. C., Silvi, S. and Orpianesi, C. (2010). Pilot-scale production and viability analysis of freeze-dried probiotic bacteria using different protective agents. Alberto. Cresci. Nutr. 2:330–339.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, G. and Zink, R. (2000). Basic features of the stress response in three species of bifidobacteria: B. longum, B. adolescentis and B. breve. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 55:41–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahidi, F. and Han, X. Q. (1993). Encapsulation of food ingredients. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 33:501–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, N. P. and Jelen, P. (1990) Survival of lactic acid bacteria and their lactases under acidic conditions. J. Food Sci. 55:506–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakirova, L., Auzina, L., Zikmanis, P., Gavare, M. and Grube, M. (2010). Influence of growth conditions on hydrophobicity of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis cells and characteristics by FT-IR spectra. Spectros Int. 24:251–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheu, T.-Y., Marshall, R. T. and Heymann, H. (1993). Improving survival of culture bacteria in frozen desserts-by microentrapment. J. Dairy Sci. 76:1902–1907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, P. J., Stanton, C., Fitzgerald, G. F. and Ross, R. P. (2005). Intrinsic tolerance of Bifidobacterium species to heat and oxygen and survival following spray drying and storage. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:493–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S. and Singh, J. (2003). Effect of polyols on the conformational stability and biological activity of a model protein lysozyme. AAPS Pharm. Sci. Tech. 4:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Sultana, K., Godward, G., Reynolds, N., Arumugaswamy, R., Peiris, P. and Kailasapathy, K. (2000). Encapsulation of probiotic bacteria with alginate-starch and evaluation of survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in yoghurt. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 62:47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunde, E. P., Setlow, P., Hederstedt, L. and Halle, B. (2009). The physical state of water in bacterial spores. PNAS 106:19334–19339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunny-Roberts, E. O. and Knorr, D. (2009). The Protective effect of monosodium glutamate on survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus rhamnosus E-97800 (E800) strains during spray-drying and storage in trehalose-containing powders. Int. Dairy J. 19:209–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabbers, M. M. and Benninga, M. A. (2007). Administration of probiotic lactobacilli to children with gastrointestinal problems: There is still little evidence. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 151:2198–2202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talwalkar, A. and Kailasapathy, K. (2003). Metabolic and biochemical responses of probiotic bacteria to oxygen. J. Dairy Sci. 86:2537–2546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tannock, G. W. (1999). Identification of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 1:53–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teixeira, P., Castro, H., Mohacsi-Farkas, C. and Kirby, R. (1997). Identification of sites of injury in Lactobacillus bulgaricus during heat stress. J. Appl. Microbiol. 83:219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To, B. C. S. and Etzel, M. R. (1997). Spray drying, freeze drying, or freezing of three different lactic acid bacteria species. J. Food Sci. 62:576–585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trsic-Milanovic, N., Kodzic, A., Baras, J. and Dimitrijevic-Brankovic, S. (2001). The influence of a cryoprotective medium containing glycerol on the lyophilization of lactic acid bacteria. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 66:435–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadillo-Rodrı´guez, V., Busscher, H. J., Norde, W., de Vries, J. and van der Mei, H. C. (2004). Dynamic cell surface hydrophobicity of lactobacillus strains with and without surface layer proteins. J. Bacteriol. 186:6647–6650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Mei, H. C., van-de-Belt-Gritter, B., Pouwels, P. H., Martinez, B. and Busscher, H. J. (2003) Cell surface hydrophobicity is conveyed by S-layer proteins - a study in recombinant lactobacilli. Colloid. Surf Biointerf. 28:127–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasiljevic, T. and Jelen, P. (2003). Drying and storage of crude β-galactosidase extracts from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus 11842. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 4:319–329.
   Google Scholar
• Veerkamp, J. H. (1971). Fatty acid composition of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus strains. J. Bacteriol. 108:861–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinderola, C. G. and Reinheimer, J. A. (2003). Lactic acid starter and probiotic bacteria, a comparative “in vitro” study of probiotic characteristics and biological barrier resistance. Food Res. Internat. 36:895–904.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von-Ah, U., Mozzetti, V., Lacroix, C., Kheadr, E. E., Fliss, I. and Meile, L. (2007) Classification of a moderately oxygen-tolerant isolate from baby faeces as Bifidobacterium thermophilum. BMC Microbiol. 7:79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L.-Q., Meng, X.-C., Zhang, B.-R., Wang, Y. and Shang, Y.-L. (2010). Influence of cell surface properties on adhesion ability of bifidobacteria. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26:1999–2007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. C., Yu, R. C. and Chou, C. C. (2004). Viability of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in fermented soymilk after drying, subsequent rehydration and storage. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 93:209–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, S., Kabeir, B. M., Mustafa, S., Mohamad, R., Hussin, A. S. M. and Manap, M. Y. (2010) Viability of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G4 after spray-drying and freeze-drying. Microbiol. Insights 3:37–43.
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, J., Koran, L. J., Hernandez, L. J. and Stephan, L. M. (1993). Use of immobilized β-glucosidase in the hydrolysis of cellulose. ACS Sympos. Ser. 533:240–250.
   Google Scholar
• Xiaoyan, L. and Xiguang, C. (2009). Drying of micro-encapsulated lactic acid bacteria - effects of trehalose and immobilization on cell survival and release properties. J. Ocean Univ. China (Ocean. Coastal. Sea Res.) 8:39–44.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Y., Gao, Y. and Chen, Z. (2004). Purification and characterization of an extracellular β-glucosidase with high transglucosylation activity and stability from Aspergillus niger. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 119:229–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, A. K., Chaudahari, A. B. and Kothari, R. M. (2009). Enhanced viability of Bacillus coagulants after spray drying with calcium lactate, storage and rehydration. Indian J. Chem. Technol. 16:519–522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, S., Wang, L., Yan, Q., Jiang, Z. and Li, L. (2009). Hydrolysis of soybean isoflavone glycosides by a thermostable β-glucosidase from Paecilomyces thermophila. Food Chem. 115:1247–1252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying, D. Y., Phoon, M. C., Sanguansri, L., Weerakkody, R., Burgar, I. and Augustin, M. A. (2010). Microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG powders: Relationship of powder physical properties to probiotic survival during storage. J. Food Sci. 75:E588–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshii, H., Buche, F., Takeuchi, N., Terrol, C., Ohgawara, M. and Furuta, T. (2008). Effects of protein on retention of ADH enzyme activity encapsulated in trehalose matrices by spray drying. J. Food Eng. 87:34–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshizawa,  , (2004). Trends in microencapsulation research. KONA 22:23–31.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, C., Wang, W., Yao, H. and Liu, H. (2007). Preparation of phospholipid microcapsule by spray drying. Dry. Technol. 25:695–702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora, L. M., Carretero, C. and Parés, D. (2006). Comparative survival rates of lactic acid bacteria isolated from blood, following spray-drying and freeze-drying. Food Sci. Technol. Int. 12:77–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavaglia, A. G., Kociubinski, G., Perez, P., Disalvo, E. and Antoni, G. D. (2002). Effect of bile on the lipid composition and surface properties of bifidobacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol. 93:794–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zayed, G. and Roos, Y. H. (2004). Influence of trehalose and moisture content on survival of Lactobacillus salivarius subjected to freeze-drying and storage. Proc. Biochem. 39:1081–1086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohar-Perez, C., Chet, I. and Nussinovitch, A. (2004). Unexpected distribution of immobilized microorganisms within alginate beads. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 88:671–674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar