Important drug-micronutrient interactions: A selection for clinical practice

References

• Ahmed, W., N. Khan, C. J. Glueck, S. Pandey, P. Wang, N. Goldenberg, M. Uppal, and S. Khanal. 2009. Low serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels (<32 ng/mL) are associated with reversible myositis-myalgia in statin-treated patients. Translational Research 153(1):11–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alehagen, U., and J. Aaseth. 2015. Selenium and coenzyme Q10 interrelationship in cardiovascular diseases-A clinician's point of view. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology : Organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (Gms) 31:157–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alehagen, U., J. Aaseth, and P. Johansson. 2015. Reduced cardiovascular mortality 10 years after supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 for four years: Follow-Up results of a prospective randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled trial in elderly citizens. PLoS One 10(12):e0141641. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alehagen, U., J. Aaseth, J. Alexander, and P. Johansson. 2018. Still reduced cardiovascular mortality 12 years after supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 for four years: a validation of previous 10-year follow-up results of a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in elderly. PLoS One 13(4):e0193120. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0193120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alehagen, U., J. Aaseth, J. Alexander, E. Svensson, P. Johansson, and A. Larsson. 2018. Less fibrosis in elderly subjects supplemented with selenium and coenzyme Q10-A mechanism behind reduced cardiovascular mortality? Biofactors 44(2):137–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alehagen, U., J. Alexander, and J. Aaseth. 2016. Supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 reduces cardiovascular mortality in elderly with low selenium status. A secondary analysis of a randomised clinical trial. PLoS One 11(7):e0157541. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alehagen, U., P. Johansson, J. Aaseth, J. Alexander, and D. Wågsäter. 2017. Significant changes in circulating microRNA by dietary supplementation of selenium and coenzyme Q10 in healthy elderly males. A subgroup analysis of a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial among elderly swedish citizens. PLoS One 12(4):e0174880. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0174880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alehagen, U., P. Johansson, M. Björnstedt, A. Rosén, and U. Dahlström. 2013. Cardiovascular mortality and N-terminal-proBNP reduced after combined selenium and coenzyme Q10 supplementation: A 5-year prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial among elderly Swedish citizens. International Journal of Cardiology 167(5):1860–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, L. H. How common is vitamin B-12 deficiency? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009. 89:693 S–6 S.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anast, C. S., J. L. Winnacker, L. R. Forte, and T. W. Burns. 1976. Impaired release of parathyroid hormone in magnesium deficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 42(4):707–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrès, E., and L. Federici. 2007. Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients receiving metformin: clinical data. Archives of Internal Medicine 167(7):729; author reply 730–1.
   Google Scholar
• Andrès, E., G. Kaltenbach, E. Noel, M. Noblet-Dick, A. E. Perrin, T. Vogel, J. L. Schlienger, M. Berthel, and J. F. Blicklé. 2003. Efficacy of short-term oral cobalamin therapy for the treatment of cobalamin deficiencies related to food-cobalamin malabsorption: A study of 30 patients. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 25(3):161–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andrès, E., N. H. Loukili, E. Noel, G. Kaltenbach, M. B. Abdelgheni, A. E. Perrin, M. Noblet-Dick, F. Maloisel, J. L. Schlienger, and J. F. Blicklé. 2004. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients. Cmaj: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal de L'association Medicale Canadienne 171(3):251–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apostolopoulou, M., A. Corsini, and M. Roden. 2015. The role of mitochondria in statin-induced myopathy. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 45(7):745–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arampatzis, S., G.-C. Funk, A. B. Leichtle, G.-M. Fiedler, C. Schwarz, H. Zimmermann, A. K. Exadaktylos, and G. Lindner. 2013. Impact of diuretic therapy-associated electrolyte disorders present on admission to the emergency department: A cross-sectional analysis. BMC Medicine 11:83. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers, J., J. Cook, R. A. Koenig, E. M. Sisson, and D. L. Dixon. 2018. Recent developments in the role of coenzyme Q10 for coronary heart disease: A systematic review. Current Atherosclerosis Reports 20(6):29. doi: 10.1007/s11883-018-0730-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggerly, C. A., R. E. Cuomo, C. B. French, C. F. Garland, E. D. Gorham, W. B. Grant, R. P. Heaney, M. F. Holick, B. W. Hollis, S. L. McDonnell, et al. 2015. Sunlight and vitamin D: Necessary for public health. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 34(4):359–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banach, M., and D. P. Mikhailidis, and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group. 2015. In reply–coenzyme Q10 and statin-induced myopathy. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 90(3):420–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banach, M., C. Serban, A. Sahebkar, S. Ursoniu, J. Rysz, P. Muntner, P. P. Toth, S. R. Jones, M. Rizzo, S. P. Glasser, Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration Group., et al. 2015. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc 90(1):24–34. ;.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banach, M., C. Serban, S. Ursoniu, J. Rysz, P. Muntner, P. P. Toth, S. R. Jones, M. Rizzo, S. P. Glasser, G. F. Watts, Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group., et al. 2015. Statin therapy and plasma coenzyme Q10 concentrations–a systematic review and Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Pharmacological Research 99:329–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, K., S. W. Mercer, M. Norbury, G. Watt, S. Wyke, and B. Guthrie. 2012. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: A cross-sectional study. Lancet (London, England) 380(9836):37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, W. A., S. Shaw, E. Jayatilleke, A. M. Spungen, and V. Herbert. 2000. Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. Diabetes Care 23(9):1227–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, D. S. 2010. Metformin-induced vitamin B12 deficiency presenting as a peripheral neuropathy. Southern Medical Journal 103(3):265–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betesh, A. L., C. A. Santa Ana, J. A. Cole, and J. S. Fordtran. 2015. Is achlorhydria a cause of iron deficiency anemia? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 102(1):9–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., H. B. Dawson, A. Platz, E. J. Orav, H. B. Stähelin, W. C. Willett, U. Can, A. Egli, N. J. Mueller, S. Looser, et al. 2010. Effect of high-dosage cholecalciferol and extended physiotherapy on complications after hip fracture. Archives of Internal Medicine 170(9):813–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogsrud, M. P., G. Langslet, L. Ose, K. E. Arnesen, M. C. Sm Stuen, U. F. Malt, B. Woldseth, and K. Retterstøl. 2013. No effect of combined coenzyme Q10 and selenium supplementation on atorvastatin-induced myopathy. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 47(2):80–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucherie, Q., F. Rouby, D. Frankel, P. Roll, and J. Micallef. 2018. Proton pump inhibitors prescriptions in France: Main trends from 2006 to 2016 on French health insurance database. Therapie pii: S0040-5957(18)30044-1. doi:10.1016/j.therap.2018.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, G. S., and C. T. Taylor. 1999. Omeprazole and vitamin B12 deficiency. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 33(5):641–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brion, M., L. Lambs, and G. Berthon. 1985. Metal ion-tetracycline interactions in biological fluids. Part 5. Formation of zinc complexes with tetracycline and some of its derivatives and assessment of their biological significance. Agents Actions 17(2):229–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Budnitz, D. S., M. C. Lovegrove, N. Shehab, and C. L. Richards. 2011. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older Americans. The New England Journal of Medicine 365(21):2002–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaghan, T. S., D. R. Hadden, and G. H. Tomkin. 1980. Megaloblastic anaemia due to vitamin B12 malabsorption associated with long-term metformin treatment. British Medical Journal 280(6225):1214–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camaschella, C. 2015. Iron deficiency: New insights into diagnosis and treatment. Hematology American Society of Hematology. Education Program 2015(1):8–13. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cashman, K. D., K. G. Dowling, Z. Škrabáková, M. Gonzalez-Gross, J. Valtueña, S. De Henauw, L. Moreno, C. T. Damsgaard, K. F. Michaelsen, C. Mølgaard, et al. 2016. Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic? The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103(4):1033–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caso, G., P. Kelly, M. A. McNurlan, and W. E. Lawson. 2007. Effect of coenzyme q10 on myopathic symptoms in patients treated with statins. The American Journal of Cardiology 99(10):1409–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castets, P., A. Lescure, P. Guicheney, and V. Allamand. 2012. Selenoprotein N in skeletal muscle: from diseases to function. Journal of Molecular Medicine 90(10):1095–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catapano, A. L., I. Graham, G. De Backer, O. Wiklund, M. J. Chapman, H. Drexel, A. W. Hoes, C. S. Jennings, U. Landmesser, T. R. Pedersen, ESC Scientific Document Group, et al. 2016. 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. European Heart Journal 37(39):2999–3058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceglia, L., M. da Silva Morais, L. K. Park, E. Morris, S. S. Harris, H. A. Bischoff-Ferrari, R. A. Fielding, and B. Dawson-Hughes. 2010. Multi-step immunofluorescent analysis of vitamin D receptor loci and myosin heavy chain isoforms in human skeletal muscle. Journal of Molecular Histology 41(2-3):137–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasman, D. I., F. Giulianini, J. MacFadyen, B. J. Barratt, F. Nyberg, and P. M. Ridker. 2012. Genetic determinants of statin-induced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction: The justification for the use of statins in prevention: An intervention trial evaluating rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trial. Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics 5(2):257–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, L. H., and H. S. Luo. 2007. Effects of H pylori therapy on erythrocytic and iron parameters in iron deficiency anemia patients with H pylori-positive chronic gastristis. World Journal of Gastroenterology 13(40):5380–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, P., S. Chaugai, F. Zhao, and D. W. Wang. 2015. Cardioprotective effect of thiazide-like diuretics: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Hypertension 28(12):1453–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L., and R. Kitzes. 1981. Infrared spectroscopy and magnesium content of bone mineral in osteoporotic women. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 17(12):1123–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costello, R. B., R. J. Elin, A. Rosanoff, T. C. Wallace, F. Guerrero-Romero, A. Hruby, P. L. Lutsey, F. H. Nielsen, M. Rodriguez-Moran, Y. Song, and L. V. Van Horn. 2016. Perspective: The case for an Evidence-Based reference interval for serum magnesium: the time has come. Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) 7(6):977–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crane, F. L. 2001. Biochemical functions of coenzyme Q10. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20(6):591–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha, A. R., J. D’El-Rei, F. Medeiros, B. Umbelino, W. Oigman, R. M. Touyz, and M. F. Neves. 2017. Oral magnesium supplementation improves endothelial function and attenuates subclinical atherosclerosis in thiazide-treated hypertensive women. Journal of Hypertension 35(1):89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dado, D. N., E. B. Loesch, and S. P. Jaganathan. 2017. A case of severe iron deficiency anemia associated with long-term proton pump inhibitor use. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 84:1–3. doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2017.01.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dali-Youcef, N., and E. Andres. 2009. An update on cobalamin deficiency in adults. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 102(1):17–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Baaij, J. H., J. G. Hoenderop, and R. J. Bindels. 2015. Magnesium in man: Implications for health and disease. Physiological Reviews 95(1):1–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jager, J.,. A. Kooy, P. Lehert, M. G. Wulffelé, J. van der Kolk, D. Bets, J. Verburg, A. J. Donker, and C. D. Stehouwer. 2010. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: Randomised placebo controlled trial. B.M.J 340(may19 4):c2181. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deichmann, R., C. Lavie, and S. Andrews. 2010. Coenzyme q10 and statin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Ochsner Journal 10(1):16–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dharmarajan, T. S., M. R. Kanagala, P. Murakonda, A. S. Lebelt, and E. P. Norkus. 2008. Do acid-lowering agents affect vitamin B12 status in older adults? Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 9(3):162–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durlach, J. 1989. Recommended dietary amounts of magnesium: Mg RDA. Magnesium Research 2(3):195–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dwyer, L. L., B. Han, D. A. Woodwell, and E. A. Rechtsteiner. 2010. Polypharmacy in nursing home residents in the United States: Results of the 2004 national nursing home survey. The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy 8(1):63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyckner, T., and P. O. Wester. 1981. Effects of magnesium infusions in diuretic induced hyponatraemia. Lancet (London, England) 1(8220 Pt 1):585–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economic and Financial Affairs. 2017. Underlying assumptions and projection methodologies. Institutional paper 065. European Commission November 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, C. J., and R. Scott. 2003. Statins and coenzyme Q10. Lancet (London, England) 361(9363):1134–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, M., S. McGrath, and F. Law. 2006. Proton-pump inhibitors and hypomagnesemic hypoparathyroidism. The New England Journal of Medicine 355(17):1834–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernster, L., and P. Forsmark-Andrée. 1993. Ubiquinol: an endogenous antioxidant in aerobic organisms. The Clinical Investigator 71(8 Suppl):S60–S5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Famularo, G., L. Gasbarrone, and G. Minisola. 2013. Hypomagnesemia and proton-pump inhibitors. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 12(5):709–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedacko, J., D. Pella, P. Fedackova, O. Hänninen, P. Tuomainen, P. Jarcuska, T. Lopuchovsky, L. Jedlickova, L. Merkovska, and G. P. Littarru. 2013. Coenzyme Q(10) and selenium in statin-associated myopathy treatment. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 91(2):165–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festen, H. P. 1991. Intrinsic factor secretion and cobalamin absorption. Physiology and pathophysiology in the gastrointestinal tract. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 26Suppl. (sup188):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Florentin, M., and M. S. Elisaf. 2012. Proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia: a new challenge. World Journal of Nephrology 1(6):151–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flores, S. E., A. Aitchison, A. S. Day, and J. I. Keenan. 2017. Helicobacter pylori infection perturbs iron homeostasis in gastric epithelial cells. PLoS One 12(9):e0184026. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkers, K., P. Langsjoen, R. Willis, P. Richardson, L. J. Xia, C. Q. Ye, and H. Tamagawa. 1990. Lovastatin decreases coenzyme Q levels in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87(22):8931–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frei, B., M. C. Kim, and B. N. Ames. 1990. Ubiquinol-10 is an effective lipid-soluble antioxidant at physiological concentrations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87(12):4879–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghirlanda, G.,. A. Oradei, A. Manto, S. Lippa, L. Uccioli, S. Caputo, A. V. Greco, and G. P. Littarru. 1993. Evidence of plasma CoQ10-lowering effect by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33(3):226–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glueck, C. J., K. Lee, M. Prince, A. Milgrom, F. Makadia, and P. Wang. 2017. Low serum vitamin D, statin associated muscle symptoms, vitamin D supplementation. Atherosclerosis 256:125–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glueck, C. J., S. B. Budhani, S. S. Masineni, C. Abuchaibe, N. Khan, P. Wang, and N. Goldenberg. 2011. Vitamin D deficiency, myositis-myalgia, and reversible statin intolerance. Current Medical Research and Opinion 27(9):1683–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gommers, L. M., J. G. Hoenderop, R. J. Bindels, and J. H. de Baaij. 2016. Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes: A vicious circle? Diabetes 65(1):3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gröber, U. 2006. Interactions between drugs and micronutrients. Medizinische Monatsschrift für Pharmazeuten 29(1):26–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gröber, U. 2009. Micronutrients: Metabolic tuning - prevention - therapy. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions 24:331. doi:10.1515/DMDI.2009.24.2-4.331.
   Google Scholar
• Gröber, U. 2010. Interactions between drugs and micronutrients. Trace Elements and Electrolytes 27(01):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gröber, U., J. Reichrath, and M. F. Holick. 2015. Live longer with vitamin D? Nutrients 7(3):1871–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gröber, U., J. Schmidt, and K. Kisters. 2015. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients 7(9):8199–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gröber, U., J. Spitz, J. Reichrath, K. Kisters, and M. F. Holick. 2013. Vitamin D. Update 2013. From rickets prophylaxis to general healthcare. Dermatoendocrinology 5(3):331–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gröber, U., K. Kisters, and J. Schmidt. 2013. Neuroenhancement with vitamin B12-underestimated neurological significance. Nutrients 5(12):5031–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gröber, U., P. Holzhauer, K. Kisters, M. F. Holick, and I. A. Adamietz. 2016. Micronutrients in oncological intervention. Nutrients 8(3):163. pii: E163. doi:10.3390/nu8030163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grünler, J., J. Ericsson, and G. Dallner. 1994. Branch-point reactions in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, dolichol, ubiquinone and prenylated proteins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1212(3):259–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez-Mariscal, F. M., E. M. Yubero-Serrano, J. M. Villalba, and J. Lopez-Miranda. 2018. Coenzyme Q10: From bench to clinic in aging diseases, a translational review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 1–18. doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1442316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, M., T. B. Dondo, A. T. Yan, M. A. Mamas, A. D. Timmis, J. E. Deanfield, T. Jernberg, H. Hemingway, K. A. A. Fox, and C. P. Gale. 2018. Multimorbidity and survival for patients with acute myocardial infarction in England and Wales: Latent class analysis of a nationwide population-based cohort. Plos Medicine 15(3):e1002501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, B. 2010. Vitamin D and human skeletal muscle. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 20(2):182–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harugeri, A., J. Joseph, G. Parthasarathi, M. Ramesh, and S. Guido. 2010. Prescribing patterns and predictors of high-level polypharmacy in the elderly population: a prospective surveillance study from two teaching hospitals in India. The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy 8(3):271–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henzel, J. H., M. S. DeWeese, and G. Ridenhour. 1967. Significance of magnesium and zinc metabolism in the surgical patient. I. Magnesium. Archives of Surgery 95(6):974–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hernández-Camacho, J. D., M. Bernier, G. López-Lluch, and P. Navas. 2018. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in aging and disease. Frontiers in Physiology 9:44. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann, W., R. Obeid, H. Schorr, and J. Geisel. 2003. Functional vitamin B12 deficiency and determination of holotranscobalamin in populations at risk. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (11) 41:1478–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershko, C., and A. Ronson. 2009. Iron deficiency, helicobacter infection and gastritis. Acta Haematologica 122 (2-3):97–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, M. W., J. H. de Baaij, M. M. Broekman, T. M. Bisseling, B. J. Haarhuis, A. C. Tan, R. H. Te Morsche, J. G. Hoenderop, R. J. Bindels, and J. P. Drenth. 2017. Common single nucleotide polymorphisms in transient receptor potential melastatin type 6 increase the risk for proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia: A case-control study. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics 27(3):83–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofer-Dückelmann, C. 2012. Gender and polypharmacotherapy in the elderly: A clinical challenge. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (214):169–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holick, M. F. 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. The New England Journal of Medicine 357(3):266–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick, M. F. 2009. Vitamin D: the other steroid hormone for muscle function and strength. Menopause (New York, N.Y.) 16(6):1077–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai, R., T. Higuchi, M. Morimoto, R. Koyamada, and S. Okada. 2018. Iron deficiency anemia due to the long-term use of a proton pump inhibitor. Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 57(6):899–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal, K., N. Islam, I. Azam, and N. Mehboobali. 2018. Iqbal MP. Lack of association of statin use with vitamin D levels in a hospital based population of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 34(1):204–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito, T., and R. T. Jensen. 2010. Association of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy with bone fractures and effects on absorption of calcium, vitamin B12, iron, and magnesium. Current Gastroenterology Reports 12(6):448–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobson, T. A., A. Khan, K. C. Maki, E. A. Brinton, and J. D. Cohen. 2018. Provider recommendations for patient-reported muscle symptoms on statin therapy: Insights from the understanding statin use in America and gaps in patient education survey. Journal of Clinical Lipidology 12(1):78–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jetty, V., C. J. Glueck, P. Wang, P. Shah, M. Prince, K. Lee, M. Goldenberg, and A. Kumar. 2016. Safety of 50,000–100,000 units of vitamin D3/week in vitamin D-Deficient, hypercholesterolemic patients with reversible statin intolerance. North American Journal of Medical Sciences 8(3):156–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K., Kaptan, C. Beyan, A. U. Ural, T. Cetin, F. Avcu, M. Gülşen, R. Finci, and A. Yalçín. 2000. Helicobacter pylori-is it a novel causative agent in Vitamin B12 deficiency? Archives of Internal Medicine 160(9):1349–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khayznikov, M., K. Hemachrandra, R. Pandit, A. Kumar, P. Wang, and C. J. Glueck. 2015. Statin intolerance because of myalgia, myositis, myopathy, or myonecrosis can in most cases be safely resolved by vitamin D supplementation. North American Journal of Medical Sciences 7(3):86–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kisters, K., and U. Gröber. 2013. Lowered magnesium in hypertension. Hypertension 62(4):e19. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowler, W. C., E. Barrett-Connor, S. E. Fowler, R. F. Hamman, J. M. Lachin, E. A. Walker, and D. M. Nathan. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 2002. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. The New England Journal of Medicine 346(6):393–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhrle, J. 2015. Selenium and the thyroid. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity 22(5):392–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K.,. D. R. Wood, and J. F. Hanley. 1987. The value of serum magnesium determination in hypertensive patients receiving diuretics. Archives of Internal Medicine 147(9):1553–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurnik, D., I. Hochman, J. Vesterman-Landes, T. Kenig, I. Katzir, Y. Lomnicky, H. Halkin, and R. Loebstein. 2012. Muscle pain and serum creatine kinase are not associated with low serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels in patients receiving statins. Clinical Endocrinology 77(1):36–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvasz, M., I. E. Allen, M. J. Gordon, E. Y. Ro, R. Estok, I. Olkin, and S. D. Ross. 2000. Adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: A critique of a meta-analysis. Medgenmed: Medscape General Medicine 2(2):E3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Labenz, J., B. Tillenburg, U. Peitz, J. P. Idström, E. F. Verdú, M. Stolte, G. Börsch, and A. L. Blum. 1996. Helicobacter pylori augments the pH-increasing effect of omeprazole in patients with duodenal ulcer. Gastroenterology 110(3):725–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, J. R., J. L. Schneider, C. P. Quesenberry, and D. A. Corley. 2017. Proton pump inhibitor and histamine-2 receptor antagonist use and iron deficiency. Gastroenterology 152(4):821–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, J. R., J. L. Schneider, W. Zhao, and D. A. Corley. Proton pump inhibitor and histamine 2 receptor antagonist use and vitamin B12 deficiency. JAMA 2013. 310(22):2435–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamperti, C., A. B. Naini, V. Lucchini, A. Prelle, N. Bresolin, M. Moggio, M. Sciacco, P. Kaufmann, and S. DiMauro. 2005. Muscle coenzyme Q10 level in statin-related myopathy. Archives of Neurology 62(11):1709–12. Nov
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazarou, J., B. H. Pomeranz, and P. N. Corey. 1998. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: A META-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 279(15):1200–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemon, T. I. 2013. Proton pump inhibitors and hypomagnesemia monitoring. International Journal of General Medicine 6:675. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S51547.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindenbaum, J., D. G. Savage, S. P. Stabler, and R. H. Allen. 1990. Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency: II. Relative sensitivities of serum cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and total homocysteine concentrations. American Journal of Hematology 34(2):99–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindenbaum, J., I. H. Rosenberg, P. W. Wilson, S. P. Stabler, and R. H. Allen. Prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in the Framingham elderly population. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994. 60(1):2–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder, L., C. Tamboue, and J. N. Clements. 2017. Drug-Induced vitamin B12 deficiency: A focus on proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 Antagonists. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30(6):639–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littarru, G. P., and P. Langsjoen. 2007. Coenzyme Q10 and statins: biochemical and clinical implications. Mitochondrion 7(Suppl):S168–S74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Littlefield, N., R. L. Beckstrand, and K. E. Luthy. 2014. Statins' effect on plasma levels of coenzyme Q10 and improvement in myopathy with supplementation. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners 26(2):85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Q., S. Li, H. Quan, and J. Li. 2014. Vitamin B12 status in metformin treated patients: systematic review. PLoS One 9(6):e100379. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, A. N., C. L. Atwell, W. Yoo, and S. S. Solomon. 2012. Vitamin B(12) deficiency associated with concomitant metformin and proton pump inhibitor use. Diabetes Care 35(12):e84. doi:10.2337/dc12-0980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luk, C. P., R. Parsons, Y. P. Lee, and J. D. Hughes. 2013. Proton pump inhibitor-associated hypomagnesemia: what do FDA data tell us? Annals of Pharmacotherapy 47(6):773–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mabuchi, H., T. Higashikata, M. Kawashiri, S. Katsuda, M. Mizuno, A. Nohara, A. Inazu, J. Koizumi, and J. Kobayashi. 2005. Reduction of serum ubiquinol-10 and ubiquinone-10 levels by atorvastatin in hypercholesterolemic patients. Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 12(2):111–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes, M. L., D. R. Fixen, and S. A. Linnebur. 2017. Adverse effects of proton-pump inhibitor use in older adults: A review of the evidence. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 8(9):273–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malini, P. L., E. Strocchi, G. Valtancoli, and E. Ambrosioni. 1990. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, thiazide diuretics and magnesium balance. A preliminary study. Magnesium Research 3(3):193–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malon, A., C. Brockmann, J. Fijalkowska-Morawska, P. Rob, and M. Maj-Zurawska. 2004. Ionized magnesium in erythrocytes-the best magnesium parameter to observe hypo- or hypermagnesemia. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 349(1-2):67–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcoff, L., and P. D. Thompson. 2007. The role of coenzyme Q10 in statin-associated myopathy. A systematic review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 49(23):2231–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcuard, S. P., L. Albernaz, and P. G. Khazanie. 1994. Omeprazole therapy causes malabsorption of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12). Annals of Internal Medicine 120(3):211–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, B. J., and K. Milligan. 1987. Diuretic-associated hypomagnesemia in the elderly. Archives of Internal Medicine 147(10):1768–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mas, E., and T. A. Mori. 2010. Coenzyme Q(10) and statin myalgia: What is the evidence? Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12(6):407–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenney, J. M. 2003. Pharmacologic characteristics of statins. Clinical Cardiology 26(4 Suppl 3):III32–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalska-Kasiczak, M.,. A. Sahebkar, D. P. Mikhailidis, J. Rysz, P. Muntner, P. P. Toth, S. R. Jones, M. Rizzo, G. Kees Hovingh, M. Farnier, Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration (LBPMC) Group, et al. 2015. Analysis of vitamin D levels in patients with and without statin-associated myalgia - A systematic review and Meta-analysis of 7 studies with 2420 patients. International Journal of Cardiology 178:111–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miguel, A., L. F. Azevedo, M. Araújo, and A. C. Pereira. 2012. Frequency of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 21(11):1139–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosmann, B., and C. Behl. 2004. Selenoprotein synthesis and side-effects of statins. Lancet (London, England) 363(9412):892–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, M. S., P. F. Jacques, I. H. Rosenberg, and J. Selhub. 2002. Elevated serum methylmalonic acid concentrations are common among elderly Americans. The Journal of Nutrition 132(9):2799–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, J. T., C. T. Longenecker, A. Mittelsteadt, Y. Jiang, S. M. Debanne, and G. A. McComsey. 2016. Effect of rosuvastatin on plasma coenzyme Q10 in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. HIV Clinical Trials 17(4):140–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhsen, K., and D. Cohen. 2008. Helicobacter pylori infection and iron stores: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Helicobacter 13(5):323–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazanin Abbaspour, N., R. Hurrell, and R. Kelishadi. 2014. Review on iron and its importance for human health. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 19(2):164–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehra, A. K., J. A. Alexander, C. G. Loftus, and V. Nehra. Proton pump inhibitors: Review of emerging concerns. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2018. 93(2):240–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obeid, R., H. Schorr, R. Eckert, and W. Herrmann. Vitamin B12 status in the elderly as judged by available biochemical markers. Clinical Chemistry 2004. 50(1):238–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Othman, F., C. J. Crooks, and T. R. Card. The risk of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with pernicious anaemia: A retrospective cohort study using primary care database. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2017. 5(7):959–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Out, M., A. Kooy, P. Lehert, C. A. Schalkwijk, and C. D. A. Stehouwer. 2018. Long-term treatment with metformin in type 2 diabetes and methylmalonic acid: Post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled 4.3year trial. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications 32(2):171–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamaner Subash Shantha, G., J. Ramos, L. Thomas-Hemak, and S. B. Pancholy. 2014. Association of vitamin D and incident statin induced myalgia-a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 9(2):e88877. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolisso, G., A. Scheen, F. D'Onofrio, and P. Lefèbvre. 1990. Magnesium and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia 33(9):511–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry-Strong, A., F. Langdana, S. Haeusler, M. Weatherall, and J. Krebs. 2016. Sublingual vitamin B12 compared to intramuscular injection in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin: a randomised trial. The New Zealand Medical Journal 129(1436):67–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons, C., Johnston, S. Mathie, E. Baron, N. Machen, I. Amador, S. Goodman. and C. Potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people with dementia in care homes: A retrospective analysis. Drugs Aging 2012. 29(2):143–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereda, C. A., and M. B. Nishishinya. 2016. Is there really a relationship between serum vitamin D (25OHD) levels and the musculoskeletal pain associated with statin intake? A systematic review. Reumatología Clínica 12(6):331–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Péter, S., Eggersdorfer, M. van Asselt, D. Buskens, E. Detzel, P. Freijer, K. Koletzko, B. Kraemer, K. Kuipers, F. Neufeld, L., et al. 2014. Selected nutrients and their implications for health and disease across the lifespan: a roadmap. Nutrients 6(12):6076–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri, M., P. Cumber, L. Grimes, D. Treby, R. Bryant, D. Rawlins, and H. Ising. 1986. The metabolic effects of thiazide therapy in the elderly: a population study. Age and Ageing 15(3):151–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourmoghaddas, M., M. Rabbani, J. Shahabi, M. Garakyaraghi, R. Khanjani, and P. Hedayat. 2014. Combination of atorvastatin/coenzyme Q10 as adjunctive treatment in congestive heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. ARYA Atheroscler 10(1):1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puth, M. T., M. Klaschik, M. Schmid, K. Weckbecker, and E. Münster. 2018. Prevalence and comorbidity of osteoporosis-a cross-sectional analysis on 10,660 adults aged 50 years and older in Germany. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 19(1):144. doi:10.1186/s12891-018-2060-2064.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qorraj-Bytyqi, H., R. Hoxha, S. Sadiku, I. H. Bajraktari, M. Sopjani, K. Thaçi, S. Thaçi, and E. Bahtiri. 2018. Proton pump inhibitors intake and iron and vitamin B12 status: A prospective comparative study with a follow up of 12 months. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6(3):442–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramachandran, R., and A. S. Wierzbicki. 2017. Statins, muscle disease and mitochondria. Journal of Clinical Medicine 6(8):75. pii:doi:10.3390/jcm6080075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayman, M. P. 2012. Selenium and human health. Lancet (London, England) 379(9822):1256–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhart, R. A. 1988. Magnesium metabolism. A review with special reference to the relationship between intracellular content and serum levels. Archives of Internal Medicine 148(11):2415–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rojas, L. B., and M. B. Gomes. 2013. Metformin: an old but still the best treatment for type 2 diabetes. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 5(1):6. doi:10.1186/1758-5996-5-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roush, G. C., and D. A. Sica. 2016. Diuretics for hypertension: a review and update. American Journal of Hypertension 29(10):1130–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rude, R. K., M. E. Kirchen, H. E. Gruber, A. A. Stasky, and M. H. Meyer. 1998. Clinical manifestations of magnesium deficiency. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism 24(5):314–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sagar, M., I. Janczewska, A. Ljungdahl, L. Bertilsson, and R. Seensalu. 1999. Effect of CYP2C19 polymorphism on serum levels of vitamin B12 in patients on long-term omeprazole treatment. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 13:453–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltzman, J. R., J. A. Kemp, B. B. Golner, M. C. Pedrosa, G. E. Dallal, and R. M. Russell. Effect of hypochlorhydria due to omeprazole treatment or atrophic gastritis on protein-bound vitamin B12 absorption. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1994. 13(6):584–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarzynski, E., C. Puttarajappa, Y. Xie, M. Grover, and H. Laird-Fick. 2011. Association between proton pump inhibitor use and anemia: a retrospective cohort study. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 56(8):2349–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, Y., K. Ouchi, Y. Funase, K. Yamauchi, and T. Aizawa. 2013. Relationship between metformin use, vitamin B12 deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrine Journal 60(12):1275–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savage, D. G., J. Lindenbaum, S. P. Stabler, and R. H. Allen. 1994. Sensitivity of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine determinations for diagnosing cobalamin and folate deficiencies. The American Journal of Medicine 96(3):239–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schade, S. G., R. J. Cohen, and M. E. Conrad. 1968. Effect of hydrochloric acid on iron absorption. The New England Journal of Medicine 279(13):672–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz, S. N., and R. J. Weber. 2015. Adverse drug reactions. PSAP 8:5–26.
   Google Scholar
• Schenk, B. E., E. J. Kuipers, E. C. Klinkenberg-Knol, E. C. Bloemena, M. Sandell, G. F. Nelis, P. Snel, H. P. Festen, and S. G. Meuwissen. 1999. Atrophic gastritis during long-term omeprazole therapy affects serum vitamin B12 levels. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 13(10):1343–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schenk, B. E., H. P. Festen, E. J. Kuipers, E. C. Klinkenberg-Knol, and S. G. Meuwissen. Effect of short- and long-term treatment with omeprazole on the absorption and serum levels of cobalamin. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1996. 10(4):541–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimatschek, H. F., and R. Rempis. 2001. Prevalence of hypomagnesemia in an unselected german population of 16,000 individuals. Magnesium Research 14(4):283–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, I., T. Greupner, and A. Hahn. 2017. Magnesium bioavailability from mineral waters with different mineralization levels in comparison to bread and a supplement. Food & Nutrition Research 61(1):1384686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schomburg, L. 2016. Dietary selenium and human health. Nutrients 9(1):22. pii:doi:10.3390/nu9010022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEARCH Collaborative Group. 2008. SLCO1B1 variants and statin-induced myopathy – A genome wide study. The New England Journal of Medicine 359:789–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seelig, C. B. 1990. Magnesium deficiency in two hypertensive patient groups. Southern Medical Journal 83(7):739–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanahan, C., and R. de Lorimier. 2013. Smart prevention—health care cost savings resulting from the targeted use of dietary supplements. Mountain View, CA: Frost & Sullivan, pp. 1–125.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, B., M. V. Swinden, E. T. Ghogomu, Z. Ortiz, W. Katchamart, T. Rader, C. Bombardier, G. A. Wells, and P. Tugwell. 2014. Folic acid and folinic acid for reducing side effects in patients receiving methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of Rheumatology 41(6):1049–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, L., B. R. Shah, E. M. Reyes, L. Thomas, D. Wojdyla, P. Diem, L. A. Leiter, B. Charbonnel, V. Mareev, E. S. Horton., et al. 2013. Role of diuretics, β blockers, and statins in increasing the risk of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: reanalysis of data from the NAVIGATOR study. BMJ 347(dec09 7):f6745. doi:10.1136/bmj.f6745.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eschmann, E., P. E. Beeler, V. Kaplan, M. Schneemann, G. Zünd, and J. Blaser. 2014. Patient- and physician-related risk factors for hyperkalaemia in potassium-increasing drug-drug interactions. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 70(2):215–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín-Pérez, M., A. Ruigómez, A. Michel, and L. A. García Rodríguez. 2016. Impact of hyperkalaemia definition on incidence assessment: Implications for epidemiological research based on a large cohort study in newly diagnosed heart failure patients in primary care. BMC Family Practice 17:51. doi: 10.1186/s12875-016-0448-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarlovnik, A., M. Janić, M. Lunder, M. Turk, and M. Šabovič. 2014. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation decreases statin-related mild-to-moderate muscle symptoms: A randomized clinical study. Medical Science Monitor 20:2183–8. doi:10.12659/MSM.890777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. D., M. J. Warren, and H. Refsum. 2018. Vitamin B12. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research 83:215–79. doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2017.11.005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smithburger, P. L., M. S. Buckley, M. A. Culver, S. Sokol, I. Lat, S. M. Handler, L. Kirisci, and S. L. Kane-Gill. 2015. A multicenter evaluation of off-Label Medication use and associated adverse drug reactions in adult medical ICUs. Critical Care Medicine 43(8):1612–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroes, E. S., P. D. Thompson, A. Corsini, G. D. Vladutiu, F. J. Raal, K. K. Ray, M. Roden, E. Stein, L. Tokgözoğlu, B. G. Nordestgaard, European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel., et al. 2015. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European atherosclerosis society consensus panel statement on assessment, aetiology and management. European Heart Journal 36(17):1012–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takaya, J., H. Higashino, and Y. Kobayashi. 2004. Intracellular magnesium and insulin resistance. Magnesium Research 17(2):126–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura, T., T. Sakaeda, K. Kadoyama, and Y. Okuno. 2012. Omeprazole- and esomeprazole-associated hypomagnesaemia: data mining of the public version of the FDA adverse event reporting system. International Journal of Medical Sciences 9(5):322–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, B. A. 2018. Does coenzyme Q10 supplementation mitigate Statin-Associated muscle symptoms? pharmacological and methodological considerations. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs 18(2):75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, B. A., L. Lorson, C. M. White, and P. D. Thompson. 2015. A randomized trial of coenzyme Q10 in patients with confirmed statin myopathy. Atherosclerosis 238(2):329–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, D. W., R. F. Hinchliffe, C. Briggs, I. C. Macdougall, T. Littlewood, I. Cavill, British committee for standards in haematology. 2013. Guideline for the laboratory diagnosis of functional iron deficiency. British Journal of Haematology 161(5):639–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, P. D. 2016. What to believe and do about Statin-Associated adverse effects. J.A.M.A 316(19):1969–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting, R. Z., C. C. Szeto, M. H. Chan, K. K. Ma, and K. M. Chow. 2006. Risk factors of vitamin B(12) deficiency in patients receiving metformin. Archives of Internal Medicine 166(18):1975–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Touitou, Y., J. P. Godard, O. Ferment, C. Chastang, J. Proust, A. Bogdan, A. Auzéby, and C. Touitou. 1987. Prevalence of magnesium and potassium deficiencies in the elderly. Clinical Chemistry 33(4):518–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricarico, P. M., S. Crovella, and F. Celsi. 2015. Mevalonate pathway blockade, mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy: a possible link. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16(7):16067–160184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troxler, H., M. Hersberger, and M. Baumgartner. 2008. Methylmalonsäure zur bestimmung des vitamin B12-mangels. Schweiz Med Forum 8:823–5. in German.
   Google Scholar
• Valiyaveettil, A. N., A. Hamide, Z. Bobby, and R. Krishnan. 2005. Effect of anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy on outcome of iron-deficiency anemia: a randomized, controlled study. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology 24(4):155–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valuck, R. J., and J. M. Ruscin. 2004. A case-control study on adverse effects: H2 blocker or proton pump inhibitor use and risk of vitamin B12 deficiency in older adults. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 57(4):422–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal-Alaball, J., C. C. Butler, R. Cannings-John, A. Goringe, K. Hood, A. McCaddon, I. McDowell, and A. Papaioannou. 2005. Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3):CD004655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vormann, J. 2003. Magnesium: nutrition and metabolism. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 24(1-3):27–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrmann, W., R. Obeid, H. Schorr, and J. Geisel. The usefulness of holotranscobalamin in predicting vitamin B12 status in different clinical settings. Current Drug Metabolism (1) 2005. 6:47–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wacker, M., and M. F. Holick. 2013. Vitamin D—effects on skeletal and extraskeletal health and the need for supplementation. Nutrients 5(1):111–48. doi:10.3390/nu5010111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, T., S. D. O'Broin, S. Cooley, J. Donnelly, J. Kennedy, R. F. Harrison, C. McMahon, and M. Geary. 2011. Laboratory assessment of iron status in pregnancy. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 49(7):1225–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., L. Li, L. L. Qin, Y. Song, J. Vidal-Alaball, and T. H. Liu. 2018. Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3:CD004655. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004655.pub3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watts, G. F., C. Castelluccio, C. Rice-Evans, N. A. Taub, H. Baum, and P. J. Quinn. 1993. Plasma coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) concentrations in patients treated with simvastatin. Journal of Clinical Pathology 46(11):1055–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng, T. C., Y. H. Yang, S. J. Lin, and S. H. Tai. 2010. A systematic review and Meta-analysis on the therapeutic equivalence of statins. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 35(2):139–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whang, R., T. O. Oei, J. K. Aikawa, A. Watanabe, J. Vannatta, A. Fryer, and M. Markanich. 1984. Predictors of clinical hypomagnesemia. Hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, hyponatremia, and hypocalcemia. Archives of Internal Medicine 144(9):1794–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worwood, M. 1997. The laboratory assessment of iron status-an update. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 259(1-2):3–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, J. M., V. M. Musini, and R. Gill. 2018. First-line drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4:CD001841. doi:10.1002/14651858.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, Z., C. A. Camargo, Jr.; K. T. Khaw, D. Waayer, C. M. M. Lawes, L. Toop, and R. Scragg. 2018. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on adherence to and persistence with long-term statin therapy: Secondary analysis from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled ViDA study. Atherosclerosis 273:59–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulffele, M. G., A. Kooy, P. Lehert, D. Bets, J. C. Ogterop, B. Burg, A. J. M. Donker, and C. D. A. Stehouwer. 2003. Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Internal Medicine 254(5):455–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, L., T. Nordman, J. M. Olsson, A. Damdimopoulos, L. Björkhem-Bergman, I. Nalvarte, L. C. Eriksson, E. S. Arnér, G. Spyrou, and M. Björnstedt. 2003. The mammalian cytosolic selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase reduces ubiquinone. A novel mechanism for defense against oxidative stress. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278(4):2141–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., H. Zeng, and W. H. Cheng. 2018. Beneficial and paradoxical roles of selenium at nutritional levels of intake in healthspan and longevity. Free Radical Biology and Medicine pii: S0891-5849(18)30891-8. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q., S. Li, L. Li, Q. Li, K. Ren, X. Sun, and J. Li. 2016. Metformin treatment and homocysteine: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 8(12):798. pii:
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., S. Zhou, K. Pan, X. Li, X. Zhao, Y. Zhou, Y. Cui, and X. Liu. 2017. Potentially inappropriate medications in hospitalized older patients: A cross-sectional study using the beers 2015 criteria versus the 2012 criteria. Clinical Interventions in Aging 12:1697–703. doi:10.2147/CIA.S146009. eCollection 2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zofková, I., and R. L. Kancheva. 1995. The relationship between magnesium and calciotropic hormones. Magnesium Research 8(1):77–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar