932
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Application of probiotics in candidiasis management

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Ai, R., J. Wei, D. Ma, L. Jiang, H. Dan, Y. Zhou, N. Ji, X. Zeng, and Q. Chen. 2017. A meta-analysis of randomized trials assessing the effects of probiotic preparations on oral candidiasis in the elderly. Archives of Oral Biology 83:187–92. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.030.
  • Amižić, P., L. C. Ivana, L. Gavić, M. Radić, D. Biočina Lukenda, M. Tonkić, and I. Goić Barišić. 2017. Antimicrobial efficacy of probiotic-containing toothpastes: An in vitro evaluation. Medicinski Glasnik: Official Publication of the Medical Association of Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnia And Herzegovina 14 (1):139–44. doi: 10.17392/870-16.
  • Anukam, K. C., and G. Reid. 2008. Effects of metronidazole on growth of Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC 14018, probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and vaginal isolate Lactobacillus plantarum KCA. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 20 (1):48–52. doi: 10.1080/08910600701837964.
  • Anukam, K. C., E. Osazuwa, G. I. Osemene, F. Ehigiagbe, A. W. Bruce, and G. Reid. 2006. Clinical study comparing probiotic Lactobacillus GR-1 and RC-14 with metronidazole vaginal gel to treat symptomatic bacterial vaginosis. Microbes and Infection 8 (12–13):2772–6. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.08.008.
  • Anukam, K. C., M. U. Duru, C. C. Eze, J. Egharevba, A. Aiyebelehin, A. Bruce, and G. Reid. 2009. Oral use of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy to fluconazole in the treatment of yeast vaginitis: A study of Nigerian women in an outdoor clinic. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 21 (2):72–7. doi: 10.1080/08910600902907475.
  • Anukam, K., E. Osazuwa, I. Ahonkhai, M. Ngwu, G. Osemene, A. W. Bruce, and G. Reid. 2006. Augmentation of antimicrobial metronidazole therapy of bacterial vaginosis with oral probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Microbes and Infection 8 (6):1450–4. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.01.003.
  • Appel-da-Silva, M. C., G. A. Narvaez, L. R. R. Perez, L. Drehmer, and J. Lewgoy. 2017. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii fungemia following probiotic treatment. Medical Mycology Case Reports 18:15–7. doi: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2017.07.007.
  • Azad, M. A. K., M. Sarker, and D. Wan. 2018. Immunomodulatory effects of probiotics on cytokine profiles. Biomed Research International 2018:1–10. doi: 10.1155/2018/8063647.
  • Barrons, R., and D. Tassone. 2008. Use of Lactobacillus probiotics for bacterial genitourinary infections in women: A review. Clinical Therapeutics 30 (3):453–68. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.03.013.
  • Bassetti, M., E. Righi, F. Ansaldi, M. Merelli, C. Scarparo, M. Antonelli, J. Garnacho-Montero, A. Diaz-Martin, I. Palacios-Garcia, R. Luzzati, et al. 2015. A multicenter multinational study of abdominal candidiasis: Epidemiology, outcomes and predictors of mortality. Intensive Care Medicine 41 (9):1601–10. doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-3866-2.
  • Bassetti, M., M. Marchetti, A. Chakrabarti, S. Colizza, J. Garnacho-Montero, D. H. Kett, P. Munoz, et al. 2013. A research agenda on the management of intra-abdominal candidiasis: Results from a consensus of multinational experts. Intensive Care Medicine 39 (12):2092–106. doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3109-3.
  • Bay, L., C. J. Barnes, B. G. Fritz, J. Thorsen, M. E. M. Restrup, L. Rasmussen, J. K. Sørensen, A. B. Hesselvig, A. Odgaard, A. J. Hansen, et al. 2020. Universal dermal microbiome in human skin. Edited by Jennifer M Bomberger. MBio 11 (1):e02945-19. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02945-19.
  • Bernini, L. J., A. N. C. Simão, C. H. B. de Souza, D. F. Alfieri, L. G. Segura, G. N. Costa, and I. Dichi. 2018. Effect of Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 on inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome. British Journal of Nutrition 120 (6):645–52. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518001861.
  • Brignardello-Petersen, R. 2020. Small trial with short duration does not provide evidence that probiotics reduce the risk of developing oral candidiasis in patients with Sjögren syndrome. Journal of the American Dental Association 151 (10):e92. doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.06.028.
  • Bustamante, M., B. D. Oomah, W. P. Oliveira, C. Burgos-Díaz, M. Rubilar, and C. Shene. 2019. Probiotics and prebiotics potential for the care of skin, female urogenital tract, and respiratory tract. Folia Microbiologica 65 (2):245–64. doi: 10.1007/s12223-019-00759-3.
  • Byrd, A. L., Y. Belkaid, and J. A. Segre. 2018. The human skin microbiome. Nature Reviews Microbiology 16 (3):143–55. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.157.
  • Cabana, M. D., M. McKean, A. B. Caughey, L. Fong, S. Lynch, A. Wong, R. Leong, H. A. Boushey, and J. F. Hilton. 2017. Early probiotic supplementation for eczema and asthma prevention: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 140 (3):e20163000. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-3000.
  • Charlet, R., Y. Pruvost, G. Tumba, F. Istel, D. Poulain, K. Kuchler, B. Sendid, and S. Jawhara. 2018. Remodeling of the Candida glabrata cell wall in the gastrointestinal tract affects the gut microbiota and the immune response. Scientific Reports 8 (1):3316. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21422-w.
  • Church, D., S. Elsayed, O. Reid, B. Winston, and R. Lindsay. 2006. Burn wound infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 19 (2):403–34. doi: 10.1128/CMR.19.2.403-434.2006.
  • Coman, M. M., M. C. Verdenelli, C. Cecchini, S. Silvi, C. Orpianesi, N. Boyko, and A. Cresci. 2014. In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501 ®, Lactobacillus paracasei IMC 502 ® and SYNBIO ® against pathogens. Journal of Applied Microbiology 117 (2):518–27. doi: 10.1111/jam.12544.
  • Cosseau, C., D. A. Devine, E. Dullaghan, J. L. Gardy, A. Chikatamarla, S. Gellatly, L. L. Yu, J. Pistolic, R. Falsafi, J. Tagg, et al. 2008. The commensal Streptococcus salivarius K12 downregulates the innate immune responses of human epithelial cells and promotes host-microbe homeostasis. Infection and Immunity 76 (9):4163–75. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00188-08.
  • Cuello-Garcia, C. A., J. L. Brozek, A. Fiocchi, R. Pawankar, J. J. Yepes-Nuñez, L. Terracciano, S. Gandhi, A. Agarwal, Y. Zhang, and H. J. Schünemann. 2015. Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 136 (4):952–61. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.031.
  • da Silva Dantas, A., K. K. Lee, I. Raziunaite, K. Schaefer, J. Wagener, B. Yadav, and N. A. Gow. 2016. Cell biology of Candida albicans–host interactions. Current Opinion in Microbiology 34:111–8. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.08.006.
  • Dang, D., W. Zhou, Z. J. Lun, X. Mu, D. X. Wang, and H. Wu. 2013. Meta-analysis of probiotics and/or prebiotics for the prevention of eczema. Journal of International Medical Research 41 (5):1426–36. doi: 10.1177/0300060513493692.
  • de Barros, P. P., L. Scorzoni, F. d C. Ribeiro, L. R. d O. Fugisaki, B. B. Fuchs, E. Mylonakis, A. O. C. Jorge, J. C. Junqueira, and R. D. Rossoni. 2018. Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 reduces in vitro hyphae formation of Candida albicans and prevents the filamentation in an experimental model of Caenorhabditis elegans. Microbial Pathogenesis 117:80–7. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.019.
  • De Sire, R., C. Talocco, V. Petito, L. R. Lopetuso, C. Graziani, A. Gasbarrini, and F. Scaldaferri. 2018. [Microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease: An update]. Recenti Progressi in Medicina 109 (12):570–3.
  • Deidda, F., A. Amoruso, S. Allesina, M. Pane, T. Graziano, M. Del Piano, and L. Mogna. 2016. In vitro activity of Lactobacillus fermentum LF5 against different Candida species and Gardnerella vaginalis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 50 (Suppl 2):S168–S170. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000692.
  • Demirel, G., I. H. Celik, O. Erdeve, S. Saygan, U. Dilmen, and F. E. Canpolat. 2013. Prophylactic Saccharomyces boulardii versus nystatin for the prevention of fungal colonization and invasive fungal infection in premature infants. European Journal of Pediatrics 172 (10):1321–6. doi: 10.1007/s00431-013-2041-4.
  • Dhandha, M. M. 2020. Skin infections and outpatient burn management: Skin infections in patients with diabetes. FP Essentials 489:21–6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31995351/.
  • Donders, G. G., K. Van Calsteren, G. Bellen, R. Reybrouck, T. Van Den Bosch, I. Riphagen, and S. Van Lierde. 2009. Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 116 (10):1315–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02237.x.
  • Dupont, H., P.-B. Catherine, M.-S. Claudette, F. Lisiane, C. Denis, J. P. Marmuse, M. Jean, J. M. Desmonts, and J. S. Solomkin. 2002. Predictive factors of mortality due to polymicrobial peritonitis with Candida isolation in peritoneal fluid in critically III patients. Archives of Surgery 137 (12):1341. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.137.12.1341.
  • Dyachenko, A., Y. Vasiliev, and P. Dyachenko. 2019. Effect of probiotics on altered gut microflora in patients with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Wiadomości lekarskie 72 (12 cz 1):2354–2360. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32124753/.
  • Elvan, M., A. H. Baysal, and S. T. Harsa. 2021. Developing a functional lozenge with microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus pentosus to improve oral and dental health. Food Bioscience 40:100883. doi: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100883.
  • Emre, I. E., Y. Eroğlu, A. Kara, E. C. Dinleyici, and M. Özen. 2020. The effect of probiotics on prevention of upper respiratory tract infections in the paediatric community – A systematic review. Beneficial Microbes 11 (3):201–11. doi: 10.3920/BM2019.0119.
  • Er, S., A. İstanbullu Tosun, G. Arik, and M. Kivanç. 2019. Anticandidal activities of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the vagina. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences 49 (1):375–83. doi: 10.3906/sag-1709-143.
  • Fuchs-Tarlovsky, V., M. F. Marquez-Barba, and K. Sriram. 2016. Probiotics in dermatologic practice. Nutrition 32 (3):289–95. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.09.001.
  • Gabrielli, E., E. Pericolini, N. Ballet, E. Roselletti, S. Sabbatini, P. Mosci, A. Cayzeele Decherf, et al. 2018. Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based probiotic as novel anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory agent for therapy of vaginal candidiasis. Beneficial Microbes 9 (2):219–30. doi: 10.3920/BM2017.0099.
  • Gagliardi, A., V. Totino, F. Cacciotti, V. Iebba, B. Neroni, G. Bonfiglio, M. Trancassini, C. Passariello, F. Pantanella, and S. Schippa. 2018. Rebuilding the gut microbiota ecosystem. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (8):1679. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15081679.
  • Gueniche, A., B. Jalil, B. Stephanie, B. Lionel, and C. Isabelle. 2009. Probiotics for skin benefits. Nutritional Cosmetics :421–39.
  • Hatakka, K., A. J. Ahola, H. Yli-Knuuttila, M. Richardson, T. Poussa, J. H. Meurman, and R. Korpela. 2007. Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral candida in the elderly – A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Dental Research 86 (2):125–30. doi: 10.1177/154405910708600204.
  • Hayama, K., S. Ishijima, Y. Ono, T. Izumo, M. Ida, H. Shibata, and S. Abe. 2014. Protective activity of S-PT84, a heat-killed preparation of Lactobacillus pentosus, against oral and gastric candidiasis in an experimental murine model. Japanese Journal of Medical Mycology 55 (3):J123–J129. doi: 10.3314/mmj.55.j123.
  • Hill, C., F. Guarner, G. Reid, G. R. Gibson, D. J. Merenstein, B. Pot, L. Morelli, R. Berni Canani, H. J. Flint, S. Salminen, et al. 2014. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 11 (8):506–14. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66.
  • Hu, L., M. Zhou, A. Young, W. Zhao, and Z. Yan. 2019. In vivo effectiveness and safety of probiotics on prophylaxis and treatment of oral candidiasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 19 (1):1–12. doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0841-2.
  • Hu, L., Q. Mao, P. Zhou, X. Lv, H. Hua, and Z. Yan. 2019. Effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 with nystatin on oral candidiasis—RCT. Oral Diseases 25 (6):1573–80. doi: 10.1111/odi.13142.
  • Ishijima, S. A., K. Hayama, J. P. Burton, G. Reid, M. Okada, Y. Matsushita, and S. Abe. 2012. Effect of Streptococcus salivarius K12 on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans and its protective effect in an oral candidiasis model. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78 (7):2190–9. doi: 10.1128/AEM.07055-11.
  • Ishikawa, K. H., M. P. A. Mayer, T. Y. Miyazima, V. H. Matsubara, E. G. Silva, C. R. Paula, T. T. Campos, and A. E. M. Nakamae. 2015. A multispecies probiotic reduces oral candida colonization in denture wearers. Journal of Prosthodontics 24 (3):194–9. doi: 10.1111/jopr.12198.
  • James, K. M., K. W. MacDonald, R. M. Chanyi, P. A. Cadieux, and J. P. Burton. 2016. Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation and modulation of gene expression by probiotic cells and supernatant. Journal of Medical Microbiology 65 (4):328–36. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000226.
  • Jørgensen, M. R., C. Kragelund, P. Ø. Jensen, M. K. Keller, and S. Twetman. 2017. Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri has antifungal effects on oral Candida species in vitro. Journal of Oral Microbiology 9 (1):1274582. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2016.1274582.
  • Jørgensen, M. R., Thestrup Rikvold, P. M. Lichtenberg, P. Østrup Jensen, C. Kragelund, and S. Twetman. 2020. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains of oral and vaginal origin show strong antifungal activity in vitro. Journal of Oral Microbiology 12 (1):1832832. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1832832.
  • Jung, G. W., J. E. Tse, I. Guiha, and J. Rao. 2013. Prospective, randomized, open-label trial comparing the safety, efficacy, and tolerability of an acne treatment regimen with and without a probiotic supplement and minocycline in subjects with mild to moderate acne. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 17 (2):114–22. doi: 10.2310/7750.2012.12026.
  • Kadam, S., S. Shai, A. Shahane, and K. S. Kaushik. 2019. Recent advances in non-conventional antimicrobial approaches for chronic wound biofilms: Have we found the ‘chink in the armor’? Biomedicines 7 (2):35. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines7020035.
  • Kamal, Y., M. Kandil, M. Eissa, R. Yousef, and B. Elsaadany. 2020. Probiotics as a prophylaxis to prevent oral candidiasis in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Rheumatology International 40 (6):873–9. doi: 10.1007/s00296-020-04558-9.
  • Kim, J., Y. Ko, Y. K. Park, N. I. Kim, W. K. Ha, and Y. Cho. 2010. Dietary effect of lactoferrin-enriched fermented milk on skin surface lipid and clinical improvement of acne vulgaris. Nutrition 26 (9):902–9. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.05.011.
  • Kirchner, F. R., K. Littringer, S. Altmeier, T. Tran Van Du, F. Schönherr, C. Lemberg, M. Pagni, D. Sanglard, N. Joller, and S. LeibundGut-Landmann. 2019. Persistence of Candida albicans in the oral mucosa induces a curbed inflammatory host response that is independent of immunosuppression. Frontiers in Immunology 10:330. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00330.
  • Kirjavainen, P. K., R. M. Laine, D. Carter, J.-A. Hammond, and G. Reid. 2008. Expression of antimicrobial defense factors in vaginal mucosa following exposure to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1. International Journal of Probiotics and Prebiotics 3:99–106.
  • Kovachev, S. M., and R. S. Vatcheva-Dobrevska. 2014. Local probiotic therapy for vaginal Candida albicans infections. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins 7 (1):38–44. doi: 10.1007/s12602-014-9176-0.
  • Kraft-Bodi, E., M. R. Jørgensen, M. K. Keller, C. Kragelund, and S. Twetman. 2015. Effect of probiotic bacteria on oral candida in frail elderly. Journal of Dental Research 94 (9_suppl):181S–6S. doi: 10.1177/0022034515595950.
  • Krüger, W., S. Vielreicher, M. Kapitan, I. Jacobsen, and M. Niemiec. 2019. Fungal-bacterial interactions in health and disease. Pathogens 8 (2):70. doi: 10.3390/pathogens8020070.
  • Kühbacher, A., A. Burger-Kentischer, and S. Rupp. 2017. Interaction of Candida species with the skin. Microorganisms 5 (2):32. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms5020032.
  • Kumar, S., B. B. Mahajan, and N. Kamra. 2014. Future perspective of probiotics in dermatology: An old wine in new bottle. Dermatology Online Journal 20 (9):13030/qt8br333fc. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25244173/.
  • Kumar, S., A., Bansal, A. Chakrabarti, and S. Singhi. 2013. Evaluation of efficacy of probiotics in prevention of Candida colonization in a PICU – A randomized controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine 41 (2):565–72.
  • Kumar, S., S. Singhi, A. Chakrabarti, A. Bansal, and M. Jayashree. 2013. Probiotic use and prevalence of candidemia and candiduria in a PICU. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 14 (9):e409–e415. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e31829f5d88.
  • Kunyeit, L., K. A. Anu-Appaiah, and R. P. Rao. 2020. Application of probiotic yeasts on Candida species associated infection. Journal of Fungi 6 (4):189. doi: 10.3390/jof6040189.
  • Lam, S., Z. Tao, H. Martin, F. K. L. Chan, P. K. S. Chan, and S. C. Ng. 2019. Review article: Fungal alterations in inflammatory bowel diseases. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 50:1159–71.
  • Larsson, P. G., and U. Forsum. 2005. Bacterial vaginosis – A disturbed bacterial flora and treatment enigma. APMIS 113 (5):305–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_113501.x.
  • Lass-Flörl, C. 2009. The changing face of epidemiology of invasive fungal disease in Europe. Mycoses 52 (3):197–205. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01691.x.
  • Leão, M. V. P., T. A. A. Tavares, C. R. Gonçalves e Silva, S. S. F. dos Santos, J. C. Junqueira, L. D. de Oliveira, and A. O. C. Jorge. 2018. Lactobacillus rhamnosus intake can prevent the development of candidiasis. Clinical Oral Investigations 22 (7):2511–8. doi: 10.1007/s00784-018-2347-8.
  • Lee, G. R., M. Maarouf, A. K. Hendricks, D. E. Lee, and V. Y. Shi. 2019. Current and emerging therapies for hand eczema. Dermatologic Therapy 32 (3):e12840. doi: 10.1111/dth.12840.
  • Lee, X., C. Vergara, and C. P. Lozano. 2019. Severity of Candida‐associated denture stomatitis is improved in institutionalized elders who consume Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1. Australian Dental Journal 64 (3):229–36.
  • Machado, D., A. Diana, C. L. Seabra, J. C. Andrade, A. M. Gomes, and A. C. Freitas. 2020. Nanoprobiotics: When technology meets gut health. In Functional bionanomaterials from biomolecules to nanoparticles, 389–425. Cham: Springer.
  • MacPhee, R. A., R. Hummelen, J. E. Bisanz, W. L. Miller, and G. Reid. 2010. Probiotic strategies for the treatment and prevention of bacterial vaginosis. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 11 (18):2985–95. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2010.512004.
  • Maekawa, T., S. A. Ishijima, M. Ida, T. Izumo, Y. Ono, H. Shibata, and S. Abe. 2016. Prophylactic effect of Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-Pt84 on Candida infection and gastric inflammation in a murine gastrointestinal candidiasis model. Medical Mycology Journal 57 (4):E81–E92. doi: 10.3314/mmj.16-00012E.
  • Mailänder-Sánchez, D., J. Wagener, and M. Schaller. 2011. Potential role of probiotic bacteria in the treatment and prevention of localised candidosis. Mycoses 55 (1):17–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01967.x.
  • Mansfield, J. A., S. W. Bergin, J. R. Cooper, and C. H. Olsen. 2014. Comparative probiotic strain efficacy in the prevention of eczema in infants and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Military Medicine 179 (6):580–92. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00546.
  • Manzoni, P., R. Arisio, M. Mostert, M. Leonessa, D. Farina, M. A. Latino, and G. Gomirato. 2006. Prophylactic fluconazole is effective in preventing fungal colonization and fungal systemic infections in preterm neonates: A single-center, 6-year, retrospective cohort study. Pediatrics 117 (1):e22–32. doi: 10.1542/peds.2004-2227.
  • Manzoni, P., H. Mostert, M. L. Leonessa, C. Priolo, D. Farina, C. Monetti, M. A. Latino, and G. Gomirato. 2006. Oral supplementation with Lactobacillus casei subspecies rhamnosus prevents enteric colonization by Candida species in preterm neonates: A randomized study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 42 (12):1735–42. doi: 10.1086/504324.
  • Martin, I. W., R. Tonner, J. Trivedi, H. Miller, R. Lee, X. Liang, and L. Rotello. 2017. Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic-associated fungemia: Questioning the safety of this preventive probiotic’s use. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 87 (3):286–8. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.12.004.
  • Martín, R., S. Nora, V. Fernando, and J. E. Suárez. 2008. La Microbiota Vaginal: Composición, Papel Protector, Patología Asociada y Perspectivas Terapéuticas. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica 26 (3):160–7.
  • Martín, R., N. Soberón, M. Vaneechoutte, A. B. Flórez, F. Vázquez, and J. E. Suárez. 2008. Characterization of indigenous vaginal lactobacilli from healthy women as probiotic candidates. International Microbiology 11 (4):261–6. doi: 10.2436/20.1501.01.70.
  • Martinez, R. C. R., S. A. Franceschini, M. C. Patta, S. M. Quintana, R. C. Candido, J. C. Ferreira, E. C. P. De Martinis, and G. Reid. 2009. Improved treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with fluconazole plus probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14. Letters in Applied Microbiology 48 (3):269–74. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02477.x.
  • Martinez, R. C. R., S. L. Seney, K. L. Summers, A. Nomizo, E. C. P. De Martinis, and G. Reid. 2009. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 on the ability of Candida albicans to infect cells and induce inflammation. Microbiology and Immunology 53 (9):487–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00154.x.
  • Martinez, R. C. R., Silvio, A. Franceschini, M. C. Patta, S. M. Quintana, B. C. Gomes, E. C. P. De Martinis, and G. Reid. 2009. Improved cure of bacterial vaginosis with single dose of tinidazole (2 g), Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 55 (2):133–8. doi: 10.1139/w08-102.
  • Martínez-Jiménez, M. C., P. Muñoz, M. Valerio, A. Vena, J. Guinea, and E. Bouza. 2015. Combination of Candida biomarkers in patients receiving empirical antifungal therapy in a Spanish tertiary hospital: A potential role in reducing the duration of treatment. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 70 (11):3107–15. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkv241.
  • Matsubara, V. H., H. M. H. N. Bandara, M. P. A. Mayer, and L. P. Samaranayake. 2016. Probiotics as antifungals in mucosal candidiasis. Edited by Ellie J. C. Goldstein. Clinical Infectious Diseases 62 (9):1143–53. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw038.
  • Matsubara, V. H., Y. Wang, H. M. H. N. Bandara, M. P. A. Mayer, and L. P. Samaranayake. 2016. Probiotic lactobacilli inhibit early stages of Candida albicans biofilm development by reducing their growth, cell adhesion, and filamentation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 100 (14):6415–26. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7527-3.
  • Meini, S., R. Laureano, L. Fani, C. Tascini, A. Galano, A. Antonelli, and G. M. Rossolini. 2015. Breakthrough Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG bacteremia associated with probiotic use in an adult patient with severe active ulcerative colitis: Case report and review of the literature. Infection 43 (6):777–81. doi: 10.1007/s15010-015-0798-2.
  • Mishra, R., S. Tandon, M. Rathore, and M. Banerjee. 2017. Antimicrobial efficacy of probiotic and herbal oral rinses against Candida albicans in children: A randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 9 (1):25–30. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1328.
  • Miyazima, T. Y., K. H. Ishikawa, M. P. A. Mayer, S. M. I. Saad, and A. E. M. Nakamae. 2017. Cheese supplemented with probiotics reduced the Candida levels in denture wearers—RCT. Oral Diseases 23 (7):919–25. doi: 10.1111/odi.12669.
  • Mohamadi, J., M. Motaghi, J. Panahi, M. R. Havasian, A. Delpisheh, M. Azizian, and I. Pakzad. 2014. Anti-fungal resistance in Candida isolated from oral and diaper rash candidiasis in neonates. Bioinformation 10 (11):667–70. doi: 10.6026/97320630010667.
  • Montravers, P., H. Dupont, and P. Eggimann. 2013. Intra-abdominal candidiasis: The guidelines – forgotten non-candidemic invasive candidiasis. Intensive Care Medicine 39 (12):2226–30. doi: 10.1007/s00134-013-3134-2.
  • Montravers, P., H. Dupont, R. Gauzit, B. Veber, C. Auboyer, P. Blin, C. Hennequin, and C. Martin. 2006. Candida as a risk factor for mortality in peritonitis. Critical Care Medicine 34 (3):646–52.
  • Montravers, P., O. Leroy, and C. Eckmann. 2015. Intra-abdominal candidiasis: It’s still a long way to get unquestionable data. Intensive Care Medicine 41 (9):1682–4. doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-3894-y.
  • Mundula, T., F. Ricci, B. Barbetta, M. Baccini, and A. Amedei. 2019. Effect of probiotics on oral candidiasis: A systematic. Nutrients 11 (10):2449–19. doi: 10.3390/nu11102449.
  • Murina, F., A. Graziottin, F. Vicariotto, and F. De Seta. 2014. Can Lactobacillus fermentum LF10 and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA02 in a slow-release vaginal product be useful for prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis?: A clinical study. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 48 (Suppl 1):S102–S105. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000225.
  • Nole, K. L., Baquerizo, E. Yim, and J. E. Keri. 2014. Probiotics and prebiotics in dermatology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 71 (4):814–21. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.04.050.
  • Oncel, M., Yekta, S. Arayici, Fatma, N. Sari, G. Kadioglu Simsek, S. Yurttutan, O. Erdeve, S. Saygan, N. Uras, Serife Suna Oguz, U. Dilmen. 2015. Comparison of Lactobacillus reuteri and nystatin prophylaxis on Candida colonization and infection in very low birth weight infants. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine 28 (15):1790–4. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2014.968842.
  • Osset, J., E. García, R. M. Bartolomé, and A. Andreu. 2001. Role of Lactobacillus as protector against vaginal candidiasis. Medicina Clínica 117 (8):285–8. doi: 10.1016/S0025-7753(01)72089-1.
  • Paetzold, B., Willis, J. R. Joao, L. Nastassia, K. Sven, R. Quist, T. Gabaldón, and M. Güell. 2019. Skin microbiome modulation induced by probiotic solutions. Microbiome 7 (1):95. doi: 10.1186/s40168-019-0709-3.
  • Panpetch, W., N. Somboonna, M. Palasuk, P. Hiengrach, M. Finkelman, S. Tumwasorn, and A. Leelahavanichkul. 2019. Oral candida administration in a Clostridium difficile mouse model worsens disease severity but is attenuated by bifidobacterium. Edited by Stephanie Diezmann. PLOS One. 14 (1):e0210798. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210798.
  • Parolin, C., A. Marangoni, L. Laghi, C. Foschi, R. A. Ñahui Palomino, N. Calonghi, R. Cevenini, and B. Vitali. 2015. Isolation of vaginal Lactobacilli and characterization of anti-candida activity. PLoS One 10 (6):e0131220. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131220.
  • Patil, S., R. S. Rao, B. Majumdar, and S. Anil. 2015. Clinical Appearance of Oral Candida Infection and Therapeutic Strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology 6:1391 doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01391. PMC: 26733948
  • Pericolini, E., E. Gabrielli, N. Ballet, S. Sabbatini, E. Roselletti, A. Cayzeele Decherf, F. Pélerin, E. Luciano, S. Perito, P. Jüsten, et al. 2017. Therapeutic activity of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based probiotic and inactivated whole yeast on vaginal candidiasis. Virulence 8 (1):74–90. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1213937.
  • Prakoeswa, C. R. S., N. Herwanto, R. Prameswari, L. Astari, S. Sawitri, A. N. Hidayati, D. M. Indramaya, E. R. Kusumowidagdo, and I. S. Surono. 2017. Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 supplementation reduced SCORAD in children with atopic dermatitis. Beneficial Microbes 8 (5):833–40. doi: 10.3920/BM2017.0011.
  • Rao, N. G., G. Han, J. N. Greene, T. Tanvetyanon, J. A. Kish, R. C. De Conti, and M. D. Chuong. 2013. Effect of prophylactic fluconazole on oral mucositis and candidiasis during radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer. Practical Radiation Oncology 3 (3):229–33. doi: 10.1016/j.prro.2012.05.008.
  • Rao, R. K., and G. Samak. 2013. Protection and restitution of gut barrier by probiotics: Nutritional and clinical implications. Current Nutrition & Food Science 9 (2):99–107. doi: 10.2174/1573401311309020004.
  • Ravel, J., P. Gajer, Z. Abdo, G. M. Schneider, S. S. K. Koenig, S. L. McCulle, S. Karlebach, R. Gorle, J. Russell, C. O. Tacket, et al. 2011. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (Suppl_1):4680–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1002611107.
  • Raz-Pasteur, A., Y. Ullmann, and I. Berdicevsky. 2011. The pathogenesis of Candida infections in a human skin model: Scanning electron microscope observations. Isrn Dermatology 2011:1–6. doi: 10.5402/2011/150642.
  • Reid, G., D. Charbonneau, J. Erb, B. Kochanowski, D. Beuerman, R. Poehner, and A. W. Bruce. 2003. Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy women. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 35 (2):131–4. doi: 10.1016/S0928-8244(02)00465-0.
  • Rex, J. H. 2006. Candida in the Peritoneum: Passenger or Pathogen? Critical Care Medicine 34 (3):902–3. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000202129.19154.64.
  • Ribeiro, F. C., R. D. Rossoni, P. P. de Barros, J. D. Santos, L. R. O. Fugisaki, M. P. V. Leão, and J. C. Junqueira. 2020. Action mechanisms of probiotics on Candida spp. and candidiasis prevention: An update. Journal of Applied Microbiology 129 (2):175–85. doi: 10.1111/jam.14511.
  • Rodrigues, C. F., M. E. Rodrigues, and M. C. R. Henriques. 2018. Promising alternative therapeutics for oral candidiasis. Current Medicinal Chemistry 26 (14):2515–28. doi: 10.2174/0929867325666180601102333.
  • Rodrigues, M. E., F. Gomes, and C. F. Rodrigues. 2019. Candida spp./bacteria mixed biofilms. Journal of Fungi 6 (1):5. doi: 10.3390/jof6010005.
  • Roselletti, E., S. Sabbatini, N. Ballet, S. Perito, E. Pericolini, E. Blasi, P. Mosci, A. Cayzeele Decherf, C. Monari, and A. Vecchiarelli. 2019. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 as a new therapeutic agent against oropharyngeal candidiasis. Frontiers in Microbiology 10: 1469. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01469.
  • Rossoni, R. D., B. B. Fuchs, P. P. De Barros, M. D. S. Velloso, A. O. C. Jorge, J. C. Junqueira, and E. Mylonakis. 2017. Lactobacillus paracasei modulates the immune system of Galleria mellonella and protects against Candida albicans infection. PLoS One 12 (3):e0173332–17. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173332.
  • Rossoni, R. D., P. P. de Barros, I. d C. Mendonça, R. P. Medina, D. H. S. Silva, B. B. Fuchs, J. C. Junqueira, and E. Mylonakis. 2020. The postbiotic activity of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 against Candida auris. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 10:397. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00397.
  • Rossoni, R. D., P. P. de Barros, J. A. de Alvarenga, F. d C. Ribeiro, M. d S. Velloso, B. B. Fuchs, E. Mylonakis, A. O. C. Jorge, and J. C. Junqueira. 2018. Antifungal activity of clinical Lactobacillus strains against Candida albicans biofilms: Identification of potential probiotic candidates to prevent oral candidiasis. Biofouling 34 (2):212–25. doi: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1425402.
  • Roy, A., J. Chaudhuri, D. Sarkar, P. Ghosh, and S. Chakraborty. 2014. Role of enteric supplementation of probiotics on late-onset sepsis by Candida species in preterm low birth weight neonates: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. North American Journal of Medical Sciences 6 (1):50–7. doi: 10.4103/1947-2714.125870.
  • Roy, U., L. G. Jessani, S. M. Rudramurthy, R. Gopalakrishnan, S. Dutta, C. Chakravarty, J. Jillwin, and A. Chakrabarti. 2017. Seven cases of Saccharomyces fungaemia related to use of probiotics. Mycoses 60 (6):375–80. doi: 10.1111/myc.12604.
  • Russo, R., A. Edu, and F. De Seta. 2018. Study on the effects of an oral lactobacilli and lactoferrin complex in women with intermediate vaginal microbiota. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 298 (1):139–45. doi: 10.1007/s00404-018-4771-z.
  • Sadiq, F. A., Yan, B. F. Tian, J. Zhao, and H. Zhang, Wei Chen. 2019. Lactic acid bacteria as antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic agents: A comprehensive review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 18 (5):1403–36. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12481.
  • Saduakhasova, S., A. Kushugulova, G. Shakhabayeva, S. Kozhakhmetov, Z. Khasenbekova, I. Tynybayeva, T. Nurgozhin, and Z. Zhumadilov. 2014. Lactobacillus for vaginal microflora correction. Central Asian Journal of Global Health 3 (Suppl):171. doi: 10.5195/CAJGH.2014.171.
  • Salari, S., and P. Ghasemi Nejad Almani. 2020. Antifungal effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum against different oral candida species isolated from HIV/AIDS patients: An in vitro study. Journal of Oral Microbiology 12 (1):1769386. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1769386.
  • Salehi, B., M. Dimitrijević, A. Aleksić, K. Neffe-Skocińska, D. Zielińska, D. Kołożyn-Krajewska, J. Sharifi-Rad, Z. Stojanović-Radić, S. M. Prabu, C. F. Rodrigues, et al. 2021. Human microbiome and homeostasis: Insights into the key role of prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 61 (9):1415–4. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1760202.
  • Salem, I., A. Ramser, N. Isham, and M. A. Ghannoum. 2018. The gut microbiome as a major regulator of the gut-skin axis. Frontiers in Microbiology 9:1459 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01459.
  • Salminen, M. K., H. Rautelin, S. Tynkkynen, T. Poussa, M. Saxelin, V. Valtonen, and A. Järvinen. 2006. Lactobacillus bacteremia, species identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility of 85 blood isolates. Clinical Infectious Diseases 42 (5):e35–e44. doi: 10.1086/500214.
  • Sardi, J. C. O., L. Scorzoni, T. Bernardi, A. M. Fusco-Almeida, and M. J. S. Mendes Giannini. 2013. Candida species: Current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options. Journal of Medical Microbiology 62 (Part 1):10–24. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.045054-0.
  • Severance, E. G., K. L. Gressitt, C. R. Stallings, E. Katsafanas, L. A. Schweinfurth, C. L. G. Savage, and M. B. Adamos. 2017. Probiotic normalization of Candida albicans in schizophrenia: A randomized, placebo-controlled, longitudinal pilot study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 62:41–5. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.019.
  • Silverberg, J. I., and N. B. Silverberg. 2014. Epidemiology and extracutaneous comorbidities of severe acne in adolescence: A U.S. population-based study. British Journal of Dermatology 170 (5):1136–42. doi: 10.1111/bjd.12912.
  • Singhi, S. C., and S. Kumar. 2016. Probiotics in critically ill children. F1000Research 5:407. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7630.1.
  • Stavropoulou, E., and E. Bezirtzoglou. 2020. Probiotics in medicine: A long debate. Frontiers in Immunology 11: 2192. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02192.
  • Tan, Y., Leonhard, M. D. Moser, Su Ma, and B. Schneider-Stickler. 2018. Inhibitory effect of probiotic Lactobacilli supernatants on single and mixed non- albicans Candida species biofilm. Archives of Oral Biology 85:40–5. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.10.002.
  • Tamtaji, O. R., A. Milajerdi, Ž. Reiner, Z. Asemi, E. Dadgostar, R. Heidari-Soureshjani, … A. Ghaderi. 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis: The effects of probiotic supplementation on metabolic profile in patients with neurological disorders. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 53:102507.
  • Tomás, M. S. J., C. I. S. Duhart, P. R. De Gregorio, E. V. Pingitore, and M. E. Nader-Macías. 2011. Urogenital pathogen inhibition and compatibility between vaginal Lactobacillus strains to be considered as probiotic candidates. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 159 (2):399–406. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.07.010.
  • Vicariotto, F., M. Del Piano, L. Mogna, and G. Mogna. 2012. Effectiveness of the association of 2 probiotic strains formulated in a slow release vaginal product, in women affected by vulvovaginal candidiasis: A pilot study. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 46 (Suppl. 1):S73–S80. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182684d71.
  • Vila, T., A. S. Sultan, D. Montelongo-Jauregui, and M. A. Jabra-Rizk. 2020. Oral candidiasis: A disease of opportunity. Journal of Fungi 6 (1):15. doi: 10.3390/jof6010015.
  • Vilela, S. F. G., J. O. Barbosa, R. D. Rossoni, J. D. Santos, M. C. A. Prata, A. L. Anbinder, A. O. C. Jorge, and J. C. Junqueira. 2015. Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 inhibits biofilm formation by C. albicans and attenuates the experimental candidiasis in Galleria mellonella. Virulence 6 (1):29–39. doi: 10.4161/21505594.2014.981486.
  • Villena, J., Susana Salva, G. Agüero, and S. Alvarez. 2011. Immunomodulatory and protective effect of probiotic Lactobacillus casei against Candida albicans infection in malnourished mice. Microbiology and Immunology 55 (6):434–45. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00334.x.
  • Vladareanu, R., D. Mihu, M. Mitran, C. Mehedintu, A. Boiangiu, M. Manolache, and S. Vladareanu. 2018. New evidence on oral L. plantarum P17630 product in women with history of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC): A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 22 (1):262–7.
  • Watts, C. J., D. K. Wagner, and P. G. Sohnle. 2009. Fungal infections, cutaneous. In Encyclopedia of microbiology, 382–8. USA: Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00226-1.
  • Wegh, C. A. M., S. Y. Geerlings, J. Knol, G. Roeselers, and C. Belzer. 2019. Postbiotics and their potential applications in early life nutrition and beyond. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20(19):4673. doi: 10.3390/ijms20194673.
  • Whaley, S. G., E. L. Berkow, J. M. Rybak, A. T. Nishimoto, K. S. Barker, and P. D. Rogers. 2017. Azole antifungal resistance in Candida albicans and emerging non-albicans candida species. Frontiers in Microbiology 7:2173. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02173.
  • WHO. 2014. Antimicrobial resistance. Global report on surveillance. World Health Organization 61 (3):12–28.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). 2001. Probiotics in food health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation FAO FOOD AND NUTRITION PAPER. In Probiotics in food, 2, Rome.
  • Wu, K. G., T. H. Li, and H. J. Peng. 2012. Lactobacillus salivarius plus fructo-oligosaccharide is superior to fructo-oligosaccharide alone for treating children with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis: A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of efficacy and safety. British Journal of Dermatology 166 (1):129–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10596.x.
  • Yeganegi, M., C. S. Watson, A. Martins, S. O. Kim, G. Reid, J. R. G. Challis, and A. D. Bocking. 2009. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 supernatant and fetal sex on lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine and prostaglandin-regulating enzymes in human placental trophoblast cells: Implications for treatment of bacterial vaginosis and prevention of preterm labor. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 200 (5):532.e1–532-e8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.12.032.
  • Yeşilova, Y., Ö. Çalka, N. Akdeniz, and M. Berktaş. 2012. Effect of probiotics on the treatment of children with atopic dermatitis. Annals of Dermatology 24 (2):189–93. doi: 10.5021/ad.2012.24.2.189.
  • Yu, Y., S. Dunaway, J. Champer, J. Kim, and A. Alikhan. 2020. Changing our microbiome: Probiotics in dermatology. British Journal of Dermatology 182 (1):e28–e28. doi: 10.1111/bjd.18088.
  • Zahradnik, R. T., I. Magnusson, C. Walker, E. McDonell, C. H. Hillman, and J. D. Hillman. 2009. Preliminary assessment of safety and effectiveness in humans of ProBiora3TM a probiotic mouthwash. Journal of Applied Microbiology 107 (2):682–90. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04243.x.
  • Zangl, I., Pap, and I.-J. Christoph Aspöck, Christoph Schüller. 2020. The role of Lactobacillus species in the control of Candida via biotrophic interactions. Microbial Cell 7 (1):1–14. doi: 10.15698/mic2020.01.702.
  • Zareshahrabadi, Z. 2020. Morphogenesis and pathogenesis regulation of Candida albicans by probiotic bacterium – Pediococcus acidilactici. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 10 (1):5–11. doi: 10.15414/jmbfs.2020.10.1.5-11.
  • Zhao, C., X. Lv, J. Fu, C. He, H. Hua, and Z. Yan. 2016. In vitro inhibitory activity of probiotic products against oral candida species. Journal of Applied Microbiology 121 (1):254–62. doi: 10.1111/jam.13138.
  • Zhou, X., R. Westman, R. Hickey, M. A. Hansmann, C. Kennedy, T. W. Osborn, and L. J. Forney. 2009. Vaginal microbiota of women with frequent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Infection and Immunity 77 (9):4130–5. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00436-09.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.