1,524
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Whole grain cereals: the potential roles of functional components in human health

, , &

References

  • Adele, C., Q. Wang, D. Ka’ohimanu, R. Alison, and T. Andre. 2002. Intestinal apolipoprotein B secretion is inhibited by the flavonoid quercetin: Potentialrole of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and diacylglycerol acyltransferase. Lipids 37 (7):647–52. doi: 10.1007/s11745-002-0945-8..
  • Ajithkumar, A., R. Andersson, and P. Åman. 2005. Content and molecular weight of extractable b-glucan in American and Swedish oat samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 (4):1205–9. doi: 10.1021/jf040322c.
  • Akramiene, D., A. Kondrotas, J. Didziapetriene, and E. Kevelaitis. 2007. Effects of beta-glucans on the immune system. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 43 (8):597–606. doi: 10.3390/medicina43080076.
  • Andreasen, M. F., L. P. Christensen, A. S. Meyer, and S. H. Åse. 2000. Content of phenolic acids and ferulic acid dehydrodimers in 17 rye (Secale cereale L.) varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48 (7):2837–42. doi: 10.1021/jf991266w.
  • Antony, U., L. G. Moses, and T. S. Chandra. 1998. Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli by fermentedflour of finger millet (Eleusine coracana). World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 14 (6):883–6. doi: 10.1023/A:1008871412183.
  • Aoki, S., A. Iwai, K. Kawata, D. Muramatsu, H. Uchiyama, M. Okabe, M. Ikesue, N. Maeda, and T. Uede. 2015. Oral administration of the Aureobasidium pullulans-derived β-glucan effectively prevents the development of high fat diet-induced fatty liver in mice. Scientific Reports 5:10457. doi: 10.1038/srep10457.
  • Aune, D., NNa Keum, E. Giovannucci, L. T. Fadnes, P. Boffetta, D. C. Greenwood, S. Tonstad, L. J. Vatten, E. Riboli, and T. Norat. 2016. Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 353:i2716. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i2716..
  • Beylot, M. 2005. Effects of inulin-type fructans on lipid metabolism in man and in animal models. British Journal of Nutrition 93 (S1):S163–S168. doi: 10.1079/BJN20041339.
  • Biesiekierski, J. R., O. Rosella, R. Rose, K. Liels, J. S. Barrett, S. J. Shepherd, P. R. Gibson, and J. G. Muir. 2011. Quantification of fructans, galacto-oligosacharides and other short-chain carbohydrates in processed grains and cereals. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics: The Official Journal of the British Dietetic Association 24 (2):154–76. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2010.01139.x.
  • Biörklund, M., R. A. Van, R. P. Mensink, and G. Onning. 2005. Changes in serum lipids and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations after consumption of beverages with beta-glucans from oats or barley: A randomised dose-controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59 (11):1272–81. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602240.
  • Bogdan, C. 2015. Nitric oxide synthase in innate and adaptive immunity: An update. Trends in Immunology 36 (3):161–78. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2015.01.003..
  • Borneo, R., and A. E. León. 2012. Whole grain cereals: Functional components and health benefits. Food & Function 3 (2):110–9. doi: 10.1039/c1fo10165j..
  • Brown, G. D. 2006. Dectin-1: A signalling non-TLR pattern-recognition receptor. Nature Reviews Immunology 6:33–43. doi: 10.1038/nri1745..
  • Chandrasekara, A., and F. Shahidi. 2010. Content of insoluble bound phenolics in millets and their contribution to antioxidant capacity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58:6706–14. doi: 10.1021/jf100868b..
  • Chandrasekara, A., and F. Shahidi. 2011a. Antiproliferative potential and DNA scission inhibitory activity of phenolics from whole millet grains. Journal of Functional Foods 3 (3):159–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.03.008.
  • Chandrasekara, A., and F. Shahidi. 2011b. Bioactivities and antiradical properties of millet grains and hulls. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59:9563–71. doi: 10.1021/jf201849d..
  • Chandrasekara, A., and F. Shahidi. 2011c. Determination of antioxidant activity in free and hydrolyzed fractions of millet grains and characterization of their phenolic profiles by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn. Journal of Functional Foods 3 (3):144–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2011.03.007.
  • Charalampopoulos, D., R. Wang, S. S. Pandiella, and C. Webb. 2002. Application of cereals and cereal components in functional foods: A review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 79:131–41. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(02)00187-3.
  • Chen, C., J. L. Song, X. L. Xu, L. M. Zhou, Y. H. Wang, and H. Chen. 2020. Analysis of influencing factors of economic burden and medical service utilization of diabetic patients in China. PLoS One 15 (10):e0239844. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239844.
  • Chen, J. 2008. Beta-glucans in the treatment of diabetes and associated cardiovascular risks. Vascular Health and Risk Management 4:1265–72. doi: 10.2147/vhrm.s3803..
  • Chen, J., W. Gu, and K. Zhao. 2011. The role of PI3K/Akt pathway in β-glucan-induced dendritic cell maturation. International Immunopharmacology 11 (4):529. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.027.
  • Chethan, S., and N. G. Malleshi. 2007a. Finger millet polyphenols: Optimization of extraction and the effect of pH on their stability. Food Chemistry 105 (2):862–70. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.02.012.
  • Chethan, S., and N. G. Malleshi. 2007b. Finger millet polyphenols: Characterization and their nutraceutical potential. American Journal of Food Technology 2 (7):582–92. doi: 10.3923/ajft.2007.582.592.
  • Ciecierska, A., M. E. Drywień, J. Hamulka, and T. Sadkowski. 2019. Nutraceutical functions of beta-glucans in human nutrition. Roczniki Państwowego Zakadu Higieny 70:315–24. doi: 10.32394/rpzh.2019.0082.
  • Connolly, M. L., J. A. Lovegrove, and K. M. Tuohy. 2012. In vitro fermentation characteristics of whole grain wheat flakes and the effect of toasting on prebiotic potential. Journal of Medicinal Food 15 (1):33–43. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0006.
  • Cummings, J. H., E. W. Pomare, W. J. Branch, C. P. Naylor, and G. T. Macfarlane. 1987. Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood. Gut 28:1221–7. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.10.1221..
  • Carvalho, D. O., A. F. Curto, and L. F. Guido. 2015. Determination of phenolic content in different barley varieties and corresponding malts by liquid chromatography-diode array detection-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Antioxid 4:563–76. doi: 10.3390/antiox4030563..
  • Daou, C., and H. Zhang. 2012. Oat beta-glucan: Its role in health promotion and prevention of diseases. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 11 (4):355–65. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00189.x.
  • Darvin, P., Y. H. Joung, S. P. Nipin, D. Y. Kang, H. J. Byun, D. Y. Hwang, K. H. Cho, K. D. Park, H. K. Lee, and Y. M. Yang. 2015. Sorghum polyphenol suppresses the growth as well as metastasis of colon cancer xenografts through co-targeting JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. Journal of Functional Foods 15:193–206. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.020.
  • Davidson, M. H., and K. C. Maki. 1999. Effects of dietary inulin on serum lipids. The Journal of Nutrition 129 (7):1474S–7S. doi: 10.1093/jn/129.7.1474S.
  • Dragland, S., H. Senoo, K. Wake, K. Holte, and R. Blomhoff. 2003. Several culinary and medicinal herbs are important sources of dietary antioxidants. Journal of Nutrition 133:1286–90. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.5.1286..
  • Dvonová, D., M. Havrlentová, A. Hlinková, and P. Hozlár. 2010. Effect of fertilization and variety on the b-glucan content in the grain of oats. Journal of Food Science and Technology 17:108–116. doi: 10.15193/zntj/2010/70/108-116.
  • Dykes. 2007. Phenolic compounds in cereal grains and their health benefits. Cereal Food World 52:105–111. doi: 10.1094/CFW-52-3-0105.
  • Eckel, R. H., S. M. Grundy, and P. Z. Zimmet. 2005. The metabolic syndrome. The Lancet 365 (9468):1415–28. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66378-7.
  • Fao, R. 1995. Sorghum and millets in human nutrition. FAO Food and Nutrition Series (FAO). Rome, Lazio, Italy: FAO.
  • Fernandes, J., J. Vogt, and T. M. Wolever. 2011. Inulin increases short-term markers for colonic fermentation similarly in healthy and hyperinsulinaemic humans. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65 (12):1279–86. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.116.
  • Fisher, H., P. Griminger, H. S. Weiss, and W. G. Siller. 1964. Avian atherosclerosis: Retardation by pectin. Science 146:1063–4. doi: 10.1126/science.146.3647.1063-a..
  • Fu, R., P. Yang, A. Sajid, and Z. Y. Li. 2019a. Avenanthramide A induces cellular senescence via miR-129-3p/Pirh2/p53 signaling pathway to suppress colon cancer growth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 67:4808–16. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00833..
  • Fu, R., P. Yang, Z. Li, W. Liu, A. Sajid, and Z. Y. Li. 2019b. Avenanthramide A triggers potent ROS mediated anti-tumor effects in colorectal cancer by directly targeting DDX3. Cell Death and Disease. 10:593. doi: 10.1038/s41419-019-1825-5.
  • Fuller, S.,E. Beck,H. Salman, andL. Tapsell. 2016. New Horizons for the Study of Dietary Fiber and Health: A Review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 71 (1):1–12. doi:10.1007/s11130-016-0529-6.
  • Gadde, K. M., C. K. Martin, H. R. Berthoud, and S. B. Heymsfield. 2018. Obesity: Pathophysiology and management. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 71:69–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.011..
  • Garcia, A. L., B. Otto, S. C. Reich, M. O. Weickert, J. Steiniger, A. Machowetz, N. N. Rudovich, N. Katz, M. Möhlig, N. M. Speth, et al. 2007. Arabinoxylan consumption decreases postprandial serum glucose, serum insulin and plasma total ghrelin response in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61 (3):334–41. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602525.
  • Geng, Z. P., and L. J. Jia. 1992. Study on protein, lysine and tannin content of sorghum varieties from Shanxi Province. Crop Variety Resources 04:26–7.
  • Gentile, C. L., andT. L. Weir. 2018. The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health. Science (New York, N.Y.) 362 (6416):776–80. doi:10.1126/science.aau5812.
  • Gibson, G. R., H. M. Probert, J. V. Loo, R. A. Rastall, and M. B. Roberfroid. 2004. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutrition Research Reviews 17:259–75. doi: 10.1079/NRR200479.
  • Givens, D. I. 2005. The role of animal nutrition in improving the nutritive value of animal-derived foods in relation to chronic disease. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64:395–402. doi: 10.1079/pns2005448..
  • Goff, D. C., H. C. Gerstein, H. N. Ginsberg, W. C. Cushman, K. L. Margolis, R. P. Byington, J. B. Buse, S. Genuth, J. L. Probstfield, and D. G. Simons-Morton. 2007. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Current knowledge and rationale for the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. The American Journal of Cardiology 99 (12):S4–S20. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.002.
  • Gong, L. X., W. Y. Cao, H. L. Chi, J. Wang, H. J. Zhang, J. Liu, and B. G. Sun. 2018. Whole cereal grains and potential health effects: Involvement of the gut microbiota. Food Research International. 103:84–102. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.025..
  • Guo, W. M., L. Nie, D. Y. Wu, M. L. Wise, F. W. Collins, S. N. Meydani, and M. Meydani. 2010. Avenanthramides inhibit proliferation of human colon cancer cell lines in vitro. Nutrition and Cancer 62:1007–16. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2010.492090.
  • Gupta, M., N. Abu-Ghannam, and E. Gallaghar. 2010. Barley for brewing: Characteristic changes during malting, brewing and applications of its by-products. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9 (3):318–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00112.x.
  • Hager, A. S., L. A. M. Ryan, C. Schwab, M. G. Ganzle, J. V. O. Doherty, and E. K. Arendt. 2011. Influence of the soluble fibres inulin and oat β-glucan on quality of dough and bread. European Food Research and Technology 232 (3):405–413. doi: 10.1007/s00217-010-1409-1.
  • Hamaker, B. R., and Y. E. Tuncil. 2014. Aperspective on the complexity of dietary fiber structures and their potential effect on the gut microbiota. Journal of Molecular Biology 426 (23):3838–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2014.07.028.
  • Hao, J., H. Zhu, Z. Q. Zhang, S. L. Yang, and H. Li. 2015. Identification of anthocyanins in black rice (Oryza sativa L.) by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS and their in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities. Journal of Cereal Science 64:92–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2015.05.003.
  • Harborne, J. B., and C. A. Williams. 2000. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry 55 (6):481–504. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00235-1.
  • He, Y., S. Z. Wang, and Y. Ding. 2013. Identification of novel glutelin subunits and a comparison of glutelin composition between japonica and indica rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Cereal Science 57 (3):362–71. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.12.009.
  • Henrion, M., C. Francey, K. A. Lê, and L. Lamothe. 2019. Cereal B-glucans: The impact of processing and how it affects physiological responses. Nutrients 11 (8):1729. doi: 10.3390/nu11081729.
  • Higginson, J., and W. J. Pepler. 1954. Fat intake, serum cholesterol concentration, and atherosclerosis in the South African Bantu. II. Atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Journal of Clinical Investigation 33:1366–71. doi: 10.1172/JCI103013..
  • Hiller, G., M. Sternby, R. Sundler, and J. Wijkander. 2000. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in zymosan- and bacteria-induced signalling to mobilisation of arachidonic acid in macrophages. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1485:163–72. doi: 10.1016/S1388-1981(00)00037-8.
  • Holtekjølen, A. K., C. Kinitz, and S. H. Knutsen. 2006. Flavanol and bound phenolic acid contents in different barley varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54:2253–60. doi: 10.1021/jf052394p.
  • Horn, L. V. 2006a. Promoting the value of early nutritional intervention. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106(5):649–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2006.03.017.
  • Horn, L. V. 2006b. Nutrition month: An overview. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106(3):339–9.doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2006.01.022.
  • Hosoda, A., Y. Okai, E. Kasahara, E. Kasahara, M. Inoue, M. Snhimizu, Y. Usui, A. Sekiyama, and K. Higashi-Okai. 2012. Potent immunomodulating effects of bran extracts of traditional Japanese millets on nitric oxide and cytokine production of macrophages (RAW264.7) induced by lipopolysaccharide. Journal of UOEH 34:258–96. doi: 10.7888/juoeh.34.285.
  • Howlett, J. J., V. A. Betteridge, M. Champ, S. A. S. Craig, A. Meheust, and J. M. Jones. 2010. The definition of dietary fiber-discussions at the ninth vahouny fiber symposium: Building scientific agreement. Food & Nutrition Research 54:5750–5. doi: 10.3402/fnr.v54i0.5750.
  • Hu, S. L., L. Wang, and Z. Y. Jiang. 2017. Dietary additive probiotics modulation of the intestinal microbiota. Protein & Peptide Letters 24:382–87. doi: 10.2174/0929866524666170223143615..
  • Jackson, K. G., G. R. Taylor, A. M. Clohessy, and C. M. Williams. 1999. The effect of the daily intake of inulin on fasting lipid, insulin and glucose concentrations in middle-aged men and women. British Journal of Nutrition 82 (1):23–30. doi: 10.1017/S0007114599001087.
  • Jones, J. M. 2007. Mining whole grains for functional components. Food Science & Technology Bulletin: Functional Foods 4 (7):67–86. doi: 10.1616/1476-2137.15050.
  • Keiko, K. 2016. The intestinal microbiota and its role in human health and disease. The Journal of Medical Investigation 63:27–37. doi: 10.2152/jmi.63.27.
  • Kiarie, E., L. F. Romero, and V. Ravindran. 2014. Growth performance, nutrient utilization, and digesta characteristics in broiler chickens fed corn or wheat diets without or with supplemental xylanase. Poultry Science 93 (5):1186–96. doi: 10.3382/ps.2013-03715.
  • Kim, K. H., R. Tsao, R. Yang, and S. W. Cui. 2006. Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activities of wheat bran extracts and the effect of hydrolysis conditions. Food Chemistry 95 (3):466–73. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.01.032.
  • Kim, M. J., S. Y. Hong, S. K. Kim, C. Cheong, H. J. Park, H. K. Chun, K. H. Jang, B. D. Yoon, C. H. Kim, and S. A. Kang. 2009. β-Glucan enhanced apoptosis in human colon cancer cells SNU-C4. Nutrition Research and Practice 3 (3):180–4. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.3.180.
  • Knudsen, K. E. B. 2014. Fiber and nonstarch polysaccharide content and variation in common crops used in broiler diets. Poultry Science 93:2380–93. doi: 10.3382/ps.2014-03902.
  • Koh, A., F. D. Vadder, P. Kovatcheva-Datchary, and F. Bäckhed. 2016. From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell 165:1332–45. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041..
  • Korczak, R., A. Kamil, L. Fleige, S. M. Donovan, and J. L. Slavin. 2017. Dietary fiber and digestive health in children. Nutrition Reviews 75:241. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw068.
  • Kroon, P. A., C. B. Faulds, P. Ryden, J. A. Robertson, and G. Williamson. 1997. Release of covalently bound ferulic acid from fiber in the human colon. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45 (3):661–7. doi: 10.1021/jf9604403.
  • Krygier, K., F. Sosulski, and L. Hogge. 1982. Free, esterified, and insoluble-bound phenolic acids. 1. Extraction and purification procedure. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 30 (2):330–4. doi: 10.1021/jf00110a028.
  • Kunitomo, M. 2007. Oxidative stress and atherosclerosis. Yakugaku Zasshi 127:1997–2014. doi: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1997..
  • Kunyanga, C. N., J. K. Imungi, M. W. Okoth, H. K. Biesalski, and V. Vadivel. 2012. Total phenolic content, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of methanolic extract of raw and traditionally processed Kenyan indigenous food ingredients. LWT - Food Science and Technology 45 (2):269–76. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2011.08.006.
  • Lasztity, R. 1996. The chemistry of cereal protein. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Lattimer, J. M., and M. D. Haub. 2010. Effects of dietary fiber and its components on metabolic health. Nutrients 2 (12):1266–89. doi: 10.3390/nu2121266.
  • Lee, J. Y., J. Y. Kim, Y. G. Lee, M. H. Rhee, and J. Y. Cho. 2008. Molecular mechanism of macrophage activation by exopolysaccharides from liquid culture of Lentinus edodes. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 18(2):355–364. PMID: 18309284.
  • Lee, Y. R., E. M. Noh, H. J. Oh, H. Hur, J. M. Kim, J. H. Han, J. K. Hwang, B. H. Park, J. W. Park, and H. J. Youn. 2011. Dihydroavenanthramide D inhibits human breast cancer cell invasion through suppression of MMP-9 expression. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 405:552–557. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.065..
  • Letexier, D., F. Diraison, and M. Beylot. 2003. Addition of inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate diet reduces hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 77 (3):559–564. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/77.3.559.
  • Li, L. J., M. K. Ikram, and T. Y. Wong. 2016. Retinal vascular imaging in early life: Insights into processes and risk of cardiovascular disease. Journal of Physiology 594:2175–203. doi: 10.1113/JP270947.
  • Li, W., S. W. Cui, and Y. Kakuda. 2006. Extraction, fractionation, structural and physical characterization of wheat β-D-glucans. Carbohydrate Polymers 63 (3):408–16. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.09.025.
  • Liao, J. H., S. M. Planchon, J. C. Wolfman, and A. Wolfman. 2006. Growth factor-dependent AKT activation and cell migration requires the function of c-K(B)-Ras versus other cellular ras isoforms. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281:29730–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M600668200.
  • Lieselotte, C., U. Matilda, J. P. Anna, Å. Björn, and Ö. Gunilla. 2012. Role of dietary beta-glucans in the prevention of the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition Reviews 70:444–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00494.x..
  • Lima, I., H. Guraya, and E. Champagne. 2002. The functional effectiveness of reprocessed rice bran as an ingredient in bakery products. Nahrung/Food 46 (2):112–7. doi: 10.1002/1521-3803(20020301)46:2<112::AID-FOOD112>3.0.CO;2-N.
  • Liu, C., S. Yang, K. Wang, X. M. Bao, Y. M. Liu, S. Y. Zhou, H. W. Liu, Y. L. Qiu, T. Wang, and H. Y. Yu. 2019a. Alkaloids from traditional Chinese medicine against hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 120:109543. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109543.
  • Liu, F. M., S. H. Shan, H. Q. Li, and Z. Y. Li. 2020. Treatment of peroxidase derived from foxtail millet bran attenuates atherosclerosis by inhibition of cd36 and stat3 in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68:1276–85. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06963.
  • Lu, Y., S. H. Shan, H. Q. Li, J. Y. Shi, X. L. Zhang, and Z. Y. Li. 2018. Reversal effects of bound polyphenol from foxtail millet bran on multidrug resistance in human HCT-8/Fu colorectal cancer cell. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66 (20):5190–5199. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01659.
  • Luithui, Y., N. R. Baghya, and M. S. Meera. 2019. Cereal by-products as an important functional ingredient: Effect of processing. Journal of Food Science and Technology 56:1–11. doi: 10.1007/s13197-018-3461-y..
  • Ma, Q. T., Y. Q. Li, P. F. Li, M. Wang, J. K. Wang, Z. Y. Tang, T. Wang, L. L. Luo, C. G. Wang, and T. Wang. 2019. Research progress in the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and intestinal flora. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 117:109138. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109138..
  • Manco, M.,. L. Putignani, and G. F. Bottazzo. 2010. Gut microbiota, lipopolysaccharides, and innate immunity in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular risk. Endocrine Reviews 31:817–44. doi: 10.1210/er.2009-0030..
  • Manthey, F. A., G. A. Hareland, and D. J. Huseby. 1999. Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber content and composition in oat. Cereal Chemistry 76 (3):417–20. doi: 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.3.417.
  • Mattila, P., J. M. Pihlava, and J. Hellström. 2005. Contents of phenolic acids, alkyl- and alkenylresorcinols, and avenanthramides in commercial grain products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53:8290–8295. doi: 10.1021/jf051437z.
  • McKevith, B. 2004. Nutritional aspects of cereals. Nutrition Bulletin 29: 112–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-3010.2004.00418.x.
  • Mckee, L. H., and T. A. Latner. 2000. Underutilized sources of dietary fiber: A review. Plant Food Hum Nutr 55:285–304. doi: 10.1023/A:1008144310986.
  • Medicine, I. O. 2001. Dietary reference intakes: Proposed definition of dietary fiber. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
  • Medzhitov, R. 2008. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature 454:428–35. doi: 10.1038/nature07201..
  • Mendis, M.,. E. Leclerc, and S. Simsek. 2016. Arabinoxylans, gut microbiota and immunity. Carbohydrate Polymers 139:159–66. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.068.
  • Mirończuk-Chodakowska, I., A. M. Witkowska, M. E. Zujko, and K. M. Terlikowska. 2017. Quantitative evaluation of 1,3,1,6 β-D-glucan contents in wild-growing species of edible Polish mushrooms. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny 68(3):281–90. PMID: 28895671.
  • Morrison, D. J., andT. Preston. 2016. Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism. Gut Microbes 7 (3):189–200. doi:10.1080/19490976.2015.1134082.
  • Moure, A., J. M. Cruz, D. Franco, J. M. Domı́nguez, J. Sineiro, H. Domı́nguez, M. José Núñez, and J. C. Parajó, 2001. Natural antioxidants from residual sources. Food Chemistry 72 (2):145–71. doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00223-5.
  • Nakashima, A., K. Yamada, O. Iwata, R. Sugimoto, K. Atsuji, T. Ogawa, N. Ishibashi-Ohgo, and K. Suzuki. 2018. β-Glucan in foods and its physiological functions. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (Tokyo) 64:8–17. doi: 10.3177/jnsv.64.8.
  • Nations, F. A. O. O., and M. C. Latham. 1997. Human nutrition in the developing world. Population and Development Review 24:177. doi: 10.2307/2808139.
  • Neyrinck, A. M., S. Possemiers, C. Druart, T. V. D. Wiele, F. D. Backer, P. D. Cani, Y. Larondelle, and N. M. Delzenne. 2011. Prebiotic effects of wheat arabinoxylan related to the increase in bififidobacteria, Roseburia and Bacteroides/Prevotella in diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One 6 (6):e20944. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020944.
  • Nicole, R., S. H. Duncan, P. Young, A. Belenguer, L. C. McWilliam, K. P. Scott, H. J. Flint, and P. Louis. 2014. Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota. ISME Journal 8:1323–35. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2014.14.
  • Olsson, S., and R. Sundler. 2007. The macrophage beta-glucan receptor mediates arachidonate release induced by zymosan: Essential role for Src family kinases. Molecular Immunology 44:1509–15. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.09.004.
  • Omoba, O. S., andL. R. Isah. 2018. Influence of Sourdough Fermentation on Amino Acids Composition, Phenolic Profile, and Antioxidant Properties of Sorghum Biscuits. Preventive Nutrition and Food Science 23 (3):220–7. doi:10.3746/pnf.2018.23.3.220.
  • Peterson, D. M. 2001. Oat antioxidants. Journal of Cereal Science 33 (2):115–29. doi: 10.1006/jcrs.2000.0349.
  • Peterson, D. M., D. M. Wesenberg, and D. E. Burrup. 1995. b-Glucan content and its relationship to agronomic characteristics in elite oat germplasm. Crop Science 35 (4):965–70. doi: 10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500040005x.
  • Petimar, J., S. A. Smith-Warner, B. Rosner, A. T. Chan, E. L. Giovannucci, and F. K. Tabung. 2019. Adherence to the world cancer research fund/American institute for cancer research 2018 recommendations for cancer prevention and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 28:1469–79. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-0165..
  • Qi, W., and P. R. Ellis. 2014. Oat β-glucan: Physico-chemical characteristics in relation to its blood-glucose and cholesterol-lowering properties. British Journal of Nutrition 112:S4–S13. doi: 10.1017/S0007114514002256.
  • Qian, Y., L. Corum, Q. Meng, J. Blenis, J. Z. Zheng, X. L. Shi, D. C. Flynn, and B. H. Jiang. 2004. PI3K induced actin filament remodeling through Akt and p70S6K1: Implication of essential role in cell migration. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 286:C153–63. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00142.2003..
  • Rakowska, R., A. Sadowska, E. Dybkowska, and F. Świderski. 2017. Spent yeast as natural source of functional food additives. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny 68(2):115–21. PMID: 28646828.
  • Rao, S. M. V. S. S. T., and G. Muralikrishna. 2002. Evaluation of the antioxidant properties of free and bound phenolic acids from native and malted finger millet (Ragi, Eleusine coracana Indaf-15). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50:889–92. doi: 10.1021/jf011210d.
  • Reichardt, N., S. H. Duncan, P. Young, A. Belenguer, C. M. Leitch, K. P. Scott, H. J. Flint, and P. Louis. 2014. Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota. ISME Journal 8:1323–35. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2014.14.
  • Rhodes, M. J. C., and K. R. Price. 1997. Identification and analysis of plant phenolic antioxidants. European Journal of Cancer Prevention 6:518–21. doi: 10.1097/00008469-199712000-00005.
  • Richter, C. K., A. Skulas-Ray, C. M. Champagne, and P. M. Kris-Etherton. 2015. Plant protein and animal proteins: Do they differentially affect cardiovascular disease risk? Advances in Nutrition 6:712–28. doi: 10.3945/an.115.009654..
  • Roach, P. D., K. Dowling, S. Balasubramaniam, R. J. Illman, A. M. Kambouris, P. J. Nestel, and D. L. Topping. 1992. Fish oil and oat bran in combination effectively lower plasma cholesterol in the rat. Atherosclerosis 96:219–26. doi: 10.1016/0021-9150(92)90068-R.
  • Robbins, R. J. 2003. Phenolic acids in foods: An overview of analytical methodology. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51:2866–87. doi: 10.1021/jf026182t..
  • Russo, F., G. Chimienti, G. Riezzo, G. Pepe, G. Petrosillo, M. Chiloiro, and E. Marconi. 2008. Inulin-enriched pasta affects lipid profile and Lp (a) concentrations in Italian young healthy male volunteers. European Journal of Nutrition 47:453–9. doi: 10.1007/s00394-008-0748-1..
  • Saastamoinen, M., V. Hietaniemi, J. M. Pihlava, M. Urola, M. Kontturi, H. Tuuri, M. Niskanen, and A. Kangas. 2008. b-Glucan contents of groats of different oat cultivars in official variety, in organic cultivation, and in nitrogen fertilization trials in Finland. Agricultural and Food Science 13 (1–2):68–79. doi: 10.2137/1239099041838076.
  • Saeedi, P., I. Petersohn, P. Salpea, B. Malanda, S. Karuranga, N. Unwin, S. Colagiuri, L. Guariguata, A. A. Motala, K. Ogurtsova, IDF Diabetes Atlas Committee, et al. 2019. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the international diabetes federation diabetes atlas, 9 th edition. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 157:107843. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843..
  • Saleh, A. S., Q. Zhang, J. Chen, and Q. Shen. 2013. Millet grains: Nutritional quality, processing, and potential health benefifits. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12 (3):281–95. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12012.
  • Samantha, K. G., R. Megan, B. Balazs, and W. Kevin. 2020. Dietary fibre in gastrointestinal health and disease. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 18:101–16. doi: 10.1038/s41575-020-00375-4.
  • Sanchez, J. I., M. Marzorati, C. Grootaert, M. Baran, V. V. Craeyveld, C. M. Courtin, W. F. Broekaert, J. A. Delcour, W. Verstraete, and T. V. Wiele. 2009. Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) affect the protein/carbohydrate fermentation balance and microbial population dynamics of the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem. Microbial Biotechnology 2:101–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2008.00064.x.
  • Sarma, S. M., D. P. Singh, P. Singh, P. Khare, P. Mangal, S. Singh, V. Bijalwan, J. Kaur, S. Mantri, R. K. Boparai, et al. 2018. Finger millet arabinoxylan protects mice from high-fat diet induced lipid derangements, inflammation, endotoxemia and gut bacterial dysbiosis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 106:994–1003. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.100..
  • Schulze, M. B., S. Liu, B. E. Rimm, J. E. Manson, and F. B. Hu. 2004. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women 1-3. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80:348–56. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.2.348..
  • Shah, A., M. Ahmad, B. A. Ashwar, A. Gani, F. A. Masoodi, I. A. Wani, S. M. Wani, and A. Gani. 2015. Effect of γ-irradiation on structure and nutraceutical potential of β-D-glucan from barley (Hordeum vulgare). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 72:1168–75. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.056..
  • Shahidi, F., and A. Chandrasekara. 2013. Millet grain phenolics and their role in disease risk reduction and health promotion: A review. Journal of Functional Foods 5 (2):570–81. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.02.004.
  • Shan, S. H., Z. W. Li, I. P. Newton, C. Zhao, Z. Y. Li, and M. L. Guo. 2014a. A novel protein extraxted from foxtail millet bran displays anti-carcinogenic effects in human colon cancer cells. Toxicology Letters 227:129–38. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.008..
  • Shan, S. H., Z. W. Li, S. J. Guo, Z. Y. Li, T. L. Shi, and J. Y. Shi. 2014b. A millet bran-derived peroxidase inhibits cell migration by antagonizing STAT3-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human colon cancer. Journal of Functional Foods 10:444–55. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.07.005.
  • Shan, S. H., J. Y. Shi, Z. Li, H. X. Gao, T. L. Shi, Z. W. Li, and Z. Y. Li. 2015. Targeted anti-colon cancer activities of a millet bran-derived peroxidase were mediated by elevated ROS generation. Food & Function 6:2331–8. doi: 10.1039/C5FO00260E.
  • Shao, Y. F., G. Zhang, and J. S. Bao. 2011. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of rice grains with extremely small size. African Journal of Agricultural Research 6:2289–93. doi: 10.5897/AJAR11.124.
  • Shi, J. Y., S. H. Shan, G. F. Zhou, H. Q. Li, G. S. Song, Z. Y. Li, and D. F. Yang. 2019a. Bound polyphenol from foxtail millet bran exhibits an antiproliferative activity in HT-29 cells by reprogramming miR-149-mediated aerobic glycolysis. Journal of Functional Foods 56:246–54. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.021.
  • Shi, J. Y., S. H. Shan, H. Q. Li, G. S. Song, and Z. Y. Li. 2017a. Anti-inflammatory effects of millet bran derived-bound polyphenols in LPS-induced HT-29 cell via ROS/miR-149/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Oncotarget 8:74582–94. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.20216..
  • Shi, J. Y., S. H. Shan, Z. W. Li, H. Q. Li, X. F. Li, and Z. Y. Li. 2015a. Bound polyphenol from foxtail millet bran induces apoptosis in HCT-116 cell through ROS generation. Journal of Functional Foods 17:958–68. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.049.
  • Sima, P., L. Vannucci, and V. Vetvicka. 2018. β-glucans and cholesterol (review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41:1799–808. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3411.
  • Singh, R., S. De, and A. Belkheir. 2013. Avena sativa (Oat), a potential neutraceutical and therapeutic agent: An overview. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 53:126–44. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2010.526725..
  • Slavin, J. 2013. Fiber and prebiotics: Mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients 5 (4):1417–35. doi: 10.3390/nu5041417.
  • Soliman, G. A. 2019. Dietary fiber, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients 11 (5):1155. doi: 10.3390/nu11051155.
  • Song, Y. J., H. Y. Jeong, J. K. Lee, Y. S. Choi, D. Kim, D. Jang, C. Park, S. Maeng, and H. Kang. 2019. Enzyme treatment alters the anti-inflammatory activity of the water extract of wheat germ in vitro and in vivo. Nutrients 11 (10):2490. doi: 10.3390/nu11102490.
  • Story, J. A. 1985. Dietary fiber and lipid metabolism. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.) 180 (3):447–52. doi:10.3181/00379727-180-42201.
  • Subba Rao, M. V. S. S. T., and G. Muralikrishna. 2002. Evaluation of the antioxidant properties of free and bound phenolic acids from native and malted finger millet (Ragi, Eleusine coracana Indaf-15). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50:889–92. doi: 10.1021/jf011210d.
  • Suchecka, D., J. Gromadzka-Ostrowska, E. Żyła, J. P. Harasym, and M. Oczkowski. 2017. Selected physiological activities and health promoting properties of cereal betaglucans. A review. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 26:183–91. doi: 10.22358/jafs/70066/2017..
  • Sun, N. X., L. T. Tong, T. T. Liang, L. L. Wang, L. Y. Liu, X. R. Zhou, and S. M. Zhou. 2019. Effect of oat and Tartary buckwheat-based food on cholesterol-lowering and gut microbiota in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Journal of Oleo Science 68 (3):251–9. doi: 10.5650/jos.ess18221.
  • Tan, J. K., C. McKenzie, E. Mariño, L. Macia, and C. R. Mackay. 2017. Metabolite-sensing G protein-coupled receptors-facilitators of diet-related immune regulation. Annual Review of Immunology 35 (1):371–402. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052235.
  • Tan, Y. Y., S. H. Yeo, and P. C. Y. Liauw. 1996. Is postnatal oral glucose tolerance testing necessary in all women with gestational diabetes. Singapore Medical Journal 37(4):384–8. PMID: 8993138.
  • Tang, W. H. W., and S. L. Hazen. 2017. Gut microbiome and its role in cardiovascular diseases. Current Opinion in Cardiology 32:761–6. doi: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000445..
  • Tarini, J., and T. M. Wolever. 2010. The fermentable fibre inulin increases postprandial serum short-chain fatty acids and reduces free-fatty acids and ghrelin in healthy subjects. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35 (1):9–16. doi: 10.1139/H09-119.
  • Thorburn, A. N., L. Macia, and C. R. Mackay. 2014. Diet, metabolites, and “western-lifestyle” inflflammatory diseases. Immunity 40:833–42. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.014..
  • Tian, S., K. Nakamura, T. Cui, and H. Kayahara. 2005. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenolic compounds in rice. Journal of Chromatography 1063:121–8. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.075..
  • Topping, D. L., R. J. Illman, P. D. Roach, R. P. Trimble, A. Kambouris, and P. J. Nestel. 1990. Modulation of the hypolipidemic effect of fish oils by dietary fiber in rats: Studies with rice and wheat bran. Journal of Nutrition 120:325–30. doi: 10.1093/jn/120.4.325..
  • Trinidad, A. G., M. L. de la Puerta, N. Fernández, Y. Bayón, M. S. Crespo, and A. Alonso. 2006. Coupling of C3bi to IgG inhibits the tyrosine phosphorylation signaling cascade downstream Syk and reduces cytokine induction in monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 79:1073–82. doi: 10.1189/jlb.1205701..
  • Tucker, L. A., and K. S. Thomas. 2009. Increasing total fiber intake reduces risk of weight and fat gains in women. Journal of Nutrition 139:576–81. doi: 10.3945/jn.108.096685..
  • Turrini, E., F. Maffei, A. Milelli, C. Calcabrini, and C. Fimognari. 2019. Overview of the anticancer profile of avenanthramides from oat. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (18):4536. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184536.
  • Underhill, D. M., E. Rossnagle, C. A. Lowell, and R. M. Simmons. 2005. Dectin-1 activates Syk tyrosine kinase in a dynamic subset of macrophages for reactive oxygen production. Blood 106:2543–50. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1239..
  • Viswanath, V., A. Urooj, and N. G. Malleshi. 2009. Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana). Food Chemistry 114 (1):340–6. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.09.053.
  • Wang, D., M. L. Wise, F. Li, and M. Dey. 2012. Phytochemicals attenuating aberrant activation of beta-catenin in cancer cells. PLoS One 7 (12):e50508. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050508.
  • Wang, P., H. D. Chen, Y. D. Zhu, J. McBride, J. S. Fu, and S. M. Sang. 2015. Oat avenanthramide-C(2c)is biotransformed by mice and the human microbiota into bioactive metabolites1-3. Journal of Nutrition 145:239–45. doi: 10.3945/jn.114.206508..
  • Wang, Y., S. V. Harding, P. Eck, S. J. Thandapilly, T. H. Gamel, E. S. M. Abdel-Aal, G. H. Crow, S. M. Tosh, and N. P. Ames. 2016. High-molecular-weight beta-glucan decreases serum cholesterol differentially based on the CYP7A1 rs3808607 polymorphism in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. Journal of Nutrition 146:720–7. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.223206..
  • Wang, Y., S. V. Harding, S. J. Thandapilly, S. M. Tosh, P. J. H. Jones, and N. P. Ames. 2017. Barley beta-glucan reduces blood cholesterol levels via interrupting bile acid metabolism. British Journal of Nutrition 118:822–9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517002835..
  • Waniska, R. D., J. H. Poe, and R. Bandyopadhyay. 1989. Effects of growth conditions on grain molding and phenols in sorghum caryopsis. Journal of Cereal Science 10 (3):217–25. doi: 10.1016/S0733-5210(89)80051-7.
  • Wei, Y. M., G. Q. Zhang, X. Z. Hu, and S. H. Ouyang. 2003. Studies on the amino acid and mineral content of buckwheat protein fractions. Nahrung 47:114–6. doi: 10.1002/food.200390020..
  • Weickert, M. O., M. Mohlig, C. Schofl, A. M. Arafat, B. Otto, H. Viehoff, C. Koebnick, A. Kohl, J. Spranger, and A. F. Pfeiffer. 2006. Cereal fiber improves whole-body insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese women. Diabetes Care 29:775–80. doi: 10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-2374..
  • Whelton, P. K., andD. C. Lisandro. 2019. Cardiovascular disease risk estimation in China. Ann Intern Med 170 (5):340–1.
  • Williams, C. M., and K. G. Jackson. 2002. Inulin and oligofructose: Effects on lipid metabolism from human studies. British Journal of Nutrition 87 (S2):S261–S4. doi: 10.1079/BJN/2002546.
  • Wilson, T. A., R. J. Nicolosi, B. Delaney, K. Chadwel, V. Moolchandani, T. Kotyla, S. Ponduru, G. H. Zheng, R. Hess, N. Knutson, et al. 2004. Reduced and high molecular weight barley beta-glucans decrease plasma total and non-HDL-cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic Syrian golden hamsters. Journal of Nutrition 134:2617–22. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.10.2617..
  • Wong, J. M. 2007. Carbohydrate digestibility and metabolic effects. Journal of Nutrition 137:2539S. doi: 10.1093/jn/137.11.2539S..
  • Wood, P. J. 2010. REVIEW: Oat and rye β-glucan: Properties and function. Cereal Chemistry 87 (4):315–30. doi: 10.1094/CCHEM-87-4-0315.
  • Wood, P. J., J. T. Braaten, F. W. Scott, K. D. Riedel, M. S. Wolynetz, and M. W. Collins. 1994. Effect of dose and modification of viscous properties of oat gum on plasma glucose and insulin following an oral glucose load. British Journal of Nutrition 72:731–43. doi: 10.1079/bjn19940075..
  • Yang, H.,D. Ming, andS. Laura. 2020. Intake of whole grain foods and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from three prospective cohort studies. BMJ 370 (1):2206–18.
  • Yang, R. P., S. H. Shan, C. Zhang, J. Y. Shi, H. Q. Li, and Z. Y. Li. 2020. Inhibitory effects of bound polyphenol from foxtail millet bran on colitis-associated carcinogenesis by the restoration of gut microbiota in a mice model. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68:3506–17. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00370..
  • Yao, Y., Z. X. Shi, and G. X. Ren. 2014. Antioxidant and immunoregulatory activity of polysaccharides from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15:19307–18. doi: 10.3390/ijms151019307..
  • Ze, X., S. H. Duncan, P. Louis, and H. J. Flint. 2012. Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone species for the degradation of resistant starch in the human colon. ISME Journal 6:1535–43. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2012.4..
  • Zhao, J., and P. C. Cheung. 2013. Comparative proteome analysis of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis grown on β-glucans from different sources and a model for their utilization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61:4360–70. doi: 10.1021/jf400792j..
  • Zhou, Z. K., K. Robards, S. Helliwell, and C. Blanchard. 2004. The distribution of phenolic acids in rices. Food Chemistry. 87 (3):401–6. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.12.015.
  • Žilić, S. 2016. Phenolic compounds of wheat their content, antioxidant capacity and bioaccessibility. MOJ Food Processing & Technology 2:85–9. doi: 10.15406/mojfpt.2016.02.00037.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.