Improving the bioavailability and bioactivity of garlic bioactive compounds via nanotechnology

References

• Amagase, H., B. L. Petesch, H. Matsuura, S. Kasuga, and Y. Itakura. 2001. Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. The Journal of Nutrition 131 (3s):955S–62S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.955S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton, N., and T. F. Vandamme. 2011. Nano-emulsions and micro-emulsions: Clarifications of the critical differences. Pharmaceutical Research 28 (5):978–85. doi: 10.1007/s11095-010-0309-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antosiewicz, J., A. Herman-Antosiewicz, S. W. Marynowski, and S. V. Singh. 2006. c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase signaling axis regulates diallyl trisulfide-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer cells . Cancer Research 66 (10):5379–86. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora, A., K. Seth, and Y. Shukla. 2004. Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by diallyl sulfide in K562 leukemic cells and in mouse liver. Carcinogenesis 25 (6):941–9. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgh060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arunkumar, A., M. R. Vijayababu, P. Kanagaraj, K. Balasubramanian, M. M. Aruldhas, and J. Arunakaran. 2005. Growth suppressing effect of garlic compound diallyl disulfide on prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) in vitro. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 28 (4):740–3. doi: 10.1248/bpb.28.740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arunkumar, A., M. R. Vijayababu, N. Srinivasan, M. M. Aruldhas, and J. Arunakaran. 2006. Garlic compound, diallyl disulfide induces cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 288 (1-2):107–13. doi: 10.1007/s11010-006-9126-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arunkumar, R., G. Sharmila, P. Elumalai, K. Senthilkumar, S. Banudevi, D. Gunadharini, C. Benson, P. Daisy, and J. Arunakaran. 2012. Effect of diallyl disulfide on insulin-like growth factor signaling molecules involved in cell survival and proliferation of human prostate cancer cells in vitro and in silico approach through docking analysis. Phytomedicine 19 (10):912–23. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.04.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arzanlou, M., and S. Bohlooli. 2010. Introducing of green garlic plant as a new source of allicin. Food Chemistry 120 (1):179–83. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asta, M., S. M. Kauzlarich, K. Liu, A. Navrotsky, and F. E. Osterloh. 2007. Inorganic nanoparticles. Unique properties and novel applications. Material Matters (Milwaukee, WI, USA) 2 (1):3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Babazadeh, A., M. Zeinali, and H. Hamishehkar. 2018. Nano-phytosome: A developing platform for herbal anti-cancer agents in cancer therapy. Current Drug Targets 19 (2):170–80. doi: 10.2174/1389450118666170508095250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagul, M., S. Kakumanu, and T. A. Wilson. 2015. Crude garlic extract inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro. Journal of Medicinal Food 18 (7):731–7. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangham, A. D., and R. Horne. 1964. Negative staining of phospholipids and their structural modification by surface-active agents as observed in the electron microscope. Journal of Molecular Biology 8 (5):660–IN10. doi: 10.1016/S0022-2836(64)80115-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bautista, D. M., P. Movahed, A. Hinman, H. E. Axelsson, O. Sterner, E. D. Högestätt, D. Julius, S.-E. Jordt, and P. M. Zygmunt. 2005. Pungent products from garlic activate the sensory ion channel TRPA1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102 (34):12248–52. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0505356102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayan, L., P. H. Koulivand, and A. Gorji. 2014. Garlic: A review of potential therapeutic effects. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 4 (1):1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bharali, D. J., M. Khalil, M. Gurbuz, T. M. Simone, and S. A. Mousa. 2009. Nanoparticles and cancer therapy: A concise review with emphasis on dendrimers. International Journal of Nanomedicine 4:1–7. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S4241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkowska, A., N. Knap, and J. Antosiewicz. 2013. Diallyl trisulfide is more cytotoxic to prostate cancer cells PC-3 than to noncancerous epithelial cell line PNT1A: A possible role of p66Shc signaling axis. Nutrition and Cancer 65 (5):711–7. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2013.789115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottone, F. G., Jr, S. J. Baek, J. B. Nixon, and T. E. Eling. 2002. Diallyl disulfide (DADS) induces the antitumorigenic NSAID-activated gene (NAG-1) by a p53-dependent mechanism in human colorectal HCT 116 cells. The Journal of Nutrition 132 (4):773–8. doi: 10.1093/jn/132.4.773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozin, B., N. Mimica-Dukic, I. Samojlik, A. Goran, and R. Igic. 2008. Phenolics as antioxidants in garlic (Allium sativum L., Alliaceae). Food Chemistry 111 (4):925–9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunker, A. 2012. Poly (ethylene glycol) in drug delivery, why does it work, and can we do better? All atom molecular dynamics simulation provides some answers. Physics Procedia 34:24–33. doi: 10.1016/j.phpro.2012.05.004.
   Google Scholar
• Bystrická, J., J. Kovarovič, M. Lenková, J. Horváthová, L. Končeková, D. Halmová, and A. Lidiková. 2018. The content of polyphenols, antioxidant activity and macroelements in selected garlic varieties. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences 8 (1):738–40. doi: 10.15414/jmbfs.2018.8.1.738-740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cárdenas-Castro, A. P., G. del Carmen Perales-Vázquez, A. Laura, V. M. Zamora-Gasga, V. M. Ruiz-Valdiviezo, E. Alvarez-Parrilla, and S. G. Sáyago-Ayerdi. 2019. Sauces: An undiscovered healthy complement in Mexican cuisine. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science 17:100154. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2019.100154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro, C., A. G. Lorenzo, A. González, and M. Cruzado. 2010. Garlic components inhibit angiotensin II‐induced cell‐cycle progression and migration: Involvement of cell‐cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 54 (6):781–7. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, H. K., and P. C. L. Kwok. 2011. Production methods for nanodrug particles using the bottom-up approach. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 63 (6):406–16. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra-Kuntal, K., J. Lee, and S. V. Singh. 2013. Critical role for reactive oxygen species in apoptosis induction and cell migration inhibition by diallyl trisulfide, a cancer chemopreventive component of garlic. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 138 (1):69–79. doi: 10.1007/s10549-013-2440-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., J. Sun, C. Dou, N. Li, F. Kang, Y. Wang, Z. Cao, X. Yang, and S. Dong. 2016. Alliin attenuated RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis by scavenging reactive oxygen species through inhibiting Nox1. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17 (9):1516. doi: 10.3390/ijms17091516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y. Y., H. F. Lo, T. F. Wang, M. G. Lin, L. L. Lin, and M. C. Chi. 2015. Enzymatic synthesis of γ-L-glutamyl-S-allyl-L-cysteine, a naturally occurring organosulfur compound from garlic, by Bacillus licheniformis γ-glutamyltranspeptidase. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 75-76:18–24. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.04.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, H., and G. Huang. 2018. Extraction, characterisation and antioxidant activity of Allium sativum polysaccharide. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 114:415–9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhabria, S. V., M. A. Akbarsha, A. P. Li, P. S. Kharkar, and K. B. Desai. 2015. In situ allicin generation using targeted alliinase delivery for inhibition of MIA PaCa-2 cells via epigenetic changes, oxidative stress and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) expression. Apoptosis: An International Journal on Programmed Cell Death 20 (10):1388–409. doi: 10.1007/s10495-015-1159-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, Y. H., and H. S. Park. 2012. Apoptosis induction of U937 human leukemia cells by diallyl trisulfide induces through generation of reactive oxygen species. Journal of Biomedical Science 19 (1):50. doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chong, K., M. Zamora, D. Tilakawardane, N. Buckley, J. Rego, and Y. V. 2015. Investigation of allicin stability in aqueous garlic extract by high performance liquid chromatography method. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 4 (7):590–8. doi: 10.9734/JSRR/2015/14301.
   Google Scholar
• Chu, Q., M. T. Ling, H. Feng, H. W. Cheung, S. W. Tsao, X. Wang, and Y. C. Wong. 2006. A novel anticancer effect of garlic derivatives: Inhibition of cancer cell invasion through restoration of E-cadherin expression. Carcinogenesis 27 (11):2180–9. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgl054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colín-González, A. L., A. Ortiz-Plata, J. Villeda-Hernández, D. Barrera, E. Molina-Jijón, J. Pedraza-Chaverrí, and P. D. Maldonado. 2011. Aged garlic extract attenuates cerebral damage and cyclooxygenase-2 induction after ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 66 (4):348–54. doi: 10.1007/s11130-011-0251-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colín-González, A. L., R. A. Santana, C. A. Silva-Islas, M. E. Chánez-Cárdenas, A. Santamaría, and P. D. Maldonado. 2012. The antioxidant mechanisms underlying the aged garlic extract- and S-allylcysteine-induced protection. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012:907162. doi: 10.1155/2012/907162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corzo-Martínez, M., N. Corzo, and M. Villamiel. 2007. Biological properties of onions and garlic. Trends in Food Science & Technology 18 (12):609–25. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2007.07.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coukell, A. J., and C. M. Spencer. 1997. Polyethylene glycol-liposomal doxorubicin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in the management of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Drugs 53 (3):520–38. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199753030-00011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, S., and A. Chaudhury. 2011. Recent advances in lipid nanoparticle formulations with solid matrix for oral drug delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 12 (1):62–76. doi: 10.1208/s12249-010-9563-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, P., and S. Sengupta. 2013. Role of di-allyl disulfide, a garlic component in NF-κB mediated transient G2-M phase arrest and apoptosis in human leukemic cell-lines. Nutrition and Cancer 65 (4):611–22. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2013.776090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Greef, D., E. M. Barton, E. N. Sandberg, C. R. Croley, J. Pumarol, T. L. Wong, N. Das, and A. Bishayee. 2020. Anticancer potential of garlic and its bioactive constituents: A systematic and comprehensive review. Seminars in Cancer Biology. In Press. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diretto, G., A. Rubio-Moraga, J. Argandoña, P. Castillo, L. Gómez-Gómez, and O. Ahrazem. 2017. Tissue-specific accumulation of sulfur compounds and saponins in different parts of garlic cloves from purple and white ecotypes. Molecules 22 (8):1359. doi: 10.3390/molecules22081359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirsch, V. M., A. L. Gerbes, and A. M. Vollmar. 1998. Ajoene, a compound of garlic, induces apoptosis in human promyeloleukemic cells, accompanied by generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Molecular Pharmacology 53 (3):402–7. doi: 10.1124/mol.53.3.402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolatabadi, J. E. N., A. A. Jamali, M. Hasanzadeh, and Y. Omidi. 2011. Quercetin delivery into cancer cells with single walled carbon nanotubes. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics 1 (1):21–5. doi: 10.7763/IJBBB.2011.V1.4.
   Google Scholar
• Egen-Schwind, C., R. Eckard, and F. Kemper. 1992. Metabolism of garlic constituents in the isolated perfused rat liver. Planta Medica 58 (4):301–5. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-961471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagan-Lotsch, P., E. M. Grzincic, and C. J. Murphy. 2017. New advances in nanotechnology-based diagnosis and therapeutics for breast cancer: An assessment of active-targeting inorganic nanoplatforms. Bioconjugate Chemistry 28 (1):135–52. doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, Y., X. Zhu, Q. Wang, Y. Jiang, H. Shang, L. Cui, and Y. Cao. 2012. Allicin enhances host pro-inflammatory immune responses and protects against acute murine malaria infection. Malaria Journal 11 (1):268. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrari, M. 2005. Cancer nanotechnology: Opportunities and challenges. Nature Reviews. Cancer 5 (3):161–71. doi: 10.1038/nrc1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fillebeen, C., L. Descamps, M. P. Dehouck, L. Fenart, M. Benaïssa, G. Spik, R. Cecchelli, and A. Pierce. 1999. Receptor-mediated transcytosis of lactoferrin through the blood-brain barrier. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (11):7011–7. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.11.7011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, F., and Y. Kodera. 1995. Garlic chemistry: Stability of S-(2-propenyl)-2-propene-1-sulfinothioate (allicin) in blood, solvents, and simulated physiological fluids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43 (9):2332–8. doi: 10.1021/jf00057a004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujisawa, H., K. Suma, K. Origuchi, H. Kumagai, T. Seki, and T. Ariga. 2008. Biological and chemical stability of garlic-derived allicin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56 (11):4229–35. doi: 10.1021/jf8000907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galbiati, A., C. Tabolacci, B. Morozzo Della Rocca, P. Mattioli, S. Beninati, G. Paradossi, and A. Desideri. 2011. Targeting tumor cells through chitosan-folate modified microcapsules loaded with camptothecin. Bioconjugate Chemistry 22 (6):1066–72. doi: 10.1021/bc100546s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X., C. Wang, Z. Chen, Y. Chen, R. K. Santhanam, Z. Xue, Q. Ma, Q. Guo, W. Liu, M. Zhang, et al. 2019. Effects of N-trans-feruloyltyramine isolated from laba garlic on antioxidant, cytotoxic activities and H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 and L02 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology 130:130–41. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gapter, L. A., O. Z. Yuin, and K-y Ng. 2008. S-Allylcysteine reduces breast tumor cell adhesion and invasion. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 367 (2):446–51. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gayathri, R., D. N. Gunadharini, A. Arunkumar, K. Senthilkumar, G. Krishnamoorthy, S. Banudevi, R. C. Vignesh, and J. Arunakaran. 2009. Effects of diallyl disulfide (DADS) on expression of apoptosis associated proteins in androgen independent human prostate cancer cells (PC-3). Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 320 (1-2):197–203. doi: 10.1007/s11010-008-9903-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goncagul, G., and E. Ayaz. 2010a. Antimicrobial effect of garlic (Allium sativum). Recent Patents on anti-Infective Drug Discovery 5 (1):91–3. doi: 10.2174/157489110790112536.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goncagul, G., and E. Ayaz. 2010b. Antimicrobial effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and traditional medicine. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9 (1):1–4. doi: 10.3923/javaa.2010.1.4.
   Google Scholar
• Gong, J., M. Chen, Y. Zheng, S. Wang, and Y. Wang. 2012. Polymeric micelles drug delivery system in oncology. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society 159 (3):312–23. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunadharini, D., A. Arunkumar, G. Krishnamoorthy, R. Muthuvel, M. Vijayababu, P. Kanagaraj, N. Srinivasan, M. Aruldhas, and J. Arunakaran. 2006. Antiproliferative effect of diallyl disulfide (DADS) on prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Cell Biochemistry and Function 24 (5):407–12. doi: 10.1002/cbf.1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harde, H., M. Das, and S. Jain. 2011. Solid lipid nanoparticles: An oral bioavailability enhancer vehicle. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 8 (11):1407–24. doi: 10.1517/17425247.2011.604311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, L., G. Batist, R. Belt, D. Rovira, R. Navari, N. Azarnia, L. Welles, E. Winer, and TLC D-99 Study Group. 2002. Liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin compared with conventional doxorubicin in a randomized multicenter trial as first-line therapy of metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer 94 (1):25–36. doi: 10.1002/cncr.10201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison, M., D. Tomlinson, and S. Stewart. 1995. Liposomal-entrapped doxorubicin: An active agent in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology 13 (4):914–20. doi: 10.1007/BF01366971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, K. A., and M. A. Mujtaba. 2019. Antibacterial efficacy of garlic oil nano-emulsion. AIMS Agriculture and Food 4 (1):194–205. doi: 10.3934/agrfood.2019.1.194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, M., T. Rushmore, and M. Goldberg. 1987. Inhibition of hepatocarcinogenic responses to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by diallyl sulfide, a component of garlic oil. Carcinogenesis 8 (8):1155–7. doi: 10.1093/carcin/8.8.1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, X., and H. M. Hwang. 2016. Nanotechnology in food science: Functionality, applicability, and safety assessment. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 24 (4):671–81. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman-Antosiewicz, A., and S. V. Singh. 2005. Checkpoint kinase 1 regulates diallyl trisulfide-induced mitotic arrest in human prostate cancer cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (31):28519–28. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M501443200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch, K., M. Danilenko, J. Giat, T. Miron, A. Rabinkov, M. Wilchek, D. Mirelman, J. Levy, and Y. Sharoni. 2000. Effect of purified allicin, the major ingredient of freshly crushed garlic, on cancer cell proliferation. Nutrition and Cancer 38 (2):245–54. doi: 10.1207/S15327914NC382_14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, J. N., M. Kang, S. Lee, J. J. Oh, S. K. Hong, S. E. Lee, and S. S. Byun. 2018. Anticancer effect of S-allyl-L-cysteine via induction of apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells. Oncology Letters 15 (1):623–9. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.7280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, J. Y., Z. Y. Wang, T. J. Smith, S. Zhou, S. Shi, J. Pan, and C. S. Yang. 1992. Inhibitory effects of diallyl sulfide on the metabolism and tumorigenicity of the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in A/J mouse lung. Carcinogenesis 13 (5):901–4. doi: 10.1093/carcin/13.5.901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Y. S., Y. A. Ham, J. H. Choi, and J. Kim. 2000. Effects of allyl sulfur compounds and garlic extract on the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and p53 in non small cell lung cancer cell lines. Experimental & Molecular Medicine 32 (3):127–34. doi: 10.1038/emm.2000.22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosono, T., T. Fukao, J. Ogihara, Y. Ito, H. Shiba, T. Seki, and T. Ariga. 2005. Diallyl trisulfide suppresses the proliferation and induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells through oxidative modification of beta-tubulin. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (50):41487–93. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M507127200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, J., B. Yang, T. Xiang, W. Peng, Z. Qiu, J. Wan, L. Zhang, H. Li, H. Li, and G. Ren. 2015. Diallyl disulfide inhibits growth and metastatic potential of human triple‐negative breast cancer cells through inactivation of the β‐catenin signaling pathway. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 59 (6):1063–75. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201400668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huzaifa, U., I. Labaran, A. Bello, and A. Olatunde. 2014. Phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of garlic (Allium sativum) bulbs. Report and Opinion 6:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Jenning, V., A. Lippacher, and S. Gohla. 2002. Medium scale production of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) by high pressure homogenization. Journal of Microencapsulation 19 (1):1–10. doi: 10.1080/713817583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, J.-W., S. Park, C. Park, Y.-C. Chang, D.-O. Moon, S. O. Kim, G.-Y. Kim, H.-J. Cha, H.-S. Kim, Y.-W. Choi, et al. 2014. N-benzyl-N-methyldecan-1-amine, a phenylamine derivative isolated from garlic cloves, induces G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in U937 human leukemia cells. Oncology Reports 32 (1):373–81. doi: 10.3892/or.2014.3215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, X., X. Zhu, W. Huang, H. Xu, Z. Zhao, S. Li, S. Li, J. Cai, and J. Cao. 2017. Garlic-derived organosulfur compound exerts antitumor efficacy via activation of MAPK pathway and modulation of cytokines in SGC-7901 tumor-bearing mice. International Immunopharmacology 48:135–45. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.05.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, X. Y., X. S. Zhu, H. Y. Xu, Z. X. Zhao, S. Y. Li, S. Z. Li, J. H. Cai, and J. M. Cao. 2017. Diallyl trisulfide suppresses tumor growth through the attenuation of Nrf2/Akt and activation of p38/JNK and potentiates cisplatin efficacy in gastric cancer treatment. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 38 (7):1048–58. doi: 10.1038/aps.2016.176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jikihara, H., G. Qi, K. Nozoe, M. Hirokawa, H. Sato, Y. Sugihara, and F. Shimamoto. 2015. Aged garlic extract inhibits 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumor development by suppressing cell proliferation. Oncology Reports 33 (3):1131–40. doi: 10.3892/or.2014.3705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurcisek, J. A., A. C. Dickson, M. E. Bruggeman, and L. O. Bakaletz. 2011. In vitro biofilm formation in an 8-well chamber slide. Journal of Visualized Experiments (47):e2481. doi: 10.3791/2481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil, A. M., M. Yasuda, A. S. Farid, M. I. Desouky, M. M. Mohi-Eldin, M. Haridy, and Y. Horii. 2015. Immunomodulatory and antiparasitic effects of garlic extract on Eimeria vermiformis-infected mice. Parasitology Research 114 (7):2735–42. doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4480-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatibi, S. A., A. Misaghi, M. H. Moosavy, G. Amoabediny, and A. A. Basti. 2014. Effect of preparation methods on the properties of Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil loaded nanoliposomes: Characterization of size, encapsulation efficiency and stability. Pharmaceutical Sciences 20 (4):141–8. doi: 10.5681/PS.2015.003.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. H., S. H. Yu, Y. J. Cho, J. H. Pan, H. T. Cho, J. H. Kim, H. Bong, Y. Lee, M. H. Chang, Y. J. Jeong, et al. 2017. Preparation of S-allylcysteine-enriched black garlic juice and its antidiabetic effects in streptozotocin-induced insulin-deficient mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65 (2):358–63. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. H., C. H. Kaschula, N. Priedigkeit, A. V. Lee, and S. V. Singh. 2016. Forkhead box Q1 is a novel target of breast cancer stem cell inhibition by diallyl trisulfide. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 291 (26):13495–508. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M116.715219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, W. T., S.-P. Seo, Y. J. Byun, H.-W. Kang, Y.-J. Kim, S.-C. Lee, P. Jeong, Y. Seo, S. Y. Choe, D.-J. Kim, et al. 2017. Garlic extract in bladder cancer prevention: Evidence from T24 bladder cancer cell xenograft model, tissue microarray, and gene network analysis. International Journal of Oncology 51 (1):204–12. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y.-A., D. Xiao, H. Xiao, A. A. Powolny, K. L. Lew, M. L. Reilly, Y. Zeng, Z. Wang, and S. V. Singh. 2007. Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by diallyl trisulfide in human prostate cancer cells is associated with generation of reactive oxygen species and regulated by Bax/Bak. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 6 (5):1599–609. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura, S., Y. C. Tung, M. H. Pan, N. W. Su, Y. J. Lai, and K. C. Cheng. 2017. Black garlic: A critical review of its production, bioactivity, and application. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 25 (1):62–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan, V., C. Loganathan, and P. Thayumanavan. 2019. Green synthesized selenium nanoparticle as carrier and potent delivering agent of s-allyl glutathione: Anticancer effect against hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2) through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 53:101207. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurmi, B. D., P. Patel, R. Paliwal, and S. R. Paliwal. 2020. Molecular approaches for targeted drug delivery towards cancer: A concise review with respect to nanotechnology. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 57:101682. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101682.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, G. S., M. Naito, M. Yokoyama, T. Okano, Y. Sakurai, and K. Kataoka. 1995. Physical entrapment of adriamycin in AB block copolymer micelles. Pharmaceutical Research 12 (2):192–5. doi: 10.1023/A:1016266523505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyo, E., N. Uda, A. Suzuki, M. Kakimoto, M. Ushijima, S. Kasuga, and Y. Itakura. 1998. Immunomodulation and antitumor activities of aged garlic extract. Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 5 (4):259–67. doi: 10.1016/S0944-7113(98)80064-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, K. C., C. L. Kuo, H. C. Ho, J. S. Yang, C. Y. Ma, H. F. Lu, H. Y. Huang, F. S. Chueh, C. C. Yu, and J. G. Chung. 2012. Diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide affect drug resistant gene expression in colo 205 human colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine 19 (7):625–30. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.02.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan, X., H. Sun, J. Liu, Y. Lin, Z. Zhu, X. Han, X. Sun, X. Li, H. Zhang, and Z. Tang. 2013. Effects of garlic oil on pancreatic cancer cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP 14 (10):5905–10. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5905.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langer, R. 1990. New methods of drug delivery. Science (New York, N.Y.) 249 (4976):1527–33. doi: 10.1126/science.2218494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzotti, V. 2006. The analysis of onion and garlic. Journal of Chromatography. A 1112 (1-2):3–22. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzotti, V., G. Bonanomi, and F. Scala. 2013. What makes Allium species effective against pathogenic microbes? Phytochemistry Reviews 12 (4):751–72. doi: 10.1007/s11101-013-9295-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzotti, V., F. Scala, and G. Bonanomi. 2014. Compounds from Allium species with cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. Phytochemistry Reviews 13 (4):769–91. doi: 10.1007/s11101-014-9366-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasic, D. D. 1998. Novel applications of liposomes. Trends in Biotechnology 16 (7):307–21. doi: 10.1016/S0167-7799(98)01220-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasic, D., F. Martin, A. Gabizon, S. Huang, and D. Papahadjopoulos. 1991. Sterically stabilized liposomes: A hypothesis on the molecular origin of the extended circulation times. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (Bba) - Biomembranes 1070 (1):187–92. doi: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90162-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, L. D., and B. G. Hughes. 1992. Characterization of the formation of allicin and other thiosulfinates from garlic. Planta Medica 58 (4):345–50. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-961482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, L. D., and S. M. Hunsaker. 2018. Allicin bioavailability and bioequivalence from garlic supplements and garlic foods. Nutrients 10 (7):812. doi: 10.3390/nu10070812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. J., J. H. Jeong, and J. H. Ryu. 2019. Anti-pancreatic cancer activity of Z-ajoene from garlic: An inhibitor of the Hedgehog/Gli/FoxM1 axis. Journal of Functional Foods 56:102–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. Y., D. S. Kim, and K. H. Kyung. 2014. Factors influencing the stability of garlic thiosulfinates. Food Science and Biotechnology 23 (5):1593–600. doi: 10.1007/s10068-014-0216-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. 2008. Induction of apoptosis by S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine, a biotransformed garlic derivative, on a human gastric cancer cell line. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 21 (6):765–70. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.21.6.765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., H. Kim, J. Lee, and K. Kim. 2011. Anticancer activity of S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine on implanted tumor of human gastric cancer cell. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34 (5):677–81. doi: 10.1248/bpb.34.677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y. M., O. C. Gweon, Y. J. Seo, J. Im, M. J. Kang, M. J. Kim, and J. I. Kim. 2009. Antioxidant effect of garlic and aged black garlic in animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition Research and Practice 3 (2):156–61. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.2.156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefer, D. J. 2007. A new gaseous signaling molecule emerges: Cardioprotective role of hydrogen sulfide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (46):17907–8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0709010104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lestari, S. R., M. F. Atho’illah, Y. I. Christina, and M. Rifa’i. 2020. Single garlic oil modulates T cells activation and proinflammatory cytokine in mice with high fat diet. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 11 (4):414–20. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.06.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, M., Y. X. Yan, Q. T. Yu, Y. Deng, D. T. Wu, Y. Wang, Y. Z. Ge, S. P. Li, and J. Zhao. 2017. Comparison of immunomodulatory effects of fresh garlic and black garlic polysaccharides on RAW 264.7 macrophages. Journal of Food Science 82 (3):765–71. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.13589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., G. Yang, X. Zhu, L. Cheng, Y. Sun, and Z. Zhao. 2017. Combination of rapamycin and garlic-derived S-allylmercaptocysteine induces colon cancer cell apoptosis and suppresses tumor growth in xenograft nude mice through autophagy/p62/Nrf2 pathway. Oncology Reports 38 (3):1637–44. doi: 10.3892/or.2017.5849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, W., H. Tian, L. Li, S. Li, W. Yue, Z. Chen, L. Qi, W. Hu, Y. Zhu, B. Hao, et al. 2012. Diallyl trisulfide induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of A549 cells in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 44 (7):577–83. doi: 10.1093/abbs/gms033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., J. Ni, Y. Tang, X. Wang, H. Tang, H. Li, S. Zhang, and X. Shen. 2019. Allicin inhibits mouse colorectal tumorigenesis through suppressing the activation of STAT3 signaling pathway. Natural Product Research 33 (18):2722–5. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1465425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Z. Wang, J. Li, and X. Sang. 2019. Diallyl disulfide suppresses FOXM1‐mediated proliferation and invasion in osteosarcoma by upregulating miR‐134. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 120 (5):7286–96. doi: 10.1002/jcb.28003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., J. Zhang, L. Zhang, M. Si, H. Yin, and J. Li. 2013. Diallyl trisulfide inhibits proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis of osteosarcoma cells by switching on suppressor microRNAs and inactivating of Notch-1 signaling. Carcinogenesis 34 (7):1601–10. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgt065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, S. B., A. Banerjee, and H. Önyüksel. 2012. Improvement of drug safety by the use of lipid-based nanocarriers. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society 163 (1):34–45. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, J. J., T. Chang, W. K. Cai, Z. Zhang, Y. X. Yang, C. Sun, Z. Y. Li, and W. X. Li. 2015. Post-injury administration of allicin attenuates ischemic brain injury through sphingosine kinase 2: In vivo and in vitro studies. Neurochemistry International 89:92–100. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling, H., J. He, H. Tan, L. Yi, F. Liu, X. Ji, Y. Wu, H. Hu, X. Zeng, X. Ai, et al. 2017. Identification of potential targets for differentiation in human leukemia cells induced by diallyl disulfide. International Journal of Oncology 50 (2):697–707. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling, H., L. Y. Zhang, Q. Su, Y. Song, Z. Y. Luo, X. T. Zhou, X. Zeng, J. He, H. Tan, and J. P. Yuan. 2006. Erk is involved in the differentiation induced by diallyl disulfide in the human gastric cancer cell line MGC803. Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters 11 (3):408–23. doi: 10.2478/s11658-006-0034-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, F., and D. Liu. 1995. Long-circulating emulsions (oil-in-water) as carriers for lipophilic drugs. Pharmaceutical Research 12 (7):1060–4. doi: 10.1023/A:1016274801930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, P., R. Weng, X. Sheng, X. Wang, W. Zhang, Y. Qian, and J. Qiu. 2020. Profiling of organosulfur compounds and amino acids in garlic from different regions of China. Food Chemistry 305:125499. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., P. Zhu, Y. Wang, Z. Wei, L. Tao, Z. Zhu, X. Sheng, S. Wang, J. Ruan, Z. Liu, et al. 2015. Antimetastatic therapies of the polysulfide diallyl trisulfide against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) via suppressing MMP2/9 by blocking NF-κB and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways. PLoS One 10 (4):e0123781. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., M. Li, K. Chen, J. Yang, R. Chen, T. Wang, J. Liu, W. Yang, and Z. Ye. 2012. S-allylcysteine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in androgen-independent human prostate cancer tate cancer cells. Molecular Medicine Reports 5 (2):439–43. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2011.658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, H., C. Sue, C. Yu, S. Chen, G. Chen, and J. G. Chung. 2004. Diallyl disulfide (DADS) induced apoptosis undergo caspase-3 activity in human bladder cancer T24 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 42 (10):1543–52. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, X., N. Li, X. Qiao, Z. Qiu, and P. Liu. 2017. Composition analysis and antioxidant properties of black garlic extract. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 25 (2):340–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.05.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majewski, M. 2014. Allium sativum: Facts and myths regarding human health. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 65 (1):1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malki, A., M. El-Saadani, and A. S. Sultan. 2009. Garlic constituent diallyl trisulfide induced apoptosis in MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Biology & Therapy 8 (22):2174–84. doi: 10.4161/cbt.8.22.9882.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manchanda, G., and N. Garg. 2011. Alleviation of salt-induced ionic, osmotic and oxidative stresses in Cajanus cajan nodules by AM inoculation. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology 145 (1):88–97. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2010.539851.
   Google Scholar
• Matsuura, N., Y. Miyamae, K. Yamane, Y. Nagao, Y. Hamada, N. Kawaguchi, T. Katsuki, K. Hirata, S.-I. Sumi, and H. Ishikawa. 2006. Aged garlic extract inhibits angiogenesis and proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cells. The Journal of Nutrition 136 (3 Suppl):842S–6S. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.3.842S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClements, D. J., E. A. Decker, and J. Weiss. 2007. Emulsion-based delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive components. Journal of Food Science 72 (8):R109–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00507.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNiff, B. L. 1977. Clinical use of 10% soybean oil emulsion. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 34 (10):1080–6. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/34.10.1080.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehnert, W., and K. Mäder. 2012. Solid lipid nanoparticles: Production, characterization and applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 64:83–101. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miean, K. H., and S. Mohamed. 2001. Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plants. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49 (6):3106–12. doi: 10.1021/jf000892m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misra, R., S. Acharya, and S. K. Sahoo. 2010. Cancer nanotechnology: Application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy. Drug Discovery Today 15 (19-20):842–50. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.08.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina-Calle, M., V. S. de Medina, F. Priego-Capote, and M. D. L. de Castro. 2017. Establishing compositional differences between fresh and black garlic by a metabolomics approach based on LC–QTOF MS/MS analysis. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 62:155–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.05.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollazade, M., K. Nejati-Koshki, A. Akbarzadeh, N. Zarghami, M. Nasiri, R. Jahanban-Esfahlan, and A. Alibakhshi. 2013. PAMAM dendrimers augment inhibitory effects of curcumin on cancer cell proliferation: Possible inhibition of telomerase. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP 14 (11):6925–8. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.11.6925.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Momekova, D., S. Rangelov, S. Yanev, E. Nikolova, S. Konstantinov, B. Romberg, G. Storm, and N. Lambov. 2007. Long-circulating, pH-sensitive liposomes sterically stabilized by copolymers bearing short blocks of lipid-mimetic units. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences: Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 32 (4-5):308–17. doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.08.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales-González, J. A., E. Madrigal-Bujaidar, M. Sánchez-Gutiérrez, J. A. Izquierdo-Vega, M. D. C. Valadez-Vega, I. Álvarez-González, Á. Morales-González, and E. Madrigal-Santillán. 2019. Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A brief review of its antigenotoxic effects. Foods 8 (8):343. doi: 10.3390/foods8080343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozafari, M. 2010. Nanoliposomes: Preparation and analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.) 605:29–50. doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-360-2_2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mozafari, M., A. Pardakhty, S. Azarmi, J. Jazayeri, A. Nokhodchi, and A. Omri. 2009. Role of nanocarrier systems in cancer nanotherapy. Journal of Liposome Research 19 (4):310–21. doi: 10.3109/08982100902913204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mu, L., and S. Feng. 2003. A novel controlled release formulation for the anticancer drug paclitaxel (Taxol®): PLGA nanoparticles containing vitamin E TPGS. Journal of Controlled Release 86 (1):33–48. doi: 10.1016/S0168-3659(02)00320-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, A., J. Eller, F. Albrecht, P. Prochnow, K. Kuhlmann, J. E. Bandow, A. J. Slusarenko, and L. I. O. Leichert. 2016. Allicin induces thiol stress in bacteria through S-allylmercapto modification of protein cysteines. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 291 (22):11477–90. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M115.702308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, R. H., K. Mäder, and S. Gohla. 2000. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery - A review of the state of the art. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics: Official Journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V 50 (1):161–77. doi: 10.1016/S0939-6411(00)00087-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, R. H., S. Maassen, H. Weyhers, and W. Mehnert. 1996. Phagocytic uptake and cytotoxicity of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) sterically stabilized with poloxamine 908 and poloxamer 407. Journal of Drug Targeting 4 (3):161–70. doi: 10.3109/10611869609015973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mun, S., E. A. Decker, and D. J. McClements. 2005. Influence of droplet characteristics on the formation of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by surfactant-chitosan layers. Langmuir: The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids 21 (14):6228–34. doi: 10.1021/la050502w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na, H. K., E. H. Kim, M. A. Choi, J. M. Park, D. H. Kim, and Y. J. Surh. 2012. Diallyl trisulfide induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells through ROS-mediated activation of JNK and AP-1. Biochemical Pharmacology 84 (10):1241–50. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.08.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagabhushan, M., D. Line, P. J. Polverini, and D. B. Solt. 1992. Anticarcinogenic action of diallyl sulfide in hamster buccal pouch and forestomach. Cancer Letters 66 (3):207–16. doi: 10.1016/0304-3835(92)90249-U.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagae, S., M. Ushijima, S. Hatono, J. Imai, S. Kasuga, H. Matsuura, Y. Itakura, and Y. Higashi. 1994. Pharmacokinetics of the garlic compound S-allylcysteine. Planta Medica 60 (3):214–7. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-959461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagi, A., B. Iqbal, S. Kumar, S. Sharma, J. Ali, and S. Baboota. 2017. Quality by design based silymarin nanoemulsion for enhancement of oral bioavailability. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 40:35–44. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.05.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa, H., K. Tsuta, K. Kiuchi, H. Senzaki, K. Tanaka, K. Hioki, and A. Tsubura. 2001. Growth inhibitory effects of diallyl disulfide on human breast cancer cell lines. Carcinogenesis 22 (6):891–7. doi: 10.1093/carcin/22.6.891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazari, M., B. Ghanbarzadeh, H. S. Kafil, M. Zeinali, and H. Hamishehkar. 2019. Garlic essential oil nanophytosomes as a natural food preservative: Its application in yogurt as food model. Colloid and Interface Science Communications 30:100176. doi: 10.1016/j.colcom.2019.100176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, G. C., and C. H. Huang. 1975. Structural studies on phophatidylcholine-cholesterol mixed vesicles. Biochemistry 14 (15):3363–70. doi: 10.1021/bi00686a012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, K. T. P., D. Y. Guo, Q. Cheng, W. Geng, C. C. Ling, C. X. Li, X. B. Liu, Y. Y. Ma, C. M. Lo, R. T. P. Poon, et al. 2012. A garlic derivative, S-allylcysteine (SAC), suppresses proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 7 (2):e31655. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nian, H., B. Delage, J. T. Pinto, and R. H. Dashwood. 2008. Allyl mercaptan, a garlic-derived organosulfur compound, inhibits histone deacetylase and enhances Sp3 binding on the P21WAF1 promoter. Carcinogenesis 29 (9):1816–24. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgn165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkrumah-Elie, Y. M., J. S. Reuben, A. Hudson, E. Taka, R. Badisa, T. Ardley, B. Israel, S. Y. Sadrud-Din, E. Oriaku, and S. F. Darling-Reed. 2012. Diallyl trisulfide as an inhibitor of benzo (a) pyrene-induced precancerous carcinogenesis in MCF-10A cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology 50 (7):2524–30. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oerlemans, C., W. Bult, M. Bos, G. Storm, J. F. W. Nijsen, and W. E. Hennink. 2010. Polymeric micelles in anticancer therapy: Targeting, imaging and triggered release. Pharmaceutical Research 27 (12):2569–89. doi: 10.1007/s11095-010-0233-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, A., H. Zhang, Y. Li, T-y Lin, F. Wang, J. Lee, M. Cheng, M. Dall’Era, T. Li, R. deVere White, et al. 2016. Disulfide-crosslinked nanomicelles confer cancer-specific drug delivery and improve efficacy of paclitaxel in bladder cancer. Nanotechnology 27 (42):425103. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/42/425103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papahadjopoulos, D., T. Allen, A. Gabizon, E. Mayhew, K. Matthay, S. Huang, K. Lee, M. Woodle, D. Lasic, and C. Redemann. 1991. Sterically stabilized liposomes: Improvements in pharmacokinetics and antitumor therapeutic efficacy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88 (24):11460–4. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmar, B., S. Mandal, K. Petkar, L. Patel, and K. Sawant. 2011. Valsartan loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Development, characterization and in vitro and ex vivo evaluation. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 4 (3):1483–90. doi: 10.37285/ijpsn.2011.4.3.11.
   Google Scholar
• Pham, D. T., N. Saelim, and W. Tiyaboonchai. 2019. Alpha mangostin loaded crosslinked silk fibroin-based nanoparticles for cancer chemotherapy. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 181:705–13. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinilla, C. M. B., and A. Brandelli. 2016. Antimicrobial activity of nanoliposomes co-encapsulating nisin and garlic extract against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in milk. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 36:287–93. doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.07.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinnamaneni, S., N. Das, and S. Das. 2003. Comparison of oil-in-water emulsions manufactured by microfluidization and homogenization. Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 58 (8):554–8. doi: 10.1080/1478641031000137004.
   Google Scholar
• Pinto, J. T., C. Qiao, J. Xing, R. Rivlin, M. Protomastro, M. Weissler, Y. Tao, H. Thaler, and W. Heston. 1997. Effects of garlic thioallyl derivatives on growth, glutathione concentration, and polyamine formation of human prostate carcinoma cells in culture. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 66 (2):398–405. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/66.2.398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto, J. T., C. Qiao, J. Xing, B. P. Suffoletto, K. B. Schubert, R. S. Rivlin, R. F. Huryk, D. J. Bacich, and W. D. Heston. 2000. Alterations of prostate biomarker expression and testosterone utilization in human LNCaP prostatic carcinoma cells by garlic‐derived S‐allylmercaptocysteine. The Prostate 45 (4):304–14. doi: 10.1002/1097-0045(20001201)45:4<304::AID-PROS4>3.0.CO;2-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole Jr, C. P., and F. J. Owens. 2003. Introduction to nanotechnology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, C. J., N. L. Trevaskis, and W. N. Charman. 2007. Lipids and lipid-based formulations: Optimizing the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs. Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 6 (3):231–48. doi: 10.1038/nrd2197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Press, M., H. Kikuchi, T. Shimoyama, and G. Thompson. 1974. Diagnosis and treatment of essential fatty acid deficiency in man. British Medical Journal 2 (5913):247–50. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5913.247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puri, A., K. Loomis, B. Smith, J.-H. Lee, A. Yavlovich, E. Heldman, and R. Blumenthal. 2009. Lipid-based nanoparticles as pharmaceutical drug carriers: From concepts to clinic. Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 26 (6):523–80. doi: 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v26.i6.10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnik, P., D. Gabrić, S. Roohinejad, F. J. Barba, D. Granato, K. Mallikarjunan, J. M. Lorenzo, and D. B. Kovačević. 2019. An overview of organosulfur compounds from Allium spp.: From processing and preservation to evaluation of their bioavailability, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Food Chemistry 276:680–91. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintero-Fabián, S., D. Ortuño-Sahagún, M. Vázquez-Carrera, and R. I. López-Roa. 2013. Alliin, a garlic (Allium sativum) compound, prevents LPS-induced inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mediators of Inflammation 2013:381815. doi: 10.1155/2013/381815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raeesi, S. 2020. The effect of rutin nanocrystals on VDR gene expression in oral cancer cells (HN5). Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry.
   Google Scholar
• Raeisi, S., S. M. Ojagh, S. Y. Quek, P. Pourashouri, and F. Salaün. 2019. Nano-encapsulation of fish oil and garlic essential oil by a novel composition of wall material: Persian gum-chitosan. LWT 116:108494. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragavan, G., Y. Muralidaran, B. Sridharan, R. N. Ganesh, and P. Viswanathan. 2017. Evaluation of garlic oil in nano-emulsified form: Optimization and its efficacy in high-fat diet induced dyslipidemia in Wistar rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 105:203–13. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.04.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, K. 2007. Effects of garlic on platelet biochemistry and physiology. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 51 (11):1335–44. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200700058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reza Mozafari, M., C. Johnson, S. Hatziantoniou, and C. Demetzos. 2008. Nanoliposomes and their applications in food nanotechnology. Journal of Liposome Research 18 (4):309–27. doi: 10.1080/08982100802465941.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto, K., L. D. Lawson, and J. A. Milner. 1997. Allyl sulfides from garlic suppress the in vitro proliferation of human A549 lung tumor cells. Nutrition and Cancer 29 (2):152–6. doi: 10.1080/01635589709514617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salehi, B., P. Zucca, I. E. Orhan, E. Azzini, C. O. Adetunji, S. A. Mohammed, S. K. Banerjee, F. Sharopov, D. Rigano, J. Sharifi-Rad, et al. 2019. Allicin and health: A comprehensive review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 86:502–16. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvia-Trujillo, L., C. Qian, O. Martín-Belloso, and D. J. McClements. 2013. Influence of particle size on lipid digestion and β-carotene bioaccessibility in emulsions and nanoemulsions. Food Chemistry 141 (2):1472–80. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanna, V., N. Pala, and M. Sechi. 2014. Targeted therapy using nanotechnology: Focus on cancer. International Journal of Nanomedicine 9:467–83. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S36654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santhosha, S., P. Jamuna, and S. Prabhavathi. 2013. Bioactive components of garlic and their physiological role in health maintenance: A review. Food Bioscience 3:59–74. doi: 10.1016/j.fbio.2013.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saud, S. M., W. Li, Z. Gray, M. S. Matter, N. H. Colburn, M. R. Young, and Y. S. Kim. 2016. Diallyl disulfide (DADS), a constituent of garlic, inactivates NF-κB and prevents colitis-induced colorectal cancer by inhibiting GSK-3β. Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 9 (7):607–15. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-16-0044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar, S., Q. Chen, S. Ganapathy, K. P. Singh, and R. K. Srivastava. 2008. Diallyl trisulfide increases the effectiveness of TRAIL and inhibits prostate cancer growth in an orthotopic model: Molecular mechanisms. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 7 (8):2328–38. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, P., and S. Garg. 2010. Pure drug and polymer based nanotechnologies for the improved solubility, stability, bioavailability and targeting of anti-HIV drugs. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 62 (4-5):491–502. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, L., Q. Lin, X. Li, Y. Nie, S. Sun, X. Deng, L. Wang, J. Lu, Y. Tang, and F. Luo. 2017. Alliin, a garlic organosulfur compound, ameliorates gut inflammation through MAPK‐NF‐κB/AP‐1/STAT‐1 inactivation and PPAR‐γ activation. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research 61 (9):1601013. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201601013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shih, W. L., C. D. Chang, H. T. Chen, and K. K. Fan. 2018. Antioxidant activity and leukemia initiation prevention in vitro and in vivo by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Oncology Letters 16 (2):2046–52. doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, D. Y., G. Y. Kim, H. J. Hwang, W. J. Kim, and Y. H. Choi. 2014. Diallyl trisulfide-induced apoptosis of bladder cancer cells is caspase-dependent and regulated by PI3K/Akt and JNK pathways. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 37 (1):74–83. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.11.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, D. Y., G. Y. Kim, J. H. Lee, B. T. Choi, Y. H. Yoo, and Y. H. Choi. 2012. Apoptosis induction of human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells by diallyl disulfide via modulation of JNK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13 (11):14158–71. doi: 10.3390/ijms131114158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, I., D. Mirelman, L. Weiner, E. Villar, V. L. Shnyrov, and A. Rabinkov. 2018. Stabilization of alliinase from garlic by osmolytes and the mannose-specific lectin ASAI. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 6:437–47. doi: 10.17265/2328-2150/2018.05.001.
   Google Scholar
• Shirzad, H., F. Taji, and M. Rafieian-Kopaei. 2011. Correlation between antioxidant activity of garlic extracts and WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma tumor growth in BALB/c mice. Journal of Medicinal Food 14 (9):969–74. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoji, Y., and H. Nakashima. 2004. Nutraceutics and delivery systems. Journal of Drug Targeting 12 (6):385–91. doi: 10.1080/10611860400003817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddhartha, V. T., S. K. S. Pindiprolu, P. K. Chintamaneni, S. Tummala, and S. Nandha Kumar. 2018. RAGE receptor targeted bioconjuguate lipid nanoparticles of diallyl disulfide for improved apoptotic activity in triple negative breast cancer: In vitro studies. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology 46 (2):387–97. doi: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1313267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigounas, G., J. Hooker, A. Anagnostou, and M. Steiner. 1997. S-allylmercaptocysteine inhibits cell proliferation and reduces the viability of erythroleukemia, breast, and prostate cancer cell lines . Nutrition and Cancer 27 (2):186–91. doi: 10.1080/01635589709514523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, R., and K. Singh. 2019. Garlic: A spice with wide medicinal actions. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 8 (1):1349–55.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, T., S. Shukla, P. Kumar, V. Wahla, V. K. Bajpai, and I. A. Rather. 2017. Application of nanotechnology in food science: Perception and overview. Frontiers in Microbiology 8:1501. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, V. K., and D. K. Singh. 2008. Pharmacological effects of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Annual Review of Biomedical Sciences 10 (0):6–26. doi: 10.5016/1806-8774.2008.v10p6.
   Google Scholar
• Sobenin, I. A., V. A. Myasoedova, M. I. Iltchuk, D. W. Zhang, and A. N. Orekhov. 2019. Therapeutic effects of garlic in cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 17 (10):721–8. doi: 10.1016/S1875-5364(19)30088-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobolewska, D., K. Michalska, I. Podolak, and K. Grabowska. 2016. Steroidal saponins from the genus Allium. Phytochemistry Reviews: Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe 15:1–35. doi: 10.1007/s11101-014-9381-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, M., and W. Li. 2001. Aged garlic extract, a modulator of cardiovascular risk factors: A dose-finding study on the effects of AGE on platelet functions. The Journal of Nutrition 131 (3):980S–4S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.3.980S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suleria, H. A. R., M. S. Butt, N. Khalid, S. Sultan, A. Raza, M. Aleem, and M. Abbas. 2015. Garlic (Allium sativum): Diet based therapy of 21st century–A review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 5 (4):271–8. doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60782-9.
   Google Scholar
• Sundaram, S. G., and J. A. Milner. 1996. Diallyl disulfide inhibits the proliferation of human tumor cells in culture. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (Bba) - Molecular Basis of Disease 1315 (1):15–20. doi: 10.1016/0925-4439(95)00088-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szychowski, K. A., K. Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk, K. Gaweł-Bęben, M. Świeca, M. Karaś, A. Jakubczyk, M. Matysiak, U. E. Binduga, and J. Gmiński. 2018. Characterization of active compounds of different garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 68 (1):73–81. doi: 10.1515/pjfns-2017-0005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tadros, T., P. Izquierdo, J. Esquena, and C. Solans. 2004. Formation and stability of nano-emulsions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 108-109:303–18. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2003.10.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, H., Y. Kong, J. Guo, Y. Tang, X. Xie, L. Yang, Q. Su, and X. Xie. 2013. Diallyl disulfide suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer through Wnt-1 signaling pathway by up-regulation of miR-200b and miR-22. Cancer Letters 340 (1):72–81. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, S., D. Gao, T. Zhao, J. Zhou, and X. Zhao. 2013. An evaluation of the anti-tumor efficacy of oleanolic acid-loaded PEGylated liposomes. Nanotechnology 24 (23):235102. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/23/235102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, M., and M. Ali. 2003. Garlic [Allium sativum]: A review of its potential use as an anti-cancer agent. Current Cancer Drug Targets 3 (1):67–81. doi: 10.2174/1568009033333736.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torchilin, V. P. 2001. Structure and design of polymeric surfactant-based drug delivery systems. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society 73 (2-3):137–72. doi: 10.1016/S0168-3659(01)00299-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torchilin, V. P. 2007. Micellar nanocarriers: Pharmaceutical perspectives. Pharmaceutical Research 24 (1):1–16. doi: 10.1007/s11095-006-9132-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres-Palazzolo, C. A., D. A. Ramírez, V. H. Beretta, and A. B. Camargo. 2021. Matrix effect on phytochemical bioaccessibility. The case of organosulfur compounds in garlic preparations. LWT 136:110301. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsiaganis, M. C., K. Laskari, and E. Melissari. 2006. Fatty acid composition of Allium species lipids. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19 (6-7):620–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2005.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Üner, M. 2006. Preparation, characterization and physico-chemical properties of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC): Their benefits as colloidal drug carrier systems. Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 61 (5):375–86. doi: 10.1248/jhs.55.946.
   Google Scholar
• Vijayakumar, S., B. Malaikozhundan, K. Saravanakumar, E. F. Durán-Lara, M.-H. Wang, and B. Vaseeharan. 2019. Garlic clove extract assisted silver nanoparticle – Antibacterial, antibiofilm, antihelminthic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and ecotoxicity assessment. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology 198:111558. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von White, G., P. Kerscher, R. M. Brown, J. D. Morella, W. McAllister, D. Dean, and C. L. Kitchens. 2012. Green synthesis of robust, biocompatible silver nanoparticles using garlic extract. Journal of Nanomaterials 2012:1–12. doi: 10.1155/2012/730746.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, G. C., C. P. Haar, W. A. Vandergrift, P. Giglio, Y. N. Dixon-Mah, A. K. Varma, S. K. Ray, S. J. Patel, N. L. Banik, and A. Das. 2013. Multi-targeted DATS prevents tumor progression and promotes apoptosis in ectopic glioblastoma xenografts in SCID mice via HDAC inhibition. Journal of Neuro-Oncology 114 (1):43–50. doi: 10.1007/s11060-013-1165-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallock-Richards, D., C. J. Doherty, L. Doherty, D. J. Clarke, M. Place, J. R. Govan, and D. J. Campopiano. 2014. Garlic revisited: Antimicrobial activity of allicin-containing garlic extracts against Burkholderia cepacia complex. PLoS One 9 (12):e112726. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., X. Li, X. Liu, D. Shen, Y. Qiu, X. Zhang, and J. Song. 2015. Influence of pH, concentration and light on stability of allicin in garlic (Allium sativum L.) aqueous extract as measured by UPLC. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 95 (9):1838–44. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., N. Sun, X. Li, K. Li, J. Tian, and J. Li. 2016. Diallyl trisulfide induces osteosarcoma cell apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated downregulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Oncology Reports 35 (6):3648–58. doi: 10.3892/or.2016.4722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H. C., S. C. Hsieh, J. H. Yang, S. Y. Lin, and L. Y. Sheen. 2012. Diallyl trisulfide induces apoptosis of human basal cell carcinoma cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress and the mitochondrial pathway. Nutrition and Cancer 64 (5):770–80. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2012.676142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. F., J. J. Shao, Z. L. Wang, and Z. X. Lu. 2012. Study of allicin microcapsules in β-cyclodextrin and porous starch mixture. Food Research International 49 (2):641–7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.09.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. L., X. Y. Guo, W. He, R. J. Chen, and R. Zhuang. 2017. Effects of alliin on LPS-induced acute lung injury by activating PPARγ. Microbial Pathogenesis 110:375–9. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.07.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., Q. Xia, J. Cui, Y. Diao, and J. Li. 2014. Reversion of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by diallyl trisulfide in a human osteosarcoma cell line. Oncology Reports 31 (6):2720–6. doi: 10.3892/or.2014.3154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wargovich, M. J. 1987. Diallyl sulfide, a flavor component of garlic (Allium sativum), inhibits dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 8 (3):487–9. doi: 10.1093/carcin/8.3.487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberger, A. S., and J. Pensky. 1957. Tumor-inhibiting effects derived from an active principle of garlic (Allium sativum). Science (New York, N.Y.) 126 (3283):1112–4. doi: 10.1126/science.126.3283.1112-a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberger, A. S., and J. Pensky. 1958. Tumor inhibition by a sulfhydryl-blocking agent related to an active principle of garlic (Allium sativum). Cancer Research 18 (11):1301–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodle, M. C., and D. D. Lasic. 1992. Sterically stabilized liposomes. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (Bba) - Reviews on Biomembranes 1113 (2):171–99. doi: 10.1016/0304-4157(92)90038-C.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J., S. Zhao, J. Zhang, X. Qu, S. Jiang, Z. Zhong, F. Zhang, Y. Wong, and H. Chen. 2016. Over-expression of survivin is a factor responsible for differential responses of ovarian cancer cells to S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC). Experimental and Molecular Pathology 100 (2):294–302. doi: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X. J., F. Kassie, and V. Mersch-Sundermann. 2005. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production on diallyl disulfide (DADS) induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human A549 lung carcinoma cells. Mutation Research 579 (1-2):115–24. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, Q., Z. Y. Wang, H. Q. Li, Y. T. Diao, X. L. Li, J. Cui, X. L. Chen, and H. Li. 2012. Reversion of p-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in human leukemic cell line by diallyl trisulfide. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2012:719805. doi: 10.1155/2012/719805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, D., and S. V. Singh. 2006. Diallyl trisulfide, a constituent of processed garlic, inactivates Akt to trigger mitochondrial translocation of BAD and caspase-mediated apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 27 (3):533–40. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgi228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, D., S. Choi, D. E. Johnson, V. G. Vogel, C. S. Johnson, D. L. Trump, Y. J. Lee, and S. V. Singh. 2004. Diallyl trisulfide-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells involves c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular-signal regulated kinase-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2. Oncogene 23 (33):5594–606. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, J., F. Xing, Y. Liu, Y. Lv, X. Wang, M.-T. Ling, H. Gao, S. Ouyang, M. Yang, J. Zhu, et al. 2018. Garlic-derived compound S-allylmercaptocysteine inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis through targeting LRP6/Wnt pathway. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B 8 (4):575–86. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, X., B. Chen, X. Liu, P. Liu, G. Zheng, F. Ye, H. Tang, and X. Xie. 2014. Diallyl disulfide suppresses SRC/Ras/ERK signaling-mediated proliferation and metastasis in human breast cancer by up-regulating miR-34a. PLoS One 9 (11):e112720. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, F., N. Yao, Y. Qin, Q. Zhang, H. Chen, M. Yuan, J. Tang, X. Li, W. Fan, and Q. Zhang. 2012. Investigation of glucose-modified liposomes using polyethylene glycols with different chain lengths as the linkers for brain targeting. International Journal of Nanomedicine 7:163–75. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S23771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong, T., X. W. Liu, X. L. Huang, X. F. Xu, W. Q. Xie, S. J. Zhang, and J. Tu. 2018. Tristetraprolin: A novel target of diallyl disulfide that inhibits the progression of breast cancer. Oncology Letters 15 (5):7817–27. doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, J., W. Zhao, Y. Ning, M. Bashari, F. Wu, H. Chen, N. Yang, Z. Jin, B. Xu, L. Zhang, et al. 2013. Improved stability and controlled release of ω3/ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by spring dextrin encapsulation. Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (2):1633–40. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, L., J. Yu, D. Zhai, D. Zhang, W. Shen, L. Bai, Z. Cai, and C. Yu. 2014. Role of JNK activation and mitochondrial Bax translocation in allicin-induced apoptosis in human ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2014:378684. doi: 10.1155/2014/378684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., D. Su, L. Zhu, S. Zhang, S. Ma, K. Wu, Q. Yuan, and N. Lin. 2018. S-allylcysteine suppresses ovarian cancer cell proliferation by DNA methylation through DNMT1. Journal of Ovarian Research 11 (1):39. doi: 10.1186/s13048-018-0412-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu, Y. S., J. G. Feng, D. Zhang, B. Zhang, M. Luo, D. Su, and N. M. Lin. 2014. S-allylcysteine, a garlic derivative, suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 35 (2):267–74. doi: 10.1038/aps.2013.176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Z., W. Gu, J. Huang, H. Sui, Z. Zhou, Y. Yang, Z. Yan, and Y. Li. 2005. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of actively targetable nanoparticles for paclitaxel delivery. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 288 (2):361–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.10.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., Y. Long, Y. Wang, K. Ren, M. Li, Z. Zhang, B. Xiang, and Q. He. 2020. Enhanced anti-tumor and anti-metastasis therapy for triple negative breast cancer by CD44 receptor-targeted hybrid self-delivery micelles. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 577:119085. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, M., S. Lee, S. Lee, H. Seog, and D. Shin. 2010. Validation of high performance liquid chromatography methods for determination of bioactive sulfur compounds in garlic bulbs. Food Science and Biotechnology 19 (6):1619–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0731-7085(95)01700-3. doi: 10.1007/s10068-010-0229-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, L.-J., X.-Y. Zhu, R.-S. Li, H.-J. Chang, B. Gong, C.-C. Tian, C. Liu, Y.-X. Xue, Q. Zhou, T.-S. Xu, et al. 2019. S‑allyl‑cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) alleviates myocardial infarction by modulating cardiomyocyte necroptosis and autophagy. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 44 (5):1943–51. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, Z., X. Guan, R. Chao, C. Huang, D. Li, P. Yang, S. Liu, T. Hasegawa, J. Guo, and M. Li. 2019. Diallyl disulfide induces apoptosis and autophagy in human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Molecules 24 (14):2665. doi: 10.3390/molecules24142665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai, B., C. Zhang, Y. Sheng, C. Zhao, X. He, W. Xu, K. Huang, and Y. Luo. 2018. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of S-allyl-cysteine sulfoxide (alliin) in DIO mice. Scientific Reports 8 (1):3527. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21421-x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, Q., X.-T. Li, Y. Chen, J.-Q. Chen, J.-Y. Zhu, Y. Meng, X.-Q. Wang, Y. Li, S.-S. Geng, C.-F. Xie, et al. 2018. Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates the suppressive effects of diallyl trisulfide on colorectal cancer stem cells. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 81 (6):969–77. doi: 10.1007/s00280-018-3565-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., M. Ha, Y. Gong, Y. Xu, N. Dong, and Y. Yuan. 2010. Allicin induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Oncology Reports 24 (6):1585–92. doi: 10.3892/or_00001021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. K., X. H. Zhang, J. M. Li, D. S. Sun, Q. Yang, and D. M. Diao. 2009. A proteomic study on a human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 treated with diallyl trisulfide. Anti-Cancer Drugs 20 (8):702–12. doi: 10.1097/CAD.0b013e32832e89c7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., W. P. Xie, Y. K. Zhang, Y. Q. Chen, D. L. Wang, G. Li, and D. H. Guan. 2018. Experimental study of inhibitory effects of diallyl trisulfide on the growth of human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cells by downregulating expression of glucose-regulated protein 78. OncoTargets and Therapy 11:271–7. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S150933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., and S. S. Feng. 2006. The drug encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of paclitaxel-loaded poly(lactide)-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate nanoparticles. Biomaterials 27 (21):4025–33. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.03.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z. M., X. Y. Yang, S. H. Deng, X. Wei, and H. Q. Gao. 2007. Anti-tumor effects of polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles of diallyl trisulfide on orthotopic transplantation tumor model of hepatocellular carcinoma in BALB/c nude mice. Chinese Medical Journal 120 (15):1336–42. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-5-22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, R., E. Xie, X. Yang, and B. Gong. 2019. Alliin alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by promoting autophagy. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 512 (2):236–43. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, H. M., H. B. Li, D. W. Wang, and D. Liu. 2013. Preparation methods for monodispersed garlic oil microspheres in water using the microemulsion technique and their potential as antimicrobials. Journal of Food Science 78 (8):N1301–N1306. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y., I. S. Haworth, Z. Zuo, M. S. Chow, and A. H. Chow. 2005. Physicochemical and structural characterization of quercetin-beta-cyclodextrin complexes. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 94 (5):1079–89. doi: 10.1002/jps.20325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, X., X. Jiang, A. Li, Y. Sun, Y. Liu, X. Sun, X. Feng, S. Li, and Z. Zhao. 2017. S-allylmercaptocysteine suppresses the growth of human gastric cancer xenografts through induction of apoptosis and regulation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 491 (3):821–6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, Y., Y. Song, W. Yang, F. Meng, H. Liu, and Z. Zhong. 2014. Galactose-installed photo-crosslinked pH-sensitive degradable micelles for active targeting chemotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. Journal of Controlled Release: Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society 193:154–61. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar