Wheat consumption and prevalence of celiac disease: Correlation from a multilevel analysis

References

• Abu-Zeid, Y. A., W. S. Jasem, B. Lebwohl, P. H. Green, and G. Elghazali. 2014. Seroprevalence of celiac disease among United Arab Emirates healthy adult nationals: A gender disparity. World Journal of Gastroenterology 20 (42):15830–6. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Zekry, M., D. Kryszak, M. Diab, C. Catassi, and A. Fasano. 2008. Prevalence of celiac disease in Egyptian children disputes the east–west agriculture-dependent spread of the disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 47 (2):136–40. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31815ce5d1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbari, M. R., A. Mohammadkhani, H. Fakheri, M. J. Zahedi, B. Shahbazkhani, M. Nouraie, M. Sotoudeh, R. Shakeri, and R. Malekzadeh. 2006. Screening of the adult population in Iran for coeliac disease: Comparison of the tissue-transglutaminase antibody and anti-endomysial antibody tests. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 18 (11):1181–6. doi: 10.1097/01.meg.0000224477.51428.32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Hatlani, M. M. 2015. Prevalence of celiac disease among symptom-free children from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology: Official Journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association 21 (6):367–71. doi: 10.4103/1319-3767.170952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alarida, K., J. Harown, A. Ahmaida, L. Marinelli, C. Venturini, G. Kodermaz, R. Tozzoli, A. Mandolesi, I. Bearzi, and C. Catassi. 2011. Coeliac disease in Libyan children: A screening study based on the rapid determination of anti-transglutaminase antibodies. Digestive and Liver Disease 43 (9):688–91. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alencar, M. L., C. L. Ortiz-Agostinho, L. Nishitokukado, A. O. Damião, C. P. Abrantes-Lemos, A. Z. Leite, T. de Brito, D. de, A. Chamone, M. E. Silva, et al. 2012. Prevalence of celiac disease among blood donors in São Paulo: The most populated city in Brazil. Clinics 67 (9):1013–8. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2012(09)05.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alessio, M. G., E. Tonutti, I. Brusca, A. Radice, L. Licini, A. Sonzogni, A. Florena, E. Schiaffino, W. Marus, S. Sulfaro, et al. 2012. Study Group on Autoimmune Diseases of Italian Society of Laboratory Medicine. Correlation between IgA tissue transglutaminase antibody ratio and histological finding in celiac disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 55 (1):44–9. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182470249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hussaini, A., R. Troncone, M. Khormi, M. AlTuraiki, W. Alkhamis, M. Alrajhi, T. Halal, M. Fagih, S. Alharbi, M. S. Bashir, et al. 2017. Mass screening for celiac disease among school-aged children: Toward exploring celiac iceberg in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 65 (6):646–51. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aljebreen, A. M., M. A. Almadi, A. Alhammad, and F. Z. Al Faleh. 2013. Seroprevalence of celiac disease among healthy adolescents in Saudi Arabia. World Journal of Gastroenterology 19 (15):2374–8. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i15.2374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almazán, M. V., E. Ortega, R. M. Torres, M. Tovar, J. Romero, M. Á. López-Casado, L. Jáimez, J. Jiménez-Jáimez, A. Ballesteros, J. Caballero-Villarraso, et al. 2015. Diagnostic screening for subclinical celiac disease using a rapid test in children aged 2–4. Pediatric Research 78 (3):280–5. doi: 10.1038/pr.2015.98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almeida, L. M., L. C. Castro, R. H. Uenishi, F. C. de Almeida, P. M. Fritsch, L. Gandolfi, R. Pratesi, and Y. K. de Medeiros Nóbrega. 2013. Decreased prevalence of celiac disease among Brazilian elderly. World Journal of Gastroenterology 19 (12):1930–5. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i12.1930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, R. P., M. J. Henry, R. Taylor, E. L. Duncan, P. Danoy, M. J. Costa, K. Addison, J. A. Tye-Din, M. A. Kotowicz, R. E. Knight, et al. 2013. A novel serogenetic approach determines the community prevalence of celiac disease and informs improved diagnostic pathways. BMC Medicine 11:188. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-188. 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antunes, H., I. Abreu, A. Nogueiras, C. Sá, C. Gonçalves, P. Cleto, F. Garcia, A. Alves, and D. Lemos. 2006. First determination of the prevalence of celiac disease in a Portuguese population. Acta Médica Portuguesa 19 (2):115–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aronsson, C. A., H. S. Lee, E. M. H. af Segerstad, U. Uusitalo, J. Yang, S. Koletzko, E. Liu, K. Kurppa, P. J. Bingley, J. Toppari, et al. 2019. Association of gluten intake during the first 5 years of life with incidence of celiac disease autoimmunity and celiac disease among children at increased risk. Journal of the American Medical Association 322 (6):514–23. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.10329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashtari, S., H. Najafimehr, M. A. Pourhoseingholi, K. Rostami, H. Asadzadeh-Aghdaei, M. Rostami-Nejad, M. R. Tavirani, M. Olfatifar, G. K. Makharia, and M. R. Zali. 2021. Prevalence of celiac disease in low and high risk population in Asia–Pacific region: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports 11 (1):2383. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82023-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bahari, A., M. Karimi, M. E. Sanei, F. Firouzi, and M. Hashemi. 2010. Prevalence of celiac disease among blood donors in Sistan and Balouchestan Province, Southeastern Iran. Archives of Iranian Medicine 13 (4):301–5. doi: 010134/AIM.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barada, K., A. Bitar, M. A. R. Mokadem, J. G. Hashash, and P. Green. 2010. Celiac disease in Middle Eastern and North African countries: A new burden? World Journal of Gastroenterology 16 (12):1449–57. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i12.1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bdioui, F., N. Sakly, M. Hassine, and H. Saffar. 2006. Prevalence of celiac disease in Tunisian blood donors. Gastroentérologie Clinique et Biologique 30 (1):33–6. doi: 10.1016/S0399-8320(06)73075-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhattacharya, M., A. P. Dubey, and N. B. Mathur. 2009. Prevalence of celiac disease in north Indian children. Indian Pediatrics 46 (5):415–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonamico, M., R. Nenna, M. Montuori, R. P. L. Luparia, A. Turchetti, M. Mennini, F. Lucantoni, D. Masotti, F. M. Magliocca, F. Culasso, et al. 2011. First salivary screening of celiac disease by detection of anti-transglutaminase autoantibody radioimmunoassay in 5000 Italian primary schoolchildren. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 52 (1):17–20. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181e6f2d0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boukid, F., M. Mejri, N. Pellegrini, S. Sforza, and B. Prandi. 2017. How looking for celiac‐safe wheat can influence its technological properties. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 16 (5):797–807. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappello, M., G. C. Morreale, and A. Licata. 2016. Elderly onset celiac disease: A narrative review. Clinical Medicine Insights: Gastroenterology 27 (9):41–9. CGast-S38454. doi: 10.4137/CGast.S38454.
   Google Scholar
• Catassi, C. 2017. New celiac icebergs are spotted, other are slowly emerging. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 65 (6):601–2. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catassi, C., S. Gatti, and A. Fasano. 2014. The new epidemiology of celiac disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 59 (Supplement 1):S7–S9. doi: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000450393.23156.59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catassi, C., S. Gatti, and E. Lionetti. 2015. World perspective and celiac disease epidemiology. Digestive Diseases 33 (2):141–6. doi: 10.1159/000369518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catassi, C., M. Rossini, I. M. Rätsch, I. Bearzi, A. Santinelli, R. Castagnani, E. Pisani, G. V. Coppa, and P. L. Giorgi. 1993. Dose dependent effects of protracted ingestion of small amounts of gliadin in coeliac disease children: A clinical and jejunal morphometric study. Gut 34 (11):1515–9. doi: 10.1136/gut.34.11.1515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chibbar, R., and L. A. Dieleman. 2019. The gut microbiota in celiac disease and probiotics. Nutrients 11 (10):2375. doi: 10.3390/nu11102375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, M. W., D. F. Mallon, D. J. Cullen, J. K. Olynyk, L. C. Mollison, and C. B. Pearce. 2009. Screening for coeliac disease using anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody assays, and prevalence of the disease in an Australian community. Medical Journal of Australia 190 (8):429–32. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chmielewska, A., M. Pieścik-Lech, H. Szajewska, and R. Shamir. 2015. Primary prevention of celiac disease: Environmental factors with a focus on early nutrition. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 67 (Suppl 2):43–50. doi: 10.1159/000440992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comba, A., N. B. Eren, and E. Demir. 2018. Prevalence of celiac disease among school-age children in Çorum, Turkey. The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 29 (5):595–600. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2018.18020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, A., and I. Roberts-Thomson. 2009. Prevalence of celiac disease in the Asia–Pacific region. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 24 (8):1347–51. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05932.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, T., and N. G. Halford. 2014. Food security: The challenge of increasing wheat yield and the importance of not compromising food safety. Annals of Applied Biology 164 (3):354–72. doi: 10.1111/aab.12108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalgic, B., S. Sari, B. Basturk, A. Ensari, O. Egritas, A. Bukulmez, and Z. Baris. 2011. Prevalence of celiac disease in healthy Turkish school children. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 106 (8):1512–7. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2011.183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehghani, S. M., M. Haghighat, A. Mobayen, A. Rezaianzadeh, and B. Geramizadeh. 2013. Prevalence of celiac disease in healthy Iranian school children. Annals of Saudi Medicine 33 (2):159–61. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2013.159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirçeken, F. G., A. Kansu, Z. Kuloğlu, N. Girgin, H. Güriz, and A. Ensari. 2008. Human tissue transglutaminase antibody screening by immunochromatographic line immunoassay for early diagnosis of celiac disease in Turkish children. The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 19:14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertekin, V., M. A. Selimoglu, F. Kardas, and E. Aktas. 2005. Prevalence of celiac disease in Turkish children. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 39 (8):689–91. doi: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000174026.26838.56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farahmand, F., M. M. Mir-Nasseri, T. Shahraki, F. Yourdkhani, S. Ghotb, V. Modaresi, and G. R. Khatami. 2012. Prevalence of occult celiac disease in healthy Iranian school age children. Archives of Iranian Medicine 15 (6):342–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukunaga, M., N. Ishimura, T. Abe, M. Takeda, M. Isomura, Y. Kinoshita, and S. Ishihara. 2020. Serological screening for celiac disease in adults in Japan: Shimane CoHRE study. JGH Open: An Open Access Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 4 (4):558–60. doi: 10.1002/jgh3.12334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukunaga, M., N. Ishimura, C. Fukuyama, D. Izumi, N. Ishikawa, A. Araki, A. Oka, T. Mishiro, S. Ishihara, and R. Maruyama. 2017. Celiac disease in non-clinical populations of Japan. Journal of Gastroenterology 53 (2):208–14. doi: 10.1007/s00535-017-1339-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galván, J. A., C. Castañeda, E. Rodríguez, R. Alvarez, N. Turcaz, L. I. Novoa, and D. O. Palenzuela. 2010. Screening for celiac disease in a healthy Cuban children cohort from Pinar del Rio province. Biotecnología Aplicada 27 (4):291–3.
   Google Scholar
• Gatti, S., E. Lionetti, L. Balanzoni, A. K. Verma, T. Galeazzi, R. Gesuita, N. Scattolo, M. Cinquetti, A. Fasano, C. Catassi, et al. 2020. Increased prevalence of celiac disease in school-age children in Italy. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 18 (3):596–603. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.06.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grode, L., B. H. Bech, T. M. Jensen, P. Humaidan, I. E. Agerholm, O. Plana-Ripoll, and C. H. Ramlau-Hansen. 2018. Prevalence, incidence, and autoimmune comorbidities of celiac disease: A nation-wide, population-based study in Denmark from 1977 to 2016. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 30 (1):83–91. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gujral, N., H. J. Freeman, and A. B. Thomson. 2012. Celiac disease: Prevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment. World Journal of Gastroenterology 18 (42):6036–59. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i42.6036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gursoy, S., K. Guven, T. Simsek, A. Yurci, E. Torun, N. Koc, T. E. Patroglu, O. Ozbakir, and M. Yucesoy. 2005. The prevalence of unrecognized adult celiac disease in Central Anatolia. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 39 (6):508–11. doi: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000165664.87153.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez, S. S. M., A. T. Palacios, J. A. Ruiz-Vanoye, and S. L. Pérez. 2018. Sustainable and technological strategies for basic cereal crops in the face of climate change: A literature review. African Journal of Agricultural Research 13 (5):220–7. doi: 10.5897/AJAR2017.12818.
   Google Scholar
• Hariz, M. B., M. Kallel-Sellami, L. Kallel, A. Lahmer, S. Halioui, S. Bouraoui, A. Laater, A. Sliti, A. Mahjoub, B. Zouari, et al. 2007. Prevalence of celiac disease in Tunisia: Mass-screening study in schoolchildren. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 19 (8):687–94. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328133f0c1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariz, M. B., L. Laadhar, M. Kallel-Sellami, N. Siala, S. Bouraoui, S. Bouziri, A. Borgi, F. Karouia, A. Maherzi, and S. Makni. 2013. Celiac disease in Tunisian children: A second screening study using a “new generation” rapid test. Immunological Investigations 42 (4):356–68. doi: 10.3109/08820139.2013.770012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, S. S., J. I. Keenan, and A. D. Day. 2020. Role of serological tests in the diagnosis of coeliac disease in children in New Zealand. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 56 (12):1906–11. doi: 10.1111/jpc.15076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz, A., T. Skaaby, L. L. Kårhus, P. Schwarz, T. Jørgensen, J. J. Rumessen, and A. Linneberg. 2015. Screening for celiac disease in Danish adults. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 50 (7):824–31. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2015.101057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husby, S., S. Koletzko, I. R. Korponay-Szabó, M. L. Mearin, A. Phillips, R. Shamir, et al. 2012. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 54 (1):136–60. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infantino, M., M. Merone, M. Manfredi, V. Grossi, A. Landini, M. G. Alessio, G. Previtali, M. T. Trevisan, B. Porcelli, M. Fabris, et al. 2020. Positive tissue transglutaminase antibodies with negative endomysial antibodies: Unresolved issues in diagnosing celiac disease. Journal of Immunological Methods 489:112910. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israeli, E., T. Hershcovici, I. Grotto, Z. Rouach, D. Branski, and E. Goldin. 2010. Prevalence of celiac disease in an adult Jewish population in Israel. IMAJ-Israel Medical Association Journal 12 (5):266–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivarsson, A., A. Myléus, F. Norström, M. van der Pals, A. Rosén, L. Högberg, L. Danielsson, B. Halvarsson, S. Hammarroth, O. Hernell, et al. 2013. Prevalence of childhood celiac disease and changes in infant feeding. Pediatrics 131 (3):e687–94–e694. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannsson, G. F., G. Kristjansson, N. Cariglia, and V. Thorsteinsson. 2009. The prevalence of celiac disease in blood donors in Iceland. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 54 (2):348–50. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0365-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabátová, J. 2016. Epidemiology of celiac disease in Slovakia: Life conditions of celiac disease patients in Slovakia. International Journal of Celiac Disease 2 (2):38–9. doi: 10.12691/ijcd-2-2-1.
   Google Scholar
• Kamiński, M., K. Skonieczna-Żydecka, J. K. Nowak, and E. Stachowska. 2020. Global and local diet popularity rankings, their secular trends, and seasonal variation in Google Trends data. Nutrition 79–80:110759. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, J. Y., A. H. Y. Kang, A. Green, K. A. Gwee, and K. Y. Ho. 2013. Systematic review: Worldwide variation in the frequency of coeliac disease and changes over time. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 38 (3):226–45. doi: 10.1111/apt.12373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi, T., A. Zellos, G. Vlahavas, Y. Kafritsa, E. Roma, A. Papadopoulou, M. Fotoulaki, S. Karyda, I. Xinias, and A. Savvidou. 2013. Screening for coeliac disease in preschool Greek children: The feasibility study of a community-based project. Acta Paediatrica 102 (7):749–54. doi: 10.1111/apa.12241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasarda, D. D. 2013. Can an increase in celiac disease be attributed to an increase in the gluten content of wheat as a consequence of wheat breeding? Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61 (6):1155–9. doi: 10.1021/jf305122s.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, K. D., S. Rashtak, B. D. Lahr, L. J. Melton, III, P. K. Krause, K. Maggi, N. J. Talley, and J. A. Murray. 2011. Screening for celiac disease in a North American population: Sequential serology and gastrointestinal symptoms. American Journal of Gastroenterology 106 (7):1333–9. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2011.21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. S., K. G. Patel, E. Orosz, N. Kothari, M. F. Demyen, N. Pyrsopoulos, and S. K. Ahlawat. 2016. Time trends in the prevalence of celiac disease and gluten-free diet in the US population: Results from the national health and nutrition examination surveys 2009-2014. JAMA Internal Medicine 176 (11):1716–7. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, J. A., J. Jeong, F. E. Underwood, J. Quan, N. Panaccione, J. W. Windsor, S. Coward, J. deBruyn, P. E. Ronksley, A. A. Shaheen, et al. 2020. Incidence of celiac disease is increasing over time: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 115 (4):507–25. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondrashova, A., K. Mustalahti, K. Kaukinen, H. Viskari, V. Volodicheva, A. M. Haapala, J. Ilonen, M. Knip, M. Mäki, and H. Hyöty. 2008. Lower economic status and inferior hygienic environment may protect against celiac disease. Annals of Medicine 40 (3):223–31. doi: 10.1080/07853890701678689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korponay-Szabó, I. R., K. Szabados, J. Pusztai, K. Uhrin, É. Ludmány, É. Nemes, K. Kaukinen, A. Kapitány, L. Koskinen, S. Sipka, et al. 2007. Population screening for coeliac disease in primary care by district nurses using a rapid antibody test: Diagnostic accuracy and feasibility study. British Medical Journal 335 (7632):1244–7. doi: 10.1136/39405.472975.80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratzer, W., M. Kibele, A. Akinli, M. Porzner, B. O. Boehm, W. Koenig, S. Oeztuerk, R. A. Mason, R. Mao, and M. H. Haenle. 2013. Prevalence of celiac disease in Germany: A prospective follow-up study. World Journal of Gastroenterology 19 (17):2612–20. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i17.2612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laass, M. W., R. Schmitz, H. H. Uhlig, K. P. Zimmer, M. Thamm, and S. Koletzko. 2015. The prevalence of celiac disease in children and adolescents in Germany: Results from the KiGGS study. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 112:553–60. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leja, M., Z. Shums, L. Nikitina-Zake, M. Gavars, I. Kikuste, J. Milo, I. Daugule, J. Pahomova, V. Pirags, V. Dzerve, et al. 2015. Prevalence estimation of celiac disease in the general adult population of Latvia using serology and HLA genotyping. United European Gastroenterology Journal 3 (2):190–9. doi: 10.1177/2050640615569379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindfors, K., O. Koskinen, and K. Kaukinen. 2011. An update on the diagnostics of celiac disease. International Reviews of Immunology 30 (4):185–96. doi: 10.3109/08830185.2011.595854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionetti, E., and C. Catassi. 2014. Co-localization of gluten consumption and HLA-DQ2 and-DQ8 genotypes, a clue to the history of celiac disease. Digestive and Liver Disease 46 (12):1057–63. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lionetti, E., S. Gatti, A. Pulvirenti, and C. Catassi. 2015. Celiac disease from a global perspective. Best Practice and Research. Clinical Gastroenterology 29 (3):365–79. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.05.004.
   Google Scholar
• Lis, D. M., T. Stellingwerff, C. M. Shing, K. D. Ahuja, and J. W. Fell. 2015. Exploring the popularity, experiences, and beliefs surrounding gluten-free diets in nonceliac athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 25 (1):37–45. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson, J. F., and B. Lebwohl. 2020. Three papers indicate that amount of gluten play a role for celiac disease - But only a minor role. Acta Paediatrica 109 (1):8–10. doi: 10.1111/apa.15057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson, J. F., A. Rubio-Tapia, C. T. Van Dyke, L. J. Melton, III, A. R. Zinsmeister, B. D. Lahr, and J. A. Murray. 2013. Increasing incidence of celiac disease in a North American population. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 108 (5):818–24. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund, F., M. F. Pedersen, and S. Kristiansen. 2020. Estimation of the celiac disease prevalence in Denmark and the diagnostic value of HLA-DQ2/DQ8. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 80 (8):667–71. doi: 10.1080/00365513.2020.1829698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makharia, G. K., A. K. Verma, R. Amarchand, S. Bhatnagar, P. Das, A. Goswami, V. Bhatia, V. Ahuja, S. D. Gupta, and K. Anand. 2011. Prevalence of celiac disease in the northern part of India: A community based study. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 26 (5):894–900. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06606.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malalgoda, M., and S. Simsek. 2017. Celiac disease and cereal proteins. Food Hydrocolloids 68:108–13. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.09.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mardini, H. E., P. Westgate, and A. Y. Grigorian. 2015. Racial differences in the prevalence of celiac disease in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2012. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 60 (6):1738–42. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3514-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariné, M., C. Farre, M. Alsina, P. Vilar, M. Cortijo, A. Salas, F. Fernández, ‐M. Bañares, R. Rosinach, C. Santaolalla, et al. 2011. The prevalence of coeliac disease is significantly higher in children compared with adults. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 33 (4):477–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04543.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martina, S., F. Fabiola, G. Federica, B. Chiara, L. Gioacchino, D. M. Francesco, and L. D. A. Gian. 2018. Genetic susceptibilty and celiac disease: What role do HLA haplotypes play? Acta Bio-medica. Atenei Parmensis 89 (9-S):17–21. doi: 10.23750/abm.v89i9-S.7953.
   Google Scholar
• Melo, S. B. C., M. I. M. Fernandes, L. C. Peres, L. E. A. Troncon, and L. C. Galvão. 2006. Prevalence and demographic characteristics of celiac disease among blood donors in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 51 (5):1020–5. doi: 10.1007/s10620-006-9340-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menardo, G., R. Brizzolara, S. Bonassi, A. Marchetti, G. L. Dante, C. Pistone, D. Marenco, V. Rabellino, S. Buscaglia, R. Scarso, et al. 2006. Population screening for coeliac disease in a low prevalence area in Italy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 41 (12):1414–20. doi: 10.1080/00365520600815605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mora, M., N. Litwin, C. M. Toca, M. I. Azcona, R. N. Solís, F. Battiston, M. Solaegui, G. Ortiz, M. Wagener, J. Olivera, et al. 2012. Prevalence of celiac disease: Multicentric trial among pediatric population from five urban districts in Argentina. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría 110 (6):490–6. doi: 10.5546/aap.2012.490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moroni, A. V., F. Dal Bello, and E. K. Arendt. 2009. Sourdough in gluten-free bread-making: An ancient technology to solve a novel issue? Food Microbiology 26 (7):676–84. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.07.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mottaleb, K. A., D. B. Rahut, G. Kruseman, and O. Erenstein. 2018. Wheat production and consumption dynamics in an Asian rice economy: The Bangladesh case. The European Journal of Development Research 30 (2):252–75. doi: 10.1057/s41287-017-0096-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustalahti, K., C. Catassi, A. Reunanen, E. Fabiani, M. Heier, S. McMillan, L. Murray, M. H. Metzger, M. Gasparin, and E. Bravi. 2010. The prevalence of celiac disease in Europe: Results of a centralized, international mass screening project. Annals of Medicine 42 (8):587–95. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2010.505931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myléus, A., A. Ivarsson, C. Webb, L. Danielsson, O. Hernell, L. Högberg, E. Karlsson, C. Lagerqvist, F. Norström, A. Rosén, et al. 2009. Celiac disease revealed in 3% of Swedish 12-year-olds born during an epidemic. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 49 (2):170–6. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31818c52cc.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro, V., M. del Pilar Fernández-Gil, E. Simón, and M. Á. Bustamante. 2017. Gluten: General aspects and international regulations for products for celiac people. In Nutritional and analytical approaches of gluten-free diet in celiac disease, 15–27. Cham: SpringerBriefs in Food, Health, and Nutrition. Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-53342-1_2.
   Google Scholar
• Novo, M. G., C. Garfia, M. A. Quirós, J. Asensio, G. Zancada, S. B. Gutierrez, J. Manzanares, and J. A. Solís-Herruzo. 2007. Prevalence of celiac disease in apparently healthy blood donors in the autonomous community of Madrid. Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas 99 (6):337–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nusier, M. K., H. K. Brodtkorb, S. E. Rein, A. Odeh, A. M. Radaideh, and H. Klungland. 2010. Serological screening for celiac disease in schoolchildren in Jordan. Is height and weight affected when seropositive? Italian Journal of Pediatrics 36 (1):1–6. doi: 10.1186/1824-7288-36-16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliveira, R. P., V. L. Sdepanian, J. A. Barreto, A. J. Cortez, F. O. Carvalho, J. O. Bordin, S. de Camargo, A. Maria, P. da Silva, R. Francy, et al. 2007. High prevalence of celiac disease in Brazilian blood donor volunteers based on screening by IgA antitissue transglutaminase antibody. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 19 (1):43–9. doi: 10.1097/01.meg.0000250586.61232.a3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredes-Echeverri, S., A. N. Rodríguez, W. A. Cárdenas, B. Mendoza de Molano, and J. M. González. 2020. Seroprevalence of antitransglutaminase and antiendomysium antibodies in adult colombian blood bank Donors. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2020:7541941. doi: 10.1155/2020/7541941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parra-Medina, R., N. Molano-Gonzalez, A. Rojas-Villarraga, N. Agmon-Levin, M. T. Arango, Y. Shoenfeld, and J. M. Anaya. 2015. Prevalence of celiac disease in Latin America: A systematic review and meta-regression. PLoS One. 10 (5):e0124040. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peña, A. S., and L. Rodrigo. 2015. Epidemiology of celiac disease and non-celiac gluten-related disorders. In Advances in the understanding of gluten related pathology and the evolution of gluten-free foods, ed. E. Arranz, F. Fernández-Bañares, C. M. Rosell, L. Rodrigo, and A. S. Peña, 27–73. 1st ed. Barcelona, Spain: OmniaScience. doi: 10.3926/oms.248.
   Google Scholar
• Pereira, M. A. G., C. L. Ortiz-Agostinho, I. Nishitokukado, M. N. Sato, A. O. Damião, M. L. Alencar, C. P. Abrantes-Lemos, E. L. Cançado, T. de Brito, S. O. Ioshii, et al. 2006. Prevalence of celiac disease in an urban area of Brazil with predominantly European ancestry. World Journal of Gastroenterology 12 (40):6546–50. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i40.6546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petricevic-Vidovic, T. P. V., V. M. Musil, E. S. Sičaja, and Z. M. Mišak. 2019. Screening for celiac disease in school aged children in Croatia. European Journal of Public Health 29 (Supplement_4):ckz186.177. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz186.177.
   Google Scholar
• Popp, A., and M. Mäki. 2019. Changing pattern of childhood celiac disease epidemiology: Contributing factors. Frontiers in Pediatrics 7:357. doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramakrishna, B. S., G. K. Makharia, K. Chetri, S. Dutta, P. Mathur, V. Ahuja, R. Amarchand, R. Balamurugan, S. D. Chowdhury, D. Daniel, et al. 2016. Prevalence of adult celiac disease in India: Regional variations and associations. American Journal of Gastroenterology 111 (1):115–23. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2015.398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remes-Troche, J. M., M. T. Ramírez-Iglesias, A. Rubio-Tapia, A. Alonso-Ramos, A. Velazquez, and L. F. Uscanga. 2006. Celiac disease could be a frequent disease in Mexico: Prevalence of tissue transglutaminase antibody in healthy blood donors. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 40 (8):697–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ress, K., M. Harro, H. I. Maaroos, J. Harro, R. Uibo, and O. Uibo. 2007. High prevalence of coeliac disease: Need for increasing awareness among physicians. Digestive and Liver Disease 39 (2):136–9. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2006.07.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roka, V., S. P. Potamianos, A. N. Kapsoritakis, E. E. Yiannaki, G. N. Koukoulis, I. Stefanidis, G. K. Koukoulis, and A. E. Germenis. 2007. Prevalence of coeliac disease in the adult population of central Greece. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 19 (11):982–7. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328209ff76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio-Tapia, A., J. F. Ludvigsson, T. L. Brantner, J. A. Murray, and J. E. Everhart. 2012. The prevalence of celiac disease in the United States. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 107 (10):1538–44. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savvateeva, L. V., S. I. Erdes, A. S. Antishin, and A. A. Zamyatnin. 2017. Overview of celiac disease in Russia: Regional data and estimated prevalence. Journal of Immunology Research 2017:2314813. doi: 10.1155/2017/2314813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherf, K. A., C. Catassi, F. Chirdo, P. J. Ciclitira, C. Feighery, C. Gianfrani, F. Koning, K. Lundin, D. Schuppan, M. Smulders, et al. 2020. Recent progress and recommendations on celiac disease from the Working Group on Prolamin Analysis and Toxicity. Frontiers in Nutrition 7:29. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00029.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, A., X. Liu, D. Hadley, W. Hagopian, E. Liu, W. M. Chen, S. Onengut-Gumuscu, V. Simell, M. Rewers, A. G. Ziegler, TEDDY Study Group, et al. 2016. Identification of non-HLA genes associated with celiac disease and country-specific differences in a large, international pediatric cohort. PLoS ONE 11 (3):e0152476. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, P., A. Arora, T. A. Strand, D. A. Leffler, C. Catassi, P. H. Green, C. P. Kelly, V. Ahuja, and G. K. Makharia. 2018. Global prevalence of celiac disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 16 (6):823–36.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.06.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobhani Shahmirzadi, M., and A. Sohrabi. 2019. Comparison of tissue transglutaminase and anti-endomysial antibody tests in diagnosis of celiac disease. Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics 11 (1):e87290. doi: 10.5812/compreped.87290.
   Google Scholar
• Sollid, L. M., S. W. Qiao, R. P. Anderson, C. Gianfrani, and F. Koning. 2012. Nomenclature and listing of celiac disease relevant gluten T-cell epitopes restricted by HLA-DQ molecules. Immunogenetics 64:455–60. doi: 10.1007/s00251-012-0599-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood, A., V. Midha, N. Sood, G. Avasthi, and A. Sehgal. 2006. Prevalence of celiac disease among school children in Punjab, North India. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 21 (10):1622–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04281.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Størdal, K., I. J. Bakken, P. Surén, and L. C. Stene. 2013. Epidemiology of coeliac disease and comorbidity in Norwegian children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 57 (4):467–71. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a455dd.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroikova, M., N. Augul, J. Gureev, T. Efimanova, E. Pankratova, L. Krivzova, E. Mortschakova, K. P. Zimmer, and T. Mothes. 2006. Screening of blood donors for tissue transglutaminase antibodies in the Ryazan area (Russia). Digestive and Liver Disease 38 (8):617–9. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2006.03.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szaflarska-Poplawska, A. B., M. Parzecka, L. Muller, and W. Placek. 2009. Screening for celiac disease in Poland. Medical Science Monitor 15 (3):PH7–PH11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanpowpong, P., T. R. Ingham, P. K. Lampshire, F. F. Kirchberg, M. J. Epton, J. Crane, and C. A. Camargo. 2012. Coeliac disease and gluten avoidance in New Zealand children. Archives of Disease in Childhood 97 (1):12–6. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2011-300248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valitutti, F., S. Cucchiara, and A. Fasano. 2019. Celiac disease and the microbiome. Nutrients 11 (10):2403. doi: 10.3390/nu11102403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vázquez, H., M. de la Paz Temprano, E. Sugai, S. M. Scacchi, C. Souza, D. Cisterna, E. Smecuol, M. L. Moreno, G. Longarini, R. Mazure, et al. 2015. Prevalence of celiac disease and celiac autoimmunity in the Toba Native Amerindian community of Argentina. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 29 (8):431–4. doi: 10.1155/2015/927458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, A. K., S. Gatti, E. Lionetti, T. Galeazzi, C. Monachesi, E. Franceschini, L. Balanzoni, N. Scattolo, M. Cinquetti, and C. Catassi. 2018. Comparison of diagnostic performance of the IgA Anti-tTG test vs IgA anti-native gliadin antibodies test in detection of celiac disease in the general population. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 16 (12):1997–8. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.03.028. 16(12).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijgen, S., P. Alliet, P. Gillis, P. Declercq, and A. Mewis. 2012. Seroprevalence of celiac disease in Belgian children and adolescents. Acta Gastro-Enterologica Belgica 75 (3):325–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilppula, A., K. Kaukinen, L. Luostarinen, I. Krekelä, H. Patrikainen, R. Valve, M. Mäki, and P. Collin. 2009. Increasing prevalence and high incidence of celiac disease in elderly people: A population-based study. BMC Gastroenterology 9 (1):1–5. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-9-49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weile, B., E. Grodzinsky, T. Skogh, R. Jordal, B. Cavell, and P. A. Krasilnikoff. 2001. High prevalence rates of adult silent coeliac disease, as seen in Sweden, must be expected in Denmark. APMIS: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica 109 (11):745–50. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.d01-141.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, J., K. M. Fleming, L. J. Tata, T. R. Card, and C. J. Crooks. 2014. Incidence and prevalence of celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis in the UK over two decades: Population-based study. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 109 (5):757–68. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieser, H., and P. Koehler. 2008. The biochemical basis of celiac disease. Cereal Chemistry Journal 85 (1):1–13. doi: 10.1094/CCHEM-85-1-0001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieser, H., P. Koehler, and K. A. Scherf. 2020. The two faces of wheat. Frontiers in Nutrition 7:517313. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.517313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, J., C. Zhou, J. Gao, J. Li, F. Yu, J. Lu, X. Li, X. Wang, P. Tong, Z. Wu, et al. 2017. Prevalence of celiac disease autoimmunity among adolescents and young adults in China. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 15 (10):1572–9. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanella, S., L. De Leo, L. Nguyen-Ngoc-Quynh, B. Nguyen-Duy, T. Not, M. Tran-Thi-Chi, S. Phung-Duc, H. Le-Thanh, C. Malaventura, S. Vatta, et al. 2016. Cross-sectional study of coeliac autoimmunity in a population of Vietnamese children. BMJ Open 6 (6):e011173. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, C., F. Gao, J. Gao, J. Yuan, J. Lu, J. Sun, Z. Xu, M. Engel, J. Hui, W. Gilissen, et al. 2020. Prevalence of coeliac disease in Northwest China: Heterogeneity across Northern Silk road ethnic populations. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 51 (11):1116–29. doi: 10.1111/apt.15737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, J., C. Mulder, and L. A. Dieleman. 2019. Celiac disease: Against the grain in gastroenterology. Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology 2 (4):161–9. doi: 10.1093/jcag/gwy042.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar