Whole grains — impact of consuming whole grains on physiological effects of dietary fiber and starch

References

• Williams , R. D. and Olmsted , W. H. 1936 . The effect of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin on the weight of stool. A contribution to the study of taxation in man . J. Nutr. , 11 : 433
   Google Scholar
• Williams , R. D. and Olmsted , W. H. 1936 . The manner in which food controls the bulk of the faeces . Ann. Int. Med , 10 : 717
   Google Scholar
• Southgate , D. A. T. , Bingham , S. and Robertson , J. 1978 . Dietary fibre in the British diet . Nature , 274 : 51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keys , A. , Grande , F. and Anderson , J. T. 1961 . Fiber and pectin in the diet and serum cholesterol concentration in man . PSEBM , 106 : 555
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forman , D. T. , Gartin , J. E. , Forestner , J. E. and Taylor , C. B. 1968 . Increased excretion of fecal bile acids by an oral hydrophillic colloid . Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. , 127 : 1060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkitt , D. P. 1974 . Dietary fibre and disease . JAMA , 229 : 1068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trowell , H. 1972 . Ischaemic heart disease and dietary fibre . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 25 : 926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. H. , Southgate , D. A. T. , Branch , W. , Houston , H. , Jenkins , D. J. A. and James , W. P. T. 1978 . Colonic response to dietary fibre from carrot, cabbage, apple, bran and guar gum. . Lancet , 1 : 5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell , D. J. , Girle , L. and Arthur , J. 1978 . Effects of dietary fibre on the apparent digestibility of major food components and on blood lipids in men . Aust. J. Exp. Biol Med. Sci. , 56 : 469
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelsay , J. L. , Behall , K. M. and Prather , E. S. 1978 . Effect of fiber from fruits and vegetables on metabolic responses of human subjects. I. Bowel transit time, number of defecations, fecal weight, urinary excretions of energy and nitrogen and apparent digestibilities of energy, nitrogen and fat . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 31 : 1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Soest , P. J. 1975 . “ Physico‐chemical aspects of fiber digestion ” . In Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant , Edited by: McDonald , I. W. and Warner , A. C. I. University of New England Publishing Unit .
   Google Scholar
• Chesson , A. and Forsberg , C. W. 1988 . “ Polysaccharide degradation by rumen microorganisms ” . In The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem , Edited by: Hobseon , P. N. 251 London : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Bach Knudsen , K. E. and Hansen , I. 1991 . Gastrointestinal implications in pigs of wheat and oat fractions. I. Digestibility and bulking properties of polysaccharides and other major nutrients . Br. J. Nutr. , 65 : 217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , W. E. C. and Holderman , L. V. 1974 . Human fecal flora: the normal flora of 20 Japanese‐Hawai‐ians . Appl. Microbiol. , 27 : 961
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finegold , S. M. and Sutter , V. L. 1978 . Fecal flora in different populations, with special reference to diet . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 31 : S116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen , A. M. 1985 . “ Effect of food on the intestinal mi‐croflora ” . In Food and the Gut , Edited by: Hunter , J. O. and Jones , A. London : Ballière Tindall .
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. H. and Macfarlane , G. T. 1991 . The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon. (A review) . J. Appl. Bacterial. , 70 : 443
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macfarlane , G. T. and Cummings , J. H. 1991 . “ The co‐Ionic flora, fermentation, and large bowel digestive function ” . In The Large Intestine: Physiology, Patho‐physiology and Disease , Edited by: Phillips , S. F. , Pemberton , J. H. and Shorter , R. G. 51 New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stephen , A. M. and Cummings , J. H. 1980 . Mechanism of action of dietary fibre in the human colon . Nature , 284 : 283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen , A. M. 1980 . “ Dietary Fibre and Human Colonic Function ” . University of Cambridge . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. H. , Stephen , A. M. and Branch , W. J. 1981 . Implications of dietary fiber breakdown in the human colon, Cold Spring Harbor Symposium . Branbury Report , 7 : 71
   Google Scholar
• Stephen , A. M. , Wayman , B. J. , Englyst , H. E. , Wiggins , H. S. and Cummings , J. H. 1987 . The effect of age, sex and level of intake on the colonic response to wholemeal bread with added wheat bran . Br. J. Nutr. , 56 : 349
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. H. , Hill , M. J. , Jenkins , D. J. A. , Pearson , J. R. and Wiggins , H. S. 1976 . Changes in fecal composition and colonic function due to cereal fiber . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 29 : 1468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean Baird , I. , Walter , R. L. , Davies , P. S. , Hill , M. J. , Drasar , B. S. and Southgate , D. A. T. 1977 . The effects of two dietary fibre supplements on gastrointestinal transit, stool weight, and frequency, and bacterial flora and fecal bile acids in normal subjects . Metabolism , 26 : 117
   Google Scholar
• Slavin , J. L. , Brauer , P. M. and Marlett , J. A. 1981 . Neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and cellulose digestibility in human subjects . J. Nutr , 111 : 287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen , A. M. , Johns , D. M. , Dahl , W. J. , Englyst , H. N. and Stewart , P. C. 1990 . Effect of oat hull fiber on gastrointestinal function and serum lipids in human subjects —relationship to digestibility . Gastroenterology , 89 : A433
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. H. , Southgate , D. A. T. , Branch , W. J. and Wiggins , H. S. 1979 . The digestion of pectin in the human gut and its effect on calcium absorption and large bowel function . Br. J. Nutr. , 41 : 477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southgate , D. A. T. and Durnin , J. V. G. A. 1970 . Calorie conversion factors. An experimental reassessment of the factors used in the calculation of the energy value of human diets . Br. J. Nutr. , 24 : 517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titgemeyer , E. C. , Bourquin , L. D. , Fahey , G. C. and Garleb , K. A. 1991 . Fermentability of various fiber sources by human fecal bacteria . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 53 : 1418 in vitro
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen , A. M. , Dahl , W. J. , Sieber , G. M. and Van Blaricom , J. A. 1991 . Effect of lentils on gastrointestinal function and serum lipids in healthy human subjects . FASEB J. , 5 : A468
   Google Scholar
• Englyst , H. N. and Kingman , S. M. 1990 . “ Dietary fiber and resistant starch ” . In Dietary Fiber , Edited by: Kritchevsky , D. , Bonfield , C. and Anderson , J. W. New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krassig , H. 1985 . “ Structure of cellulose and its relation to properties of cellulose fibres ” . In Cellulose and Its Derivatives , Edited by: Kennedy , J. F. , Phillips , G. O. , Wedlock , D. J. and Williams , P. A. 3 Chichester : Ellis Honvood .
   Google Scholar
• Brice , R. E. and Morrison , I. M. 1982 . The degradation of isolated hemicelluloses and lignin‐cellulose complexes by cell‐free, rumen hemicelluloses . Carbohydr. Res. , 101 : 93
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , P. J. , Paton , D. and Siddiqui , I. R. 1977 . Determination of β glucan in oats and barley . Cereal Chem. , 54 : 524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. H. and Englyst , H. N. 1987 . Cereals in a European Context . First European Conference on Food Science and Technology . 1987 . The development of methods for the measurement of “dietary fibre”; in food , Edited by: Morton , I. D.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. H. 1984 . Constipation, dietary fibre and the control of large bowel function . Postgrad. Med. J. , 60 : 811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englyst , H. 1978 . Kulhydrater; korn produkter. Analyse of nogle cerealiers kulhydrat sammenaetning med specificeret angivelse af de enkele dietary fibre komponeuter . Ugeskr Agron. Hort. Forsl. Lic. , 27
   Google Scholar
• Prynne , C. J. and Southgate , D. A. T. 1979 . The effects of supplement of dietary fibre on faecal excretion by human subjects . Br. J. Nutr. , 41 : 495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweizer , T. F. , Bekhechi , A. R. , Koellreutter , B. , Reimann , S. , Pometta , D. and Bron , B. A. 1983 . Metabolic effects of dietary fiber from dehulled soybeans in humans . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 38 : 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacRae , T. F. , Hutchinson , J. C. D. , Irwin , J. C. , Bacon , J. G. D. and McDougall , E. I. 1943 . Comparative digestibility of wholemeal and white breads and the effect of degree of fineness of grinding of the former . J. Hyg. (Comb.) , 42 : 423
   Google Scholar
• Wrick , K. L. , Robertson , J. B. , Van Soest , P. J. , Lewis , B. A. , Ribers , J. M. , Roe , D. A. and Hackler , L. R. 1983 . The influence of dietary fiber source on human intestinal transit and stool output . J. Nutr. , 113 : 1464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akin , D. E. 1986 . “ Chemical and biological structure in plants as related to microbial degradation of forage cell walls ” . In Control of Digestion and Metabolism in Ruminants , Edited by: Milligan , L. P. , Grorum , W. L. and Dobson , A. 137 Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Akin , D. E. 1980 . Attack on lignified grass cell walls by a facultatively anaerobic bacteria . Appl. Env. Micro. , 40 : 809
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chesson , A. 1981 . Effects of sodium hydroxide on cereal straws in relation to the enhanced degradation of structural polysaccharide by rumen microorganisms . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 32 : 745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton , F. E. and Akin , D. E. 1977 . Digestion of deliquified forage cell walls . J. Agric. Food Chem. , 25 : 1299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen , A. M. 1989 . The physiological effects of cellulose in the human large intestine . Anim. Food Sci. Technol. , 23 : 241
   Google Scholar
• Chesson , A. , Stewart , C. S. and Wallace , R. J. 1982 . Influence of plant phenolic acids on growth and cellulolytic activity of rumen bacteria . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 44 : 597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markwalder , H. U. and Neukom , H. 1976 . Diferulic acid as a possible crosslink in hemicelluloses from wheat germ . Phytochemistry , 15 : 836
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , E. J. and Bacon , J. S. D. 1977 . The fate of acetyl groups and sugar components during the digestion of grass cell walls in sheep . J. Agric. Sci. , 89 : 327
   Google Scholar
• Van Soest , P. J. and Jones , L. H. P. 1968 . Effect of silica in forages upon digestibility . J. Dairy Sci. , 51 : 1644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groot , A. P. , Luyken , R. and Pikaar , N. A. 1963 . Cholesterol‐lowering effect of rolled oats . Lancet , ii : 203
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. H. 1975 . “ Dietary fibre ” . In Fibre Deficiency and Colonic Disorders , Edited by: Reilly , R. W. and Kirsner , J. B. 165 New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , I. H. , Levine , A. S. and Levitt , M. D. 1981 . Incomplete absorption of the carbohydrate in all‐purpose wheat flour . N. Engl. J. Med. , 304 : 891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen , A. M. , Haddad , A. C. and Phillips , S. F. 1983 . Passage of carbohydrate into the colon. Direct measurement in humans . Gastroenterology , 85 : 589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englyst , H. N. and Cummings , J. H. 1986 . Digestion of the carbohydrates of banana (musa paradisiaca sapientum) in the human small intestine . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 44 : 42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englyst , H. N. and Cummings , J. H. 1987 . Digestion of polysaccharides of potato in the small intestine of man . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 45 : 423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Englyst , H. N. and Cummings , J. H. 1987 . “ Resistant starch, a “new”; food component: a classification of starch for nutritional purposes ” . In Cereals in a European Context , Edited by: Morton , I. D. 221 Chichester, , England : Ellis Honvood .
   Google Scholar
• Scheppach , W. , Bach , M. , Bartram , P. , Christol , S. , Bergthalla , W. and Kasper , H. 1991 . Colonic fermentation of potato starch after a freeze‐thaw cycle . Dig. Dis. Sci. , 36 : 1601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coultate , T. P. 1984 . Food. The Chemistry of Its Components , London : The Royal Society of Chemistry .
   Google Scholar
• Biliaderis , C. G. 1989 . The structure and interactions of starch with food constituents . Can. J. Physiol. Pharm. , 69 : 60
   Google Scholar
• Lund , E. K. and Johnson , I. T. 1991 . Fermentable carbohydrate reaching the colon after ingestion of oats in humans . J. Nutr. , 121 : 311
   Google Scholar
• Englyst , H. N. , Kingman , S. M. and Cummings , J. H. 1992 . Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions . Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. , : 533
   Google Scholar
• Wursch , P. , Vedova , S. and Koellreutter , B. 1986 . Cell structure and starch nature as key determinants of the digestion rate of starch in legumes . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 43 : 25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamberg , O. , Rumessen , J. J. and Gudmand‐Hoyer , E. 1989 . Blood glucose response to pea fiber: comparisons with sugar beet fiber and wheat bran . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 50 : 324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm , J. , Bjorck , I. , Ostrowska , S. , Eliasson , A.C. , Asp , N. G. , Larsson , K. and Lundquist , I. 1983 . Digestibility of amylose‐lipid complexes in vitro and in vivo. . Stroke , 35 : 294
   Google Scholar
• McAllister , T. A. , Cheng , K. J. , Rode , L. M. and Forsberg , C. W. 1990 . Digestion of barley, maize, and wheat by selected species of ruminal bacteria . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 56 : 3146
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , K.W. , Marcus , S. N. , Ehrmelt , P.M. and Bolton , C. H. 1988 . Particle size of wheat, maize and oat test meals: effects on plasma glucose and insulin responses and on the rate of starch digestion . in vitro. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 47 : 675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamberg , O. , Rumessen , J. J. and Gudmand‐Hoyer , E. 1989 . Inhibition of starch absorption by dietary fibre — a comparative study of wheat bran, sugar‐beet fibre and pea fibre . Scand. J. Gastroent. , 24 : 103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon , J. H. , Thompson , L. U. and Jenkins , D. J. A. 1983 . The effect of phytic acid on in vivo rate of starch digestibility and blood glucose response . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 38 : 835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rea , R. L. , Thompson , L. U. and Jenkins , D. J. A. 1985 . Lectins in foods and their relation to starch digestibility . Nutr. Res. , 5 : 919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolever and Thomas , M. S. 1989 . Small intestinal effects of starchy foods . Can. J. Physiol. Pharm. , 69 : 93
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parillo , M. , Giacco , R. , Riccardi , G. , Pacioni , C. and Rivellese , A. 1985 . Different glycaemic responses to pasta, bread and potatoes in diabetic patients . Dia‐betic Med , 32 : 374
   Google Scholar
• O'Dea , K. , Nestel , P. J. and Antonolt , L. 1980 . Physical factors influencing postprandial glucose and insulin responses to starch, Am. . J. Clin. Nutr. , 33 : 760
   Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. H. 1981 . Short chain fatty acids in the human colon . Gut , 22 : 763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger , W. E. W. 1982 . Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon . Gastroenterology , 83 : 424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger , W. E. W. 1980 . The colonic epithelium in ulcerative colitis: an energy‐deficiency disease? . Lancet , : 712
   Google Scholar
• Harig , J. M. , Soergel , K. H. , Komorowski , R. A. and Wood , C. M. 1989 . Treatment of diversion colitis with short‐chain fatty acid irrigation . N. Engl. J. Med , 320 : 23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St. Hilaire , R. J. and Kim , Y. S. 1981 . The effects of sodium butyrate on epidermal growth factor binding to human colorectal cancer cells . Gastroenterology , 80 : 1267
   Google Scholar
• Stevens , M. S. , Aliabadi , Z. and Moore , M. R. 1984 . Associated effects of sodium butyrate on histone acetylation and estrogen receptor in the human breast cancer cell line MCF‐7 . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , 119 : 132
   Google Scholar
• Englyst , H. N. and Macfarlane , G. T. 1986 . Breakdown of resistant and readily digestible starch by human gut bacteria . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 37 : 699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , G. A. , Krause , J. A. , Miller , T. L. and Wolin , M. J. 1992 . Cornstarch fermentation by the colonic microbial community yields more butyrate than does cabbage fiber fermentation; cornstarch fermentation rates correlate negatively with methanogenesis . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , 55 : 70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheppach , W. , Fabian , C. , Sachs , M. and Kasper , H. 1988 . The effect of starch malabsorption on fecal short‐chain fatty acid excretion in man . Scand. J. Gastroent. , 23 : 755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland , B. , Unwin , D. and Buss , D. H. 1988 . “ Cereals and cereal products ” . In The Composition of Foods , Edited by: McCance and Widdowson . Nottingham, , UK : The Royal Society of Chemistry . (3rd Suppl.)
   Google Scholar