Viruses in cystic fibrosis patients’ airways

References

• Abman SH, Ogle JW, Butler-Simon N, et al. (1988). Role of respiratory syncytial virus in early hospitalizations for respiratory distress of young infants with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr 113:826–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allander T, Andreasson K, Gupta S, et al. (2007). Identification of a third human polyomavirus. J Virol 81:4130–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Almeida MB, Zerbinati RM, Tateno AF, et al. (2010). Rhinovirus C and respiratory exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis. Emerging Infect Dis 16:996–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong D, Grimwood K, Carlin JB, et al. (1998). Severe viral respiratory infections in infants with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 26:371–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong DS, Grimwood K, Carzino R, et al. (1995). Lower respiratory infection and inflammation in infants with newly diagnosed cystic fibrosis. BMJ 310:1571–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asner S, Waters V, Solomon M, et al. (2012). Role of respiratory viruses in pulmonary exacerbations in children with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 11:433–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avadhanula V, Rodriguez CA, Devincenzo JP, et al. (2006). Respiratory viruses augment the adhesion of bacterial pathogens to respiratory epithelium in a viral species- and cell type-dependent manner. J Virol 80:1629–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker MN, Sauer MS, Muhlebach MS, et al. (2004). Cytokine secretion by cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 169:645–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell SC, De Boeck K, Amaral MD. (2015). New pharmacological approaches for cystic fibrosis: promises, progress, pitfalls. Pharmacol Ther 145:19–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellis G, Lemonnier L. MS. (2015). Registre français de la Mucoviscidose – Bilan des données 2013. Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Bernarde C, Mounier J, Gouriou S, Rault G. (2015). Impact of the CFTR-potentiator ivacaftor on airway microbiota in cystic fibrosis patients carrying A G551D mutation. PLoS One 1:1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatt JM. (2013). Treatment of pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir Rev 22:205–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bilton D, Canny G, Conway S, et al. (2011). Pulmonary exacerbation: towards a definition for use in clinical trials. Report from the EuroCareCF Working Group on outcome parameters in clinical trials. J Cyst Fibros 10:S79–S81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black HR, Yankaskas JR, Johnson LG, Noah TL. (1998). Interleukin-8 production by cystic fibrosis nasal epithelial cells after tumor necrosis factor-alpha and respiratory syncytial virus stimulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 19:210–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackwell TS, Stecenko AA, Christman JW, et al. (2001). Dysregulated NF-kappaB activation in cystic fibrosis: evidence for a primary inflammatory disorder. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281:L69–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodas M, Vij N. (2010). The NF-kappaB signaling in cystic fibrosis lung disease: pathophysiology and therapeutic potential. Discov Med 9:346–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucher J, Boelle PY, Hubert D, et al. (2016). Lessons from a French collaborative case-control study in cystic fibrosis patients during the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemy. BMC Infect Dis 16:55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns JL, Emerson J, Kuypers J, et al. (2012). Respiratory viruses in children with cystic fibrosis: viral detection and clinical findings. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 6:218–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantin AM, Hartl D, Konstan MW, Chmiel JF. (2015). Inflammation in cystic fibrosis lung disease: pathogenesis and therapy. J Cyst Fibros 14:419–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrabino S, Carpani D, Livraghi A, et al. (2006). Dysregulated interleukin-8 secretion and NF-kappaB activity in human cystic fibrosis nasal epithelial cells. J Cyst Fibros 5:113–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chattoraj SS, Ganesan S, Faris A, et al. (2011). Pseudomonas aeruginosa suppresses interferon response to rhinovirus infection in cystic fibrosis but not in normal bronchial epithelial cells. Infect Immun 79:4131–45.
   Google Scholar
• Chattoraj SS, Ganesan S, Jones AM, et al. (2011). Rhinovirus infection liberates planktonic bacteria from biofilm and increases chemokine responses in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Thorax 66:333–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin M, De Zoysa M, Slinger R, et al. (2015). Acute effects of viral respiratory tract infections on sputum bacterial density during CF pulmonary exacerbations. J Cyst Fibros 14:482–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifton IJ, Kastelik JA, Peckham DG, et al. (2008). Ten years of viral and non-bacterial serology in adults with cystic fibrosis. Epidemiol Infect 136:128–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates M, Charron C, Kazuhiro I. (2011). Effects of RV568, a novel narrow spectrum kinase inhibitor, on pro-inflammatory cytokine production in epithelial cells isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 10:S16.
   Google Scholar
• Colamussi ML, White MR, Crouch E, et al. (1999). Influenza A virus accelerates neutrophil apoptosis and markedly potentiates apoptotic effects of bacteria. Blood 93:2395–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colasurdo GN, Fullmer JJ, Elidemir O, et al. (2006). Respiratory syncytial virus infection in a murine model of cystic fibrosis. J Med Virol 78:651–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collinson J, Nicholson KG, Cancio E, et al. (1996). Effects of upper respiratory tract infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 51:1115–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo C, Battezzati PM, Lucidi V, et al. (2011). Influenza A/H1N1 in patients with cystic fibrosis in Italy: a multicentre cohort study. Thorax 66:260–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway SP, Simmonds EJ, Littlewood JM. (1992). Acute severe deterioration in cystic fibrosis associated with influenza A virus infection. Thorax 47:112–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coscia GT, Planet P, Smith H, Harasym M. (2016). Viral infections and their impact on the respiratory microbiome in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137:AB96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Patient Registry, Annual Data Report, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Dauletbaev N, Das M, Cammisano M, et al. (2015). Rhinovirus load is high despite preserved interferon-β response in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 10:e0143129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschamp AR, Gebregziabher N, Yu Z, Ranganathan SC, Ferkol TW, Davis SD. (2015). Prevalence of Respiratory Viral Infections in Infants with Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosed by Newborn Screen. In: B52. PEDIATRIC CYSTIC FIBROSIS. American Thoracic Society International Conference Abstracts. American Thoracic Society. 3330–3330.
   Google Scholar
• DeVincenzo J, Cehelsky JE, Alvarez R, et al. (2008). Evaluation of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ALN-RSV01, a novel RNAi antiviral therapeutic directed against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Antiviral Res. 77:225–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVincenzo JP, Whitley RJ, Mackman RL, et al. (2014). Oral GS-5806 activity in a respiratory syncytial virus challenge study. N Engl J Med 371:711–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elborn JS. (2016). Cystic fibrosis. London, England: Lancet.
   Google Scholar
• Emerson J, Cochrane E, McNamara S, et al. (2013). Home self-collection of nasal swabs for diagnosis of acute respiratory virus infections in children with cystic fibrosis. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2:345–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esposito S, Daccò V, Daleno C, et al. (2014). Human rhinovirus infection in children with cystic fibrosis. Jpn J Infect Dis 67:399–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito S, Daleno C, Scala A, et al. (2014). Impact of rhinovirus nasopharyngeal viral load and viremia on severity of respiratory infections in children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 33:41–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esther CR, Lin FC, Kerr A, et al. (2014). Respiratory viruses are associated with common respiratory pathogens in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 49:926–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etherington C, Naseer R, Conway SP, et al. (2014). The role of respiratory viruses in adult patients with cystic fibrosis receiving intravenous antibiotics for a pulmonary exacerbation. J Cyst Fibros 13:49–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ewijk BE, Wolfs TFW, Aerts PC, et al. (2007). RSV mediates pseudomonas aeruginosa binding to cystic fibrosis and normal epithelial cells. Pediatr Res 61:398–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ewijk BE, van der Zalm MM, Wolfs TFW, et al. (2008). Prevalence and impact of respiratory viral infections in young children with cystic fibrosis: prospective cohort study. Pediatrics 122:1171–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fancello L, Desnues C, Raoult D, Rolain JM. (2011). Bacteriophages and diffusion of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance in cystic fibrosis sputum microbiota. J Antimicrob Chemother 66:2448–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferson MJ, Morton JR, Robertson PW. (1991). Impact of influenza on morbidity in children with cystic fibrosis. J Paediatr Child Health 27:308–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Flier M, Chhun N, Wizemann TM, et al. (1995). Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to immobilized fibronectin. Infect Immun 63:4317–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flight WG, Bright-Thomas RJ, Tilston P, et al. (2013a). Incidence and clinical impact of respiratory viruses in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 69:247–53. thoraxjnl–2013–204000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flight WG, Bright-Thomas RJ, Tilston P, et al. (2013). Chronic rhinovirus infection in an adult with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 51:3893–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flume PA, Mogayzel PJ, Robinson KA, et al. (2009). Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: treatment of pulmonary exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180:802–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• France MW, Tai S, Masel PJ, et al. (2010). The month of July: an early experience with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in adults with cystic fibrosis. BMC Pulm Med 10:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frickmann H, Jungblut S, Hirche TO, et al. (2012). Spectrum of viral infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2:161–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fuchs H. (1994). Effect of aerosolized recombinant human DNase on exacerbations of respiratory symptoms and on pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 331:637–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangell CL, Shackleton C, Poreddy S, et al. (2014). Feasibility of parental collected nasal swabs for virus detection in young children with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 13:661–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia DF, Hiatt PW, Jewell A, et al. (2007). Human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in older children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 42:66–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaynor AM, Nissen MD, Whiley DM, et al. (2007). Identification of a novel polyomavirus from patients with acute respiratory tract infections. PLoS Pathog 3:e64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gielen V, Johnston SL, Edwards MR. (2010). Azithromycin induces anti-viral responses in bronchial epithelial cells. Eur Respir J 36:646–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Głobińska A, Pawełczyk M, Kowalski ML. (2014). MicroRNAs and the immune response to respiratory virus infections. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 10:963–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffard A, Lambert V, Salleron J, et al. (2014). Virus and cystic fibrosis: rhinoviruses are associated with exacerbations in adult patients. J Clin Virol 60:147–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves HE, Jenkins L, Macfarlane M, et al. (2016). Efficacy and long-term outcomes of palivizumab prophylaxis to prevent respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants with cystic fibrosis in Northern Ireland. Pediatr Pulmonol 51:379–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Z, Chen L, Zeng H, et al. (2007). NS1 protein of influenza A virus inhibits the function of intracytoplasmic pathogen sensor, RIG-I. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 36:263–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hament JM, Aerts PC, Fleer A, et al. (2005). Direct binding of respiratory syncytial virus to pneumococci: a phenomenon that enhances both pneumococcal adherence to human epithelial cells and pneumococcal invasiveness in a murine model. Pediatr Res 58:1198–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendaus MA, Jomha FA, Alhammadi AH. (2015). Virus-induced secondary bacterial infection: a concise review. Ther Clin Risk Manag 11:1265–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendricks MR, Lashua LP, Fischer DK, et al. (2016). Respiratory syncytial virus infection enhances Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm growth through dysregulation of nutritional immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113:201516979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heylen E, Neyts J, Jochmans D. (2016). Drug candidates and model systems in respiratory syncytial virus antiviral drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiatt PW, Grace SC, Kozinetz CA, et al. (1999). Effects of viral lower respiratory tract infection on lung function in infants with cystic fibrosis. Pediatrics 103:619–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoek RAS, Paats MS, Pas SD, et al. (2012). Incidence of viral respiratory pathogens causing exacerbations in adult cystic fibrosis patients. Scand J Infect Dis 31:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Iaria M, Caccuri F, Apostoli P, et al. (2015). Detection of KI WU and Merkel cell polyomavirus in respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 21:603.e9–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagannath VA, Asokan GV, Fedorowicz Z, Lee TWR. (2014). Neuraminidase inhibitors for the treatment of influenza infection in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD008139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen HK, Høiby N. (1992). Seasonal onset of initial colonisation and chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis in Denmark. Thorax 47:109–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones AM, Flight W, Isalska B, et al. (2011). Diagnosis of respiratory viral infections in cystic fibrosis by PCR using sputum samples. Eur Respir J 38:1486–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keravec M, Mounier J, Prestat E, et al. (2015). Insights into the respiratory tract microbiota of patients with cystic fibrosis during early Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization. Springerplus 4:405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan TZ, Wagener JS, Bost T, et al. (1995). Early pulmonary inflammation in infants with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151:1075–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieninger E, Singer F, Tapparel C, et al. (2013). High rhinovirus burden in lower airways of children with cystic fibrosis. Chest 143:782–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieninger E, Vareille M, Kopf BS, et al. (2012). Lack of an exaggerated inflammatory response on virus infection in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 39:297–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimaro Mlacha SZ, Peret TCT, Kumar N, et al. (2013). Transcriptional adaptation of pneumococci and human pharyngeal cells in the presence of a virus infection. BMC Genomics 14:378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong M, Maeng P, Hong J, et al. (2013). Respiratory syncytial virus infection disrupts monolayer integrity and function in cystic fibrosis airway cells. Viruses 5:2260–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouni S, Karakitsos P, Chranioti A, et al. (2013). Evaluation of viral co-infections in hospitalized and non-hospitalized children with respiratory infections using microarrays. Clin Microbiol Infect 19:772–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause JC, Panning M, Hengel H, Henneke P. (2014). The role of multiplex PCR in respiratory tract infections in children. Dtsch Arztebl Int 111:639–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukavica-Ibrulj I, Hamelin M-E, Prince GA, et al. (2009). Infection with human metapneumovirus predisposes mice to severe pneumococcal pneumonia. J Virol 83:1341–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacroix C, George S, Leyssen P, et al. (2015). The enterovirus 3C protease inhibitor SG85 efficiently blocks rhinovirus replication and is not cross-resistant with rupintrivir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:5814–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lay MK, Bueno SM, Gálvez N, et al. (2015). New insights on the viral and host factors contributing to the airway pathogenesis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. Crit Rev Microbiol 7828:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Deng X, Mee ET, et al. (2015). Comparing viral metagenomics methods using a highly multiplexed human viral pathogens reagent. J Virol Methods 213:139–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N, Ren A, Wang X, et al. (2015). Influenza viral neuraminidase primes bacterial coinfection through TGF-β-mediated expression of host cell receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112:238–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim YW, Evangelista JS, Schmieder R, et al. (2014). Clinical insights from metagenomic analysis of sputum samples from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 52:425–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim YW, Schmieder R, Haynes M, et al. (2013). Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics: windows on CF-associated viral and microbial communities. J Cyst Fibros 12:154–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling Z, Tran KC, Teng MN. (2009). Human respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein NS2 antagonizes the activation of beta interferon transcription by interacting with RIG-I. J Virol 83:3734–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LiPuma JJ. (2010). The changing microbial epidemiology in cystic fibrosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 23:299–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes SP, Azevedo NF, Pereira MO. (2014). Microbiome in cystic fibrosis: shaping polymicrobial interactions for advances in antibiotic therapy. Crit Rev Microbiol 7828:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Losada PM, Chouvarine P, Schulz A, et al. (2015). The microbial metagenome of cystic fibrosis lower airways. J Cyst Fibros 14:S66.
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald NE, Morris RF, Beaudry PH. (1987). Varicella in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6:414–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousin M, Molinari N, Foulongne V, et al. (2016). Rhinovirus associated pulmonary exacerbations show a lack of FEV1 improvement in children with cystic fibrosis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 10:109–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazur NI, Martinón-Torres F, Baraldi E, et al. (2015). Lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus: current management and new therapeutics. Lancet Respir Med 3:888–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullers JA. (2014). The co-pathogenesis of influenza viruses with bacteria in the lung. Nat Rev Microbiol 12:252–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullers JA. (2013). Do specific virus–bacteria pairings drive clinical outcomes of pneumonia? Clin Microbiol Infect 19:113–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullers JA, Bartnes KC. (2003). Role of neuraminidase in lethal synergism between influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 187:1000–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min JY, Shin SH, Kwon HJ, Jang YJ. (2012). Levocetirizine inhibits rhinovirus-induced bacterial adhesion to nasal epithelial cells through down-regulation of cell adhesion molecules. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 108:44–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash EF, Whitmill R, Barker B, et al. (2011). Clinical outcomes of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza (swine flu) in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 66:259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesen HV, Nielsen LP, Schiotz PO. (2006). Viral and atypical bacterial infections in the outpatient pediatric cystic fibrosis clinic. Pediatr Pulmonol 41:1197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong EL, Ellis ME, Webb AK, et al. (1989). Infective respiratory exacerbations in young adults with cystic fibrosis: role of viruses and atypical microorganisms. Thorax 44:739–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong EL, Mulvenna P, Webb KA. (1991). Varicella-zoster infection in adults with cystic fibrosis: role of acyclovir. Scand J Infect Dis 23:283–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong T, Ramsey BW. (2015). Update in cystic fibrosis 2014. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 192:669–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz JR, Neuzil KM, Victor JC, et al. (2010). Influenza-associated cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations. Chest 137:852–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltola VT, Murti KG, McCullers JA. (2005). Influenza virus neuraminidase contributes to secondary bacterial pneumonia. J Infect Dis 192:249–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen NT, Høiby N, Mordhorst CH, et al. (1981). Respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients caused by virus, chlamydia and mycoplasma-possible synergism with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acta Paediatr Scand 70:623–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillet S, Lardeux M, Dina J, et al. (2013). Comparative evaluation of six commercialized multiplex PCR kits for the diagnosis of respiratory infections. PLoS One 8:e72174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittet LA, Hall-Stoodley L, Rutkowski MR, Harmsen AG. (2010). Influenza virus infection decreases tracheal mucociliary velocity and clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 42:450–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pizurki L, Morris MA, Chanson M, et al. (2000). Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator does not affect neutrophil migration across cystic fibrosis airway epithelial monolayers. Am J Pathol 156:1407–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polychronakis T, Davies G, Balfour-Lynn IM. (2014). Susceptibility to varicella zoster of children with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 13:353–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prober CG. (1991). The impact of respiratory viral infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. Clin Rev Allergy 9:87–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puchelle E. (2002). [Early bronchial inflammation in cystic fibrosis. J Soc Biol 196:29–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Punch G, Syrmis MW, Rose BR, et al. (2005). Method for detection of respiratory viruses in the sputa of patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 24:54–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quon BS, Rowe SM. (2016). New and emerging targeted therapies for cystic fibrosis. BMJ 352:i859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rameix-Welti MA, Zarantonelli ML, Giorgini D, et al. (2009). Influenza A virus neuraminidase enhances meningococcal adhesion to epithelial cells through interaction with sialic acid-containing meningococcal capsules. Infect Immun 77:3588–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez IA, Caverly LL, Kalikin LM, et al. (2014). Differential responses to rhinovirus- and influenza-associated pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 11:554–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramsey BW, Gore EJ, Smith AL, et al. (1989). The effect of respiratory viral infections on patients with cystic fibrosis. Am J Dis Child 143:662–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raza MW, Blackwell CC, Elton RA, Weir DM. (2000). Bactericidal activity of a monocytic cell line (THP-1) against common respiratory tract bacterial pathogens is depressed after infection with respiratory syncytial virus. J Med Microbiol 49:227–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regamey N, Jeffery PK, Alton EW, et al. (2011). Airway remodelling and its relationship to inflammation in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 66:624–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renk H, Regamey N, Hartl D. (2014). Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and cystic fibrosis lung disease: a systematic meta-analysis. PLoS One 9:e78583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson KA, Odelola OA, Saldanha IJ. (2014). Palivizumab for prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with cystic fibrosis. In: Robinson KA, ed. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Rolain JM, Fancello L, Desnues C, Raoult D. (2011). Bacteriophages as vehicles of the resistome in cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 66:2444–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenecker J, Harms KH, Bertele RM, et al. (1996). Adenovirus infection in cystic fibrosis patients: implications for the use of adenoviral vectors for gene transfer. Infection 24:5–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiman L, Siegel J., Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. (2003). Infection control recommendations for patients with cystic fibrosis: microbiology, important pathogens, and infection control practices to prevent patient-to-patient transmission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 24:S6–S52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajjan US, Jia Y, Newcomb DC, et al. (2006). H. influenzae potentiates airway epithelial cell responses to rhinovirus by increasing ICAM-1 and TLR3 expression. FASEB J 20:2121–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salsgiver EL, Fink AK, Knapp EA, et al. (2016). Changing epidemiology of the respiratory bacteriology of patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 149:390–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheithauer S, Haase G, Husler M, et al. (2010). Association between respiratory and herpes viruses on pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis patients. J Cyst Fibros 9:234–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlender J, Hornung V, Finke S, et al. (2005). Inhibition of toll-like receptor 7- and 9-mediated alpha/beta interferon production in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells by respiratory syncytial virus and measles virus. J Virol 79:5507–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schögler A, Kopf BS, Edwards MR, et al. (2014). Novel antiviral properties of azithromycin in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Eur Respir J 45:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schögler A, Stokes AB, Casaulta C, et al. (2015). Interferon response of the cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelium to major and minor group rhinovirus infection. J Cyst Fibros 15:332–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz A, Stick S. (2015). Early pulmonary inflammation and lung damage in children with cystic fibrosis. Respirology 20:569–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah A, Connelly M, Whitaker P, et al. (2015). Pathogenicity of individual rhinovirus species during exacerbations of cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 45:1748–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah A, Connolly M, Clasper L, et al. (2013). Frequency and pathogenicity of rhinovirus associated pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 42:P3603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Silva Filho LV, Zerbinati RM, Tateno AF, et al. (2012). The differential clinical impact of human coronavirus species in children with cystic fibrosis. J Infect Dis 206:384–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth AR, Smyth RL, Tong CY, et al. (1995). Effect of respiratory virus infections including rhinovirus on clinical status in cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 73:117–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Société Française de Microbiologie. (2015). Rémic. Référentiel en microbiologie médicale 2015. 4e ed. Société Française de Microbiologie – SFM, ed. Paris: Cité des Sciences et de l’Industrie.
   Google Scholar
• Stark JM, Stark MA, Colasurdo GN, LeVine AM. (2006). Decreased bacterial clearance from the lungs of mice following primary respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Med Virol 78:829–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stecenko AA, King G, Torii K, et al. (2001). Dysregulated cytokine production in human cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. Inflammation 25:145–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelzer-Braid S, Johal H, Skilbeck K, et al. (2012). Detection of viral and bacterial respiratory pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Virol Methods 186:109–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surette MG. (2014). The cystic fibrosis lung microbiome. Ann Am Thorac Soc 11:S61–S5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutanto EN, Kicic A, Foo CJ, et al. (2011). Innate inflammatory responses of pediatric cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells: effects of nonviral and viral stimulation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 44:761–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeyama A, Hashimoto K, Sato M, et al. (2012). Rhinovirus load and disease severity in children with lower respiratory tract infections. J Med Virol 84:1135–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibaut HJ, De Palma AM, Neyts J. (2012). Combating enterovirus replication: state-of-the-art on antiviral research. Biochem Pharmacol 83:185–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirouvanziam R, Bentzmann S. d, Hubeau C, et al. (2012). Inflammation and infection in naive human cystic fibrosis airway grafts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 23:121–7.
   Google Scholar
• Traub S, Nikonova A, Carruthers A, et al. (2013). An anti-human ICAM-1 antibody inhibits rhinovirus-induced exacerbations of lung inflammation. PLoS Pathog 9:e1003520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vareille M, Kieninger E, Edwards MR, Regamey N. (2011). The airway epithelium: soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 24:210–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhaeghe C, Delbecque K, de Leval L, et al. (2007). Early inflammation in the airways of a cystic fibrosis foetus. J Cyst Fibros 6:304–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhaeghe C, Remouchamps C, Hennuy B, et al. (2007). Role of IKK and ERK pathways in intrinsic inflammation of cystic fibrosis airways. Biochem Pharmacol 73:1982–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viviani L, Assael BM, Kerem E. (2011). Impact of the A (H1N1) pandemic influenza (season 2009–2010) on patients with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 10:370–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wainwright CE, Elborn JS, Ramsey BW, et al. (2015). Lumacaftor-ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis homozygous for Phe508del CFTR. N Engl J Med 373:220–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang EE, Prober CG, Manson B, et al. (1984). Association of respiratory viral infections with pulmonary deterioration in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 311:1653–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JH, Kwon HJ, Jang YJ. (2009). Rhinovirus enhances various bacterial adhesions to nasal epithelial cells simultaneously. Laryngoscope 119:1406–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JH, Lee SH, Kwon HJ, Jang YJ. (2010). Clarithromycin inhibits rhinovirus-induced bacterial adhesions to nasal epithelial cells. Laryngoscope 120:193–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Zhu N, Li Y, et al. (2016). Metagenomic analysis of viral genetic diversity in respiratory samples from children with severe acute respiratory infection in China. Clin Microbiol Infect 22:458.e1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wark PAB, Tooze M, Cheese L, et al. (2012). Viral infections trigger exacerbations of cystic fibrosis in adults and children. Eur Respir J 40:510–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wat D, Doull I. (2003). Respiratory virus infections in cystic fibrosis. Paediatr Respir Rev 4:172–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wat D, Gelder C, Hibbitts S, et al. (2008a). Is there a role for influenza vaccination in cystic fibrosis? J Cyst Fibros 7:85–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wat D, Gelder C, Hibbitts S, et al. (2008b). The role of respiratory viruses in cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 7:320–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wat D. (2003). Impact of respiratory viral infections on cystic fibrosis. Postgrad Med J 79:201–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber AJ, Soong G, Bryan R, et al. (2001). Activation of NF-kappaB in airway epithelial cells is dependent on CFTR trafficking and Cl-channel function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 281:L71–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willner D, Furlan M, Haynes M, et al. (2009). Metagenomic analysis of respiratory tract DNA viral communities in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis individuals. PLoS One 4:e7370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willner D, Haynes MR, Furlan M, et al. (2012). Case studies of the spatial heterogeneity of DNA viruses in the cystic fibrosis lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 46:127–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winnie GB, Cowan RG. (1992). Association of Epstein–Barr virus infection and pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11:722–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winterstein AG, Eworuke E, Xu D, Schuler P. (2013). Palivizumab immunoprophylaxis effectiveness in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 48:874–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W, Zheng S, Dweik RA, Erzurum SC. (2006). Role of epithelial nitric oxide in airway viral infection. Free Radic Biol Med 41:19–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W, Zheng S, Goggans TM, et al. (2006). Cystic fibrosis and normal human airway epithelial cell response to influenza a viral infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 26:609–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng S, De BP, Choudhary S, et al. (2003). Impaired innate host defense causes susceptibility to respiratory virus infections in cystic fibrosis. Immunity 18:619–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar