The Acquisition and Application of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) Data in Agricultural Chemical Safety Assessments

REFERENCES

• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. TLVs and BEIs Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents. Cincinnati, OH 2002, http://www.acgih.org.
   Google Scholar
• Barton H. A. Computational pharmacokinetics during developmental windows of susceptibility. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. A 2005; 68: 889–900, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barton H. A., Deisinger P. J., English J. C., Gearhart J. M., Faber W. D., Tyler T. R., Banton M. I., Teeguarden J., Andersen M. E. Family approach for estimating reference concentrations/doses for series of related organic chemicals. Toxicol. Sci. 2000; 54: 251–261, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandon E F., Raap C. D., Meijerman I., Beijnen J. H., Schellens J. H. An update on in vitro test methods in human hepatic drug biotransformation research: Pros and cons. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2003; 189(3)233–246, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodberg R. K. Estimation of exposure of persons in California to pesticide products containing isofenphos. HS-1559, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA 1990
   Google Scholar
• Bus J. S., Reitz R. H. Dose-dependent metabolism and dose setting in chronic studies. Toxicol. Lett. 1992; 64–65: 669–676, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmichael N. G., Nolan R. J., Perkins J. M., Davies R., Warrington S. J. Oral and dermal pharmacokinetics of triclopyr in human volunteers. Hum. Toxicol. 1989; 8: 431–437, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmichael N. G., Barton H. A., Boobis A. R., Cooper R. L., Dellarco V. L., Doerrer N. G., Fenner-Crisp P. A., Doe J. E., Lamb J. C., Pastoor T. P. Agricultural chemical safety assessment: A multi-sector approach to the modernization of human safety requirements. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2006; 36: 1–7, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark B, Smith D A. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity testing. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1984; 12(4)343–385, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clewell H. J. Incorporating biological information in quantitative risk assessment: An example with methylene chloride. Toxicology 1995; 102(1–2)83–94, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clewell H. J., Teeguarden J., McDonald T., Sarangapani R., Lawrence G., Covington T., Gentry R., Shipp A. Review and evaluation of the potential age- and gender-specific pharmacokinetic differences on dosimetry. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2002; 32(5)329–389, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer S. W., Staiff D. C., Armstrong J. F., Wolfe H. R. Exposure of workers to carbaryl. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1975; 13(4)385–391, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper R. L., Lamb J. C., Barlow S. M., Bentley K., Brady A. M., Doerrer N. G., Eisenbrandt D. L., Fenner-Crisp P. A., Hines R. N., Irvine L., Kimmel C. A., Koeter H., Li A. A., Makris S. L., Sheets L., Speijers G. J.A., Whitby K. A tiered approach to life stages testing for agricultural chemical safety assessment. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2006; 36: 69–98, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corley R. A., Mast T. J., Carney E. W., Rogers J. M., Daston G. P. Evaluation of physiologically based models of pregnancy and lactation for their application in children's health risk assessments. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2003; 33(2)137–211, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counts J. L., Goodman J. I. Principles underlying dose selection for, and extrapolation from, the carcinogen bioassay: Dose influences mechanism. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1995; 21(3) 418–421, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham M. L., Bucher J. R. Pharmacodynamic responses of F344 rats to the mouse hepatocarcinogen oxazepam in a 90-day feed study. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1998; 149: 41–48, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dary C. C., Blancato J. N., Castles M., Reddy V., Cannon M., Saleh M. A., Cash G. G. Dermal absorption and disposition of formulations of malathion in Sprague-Dawley rats and humans. Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Pesticides, M. A. Saleh, J. N. Blancato, C. H. Nauman. American Chemical Society Symposium Series No. 542, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 1994
   Google Scholar
• Dijk A. V. 14C-Dimethomorth (CME 151): Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion after bile cannulation and single oral administration in the rat. 1990, BASF unpublished report no. DK-440-002
   Google Scholar
• Doe J. E., Boobis A. R., Blacker A., Dellarco V. L., Doerrer N. G., Franklin C., Goodman J. I., Kronenberg J. M., Lewis R., McConnell E. E., Mercier T., Moretto A., Nolan C., Padilla S., Phang W., Solecki R., Tilbury L., van Ravenzwaay B., Wolf D. C. A tiered approach to systemic toxicity testing for agricultural chemical safety assessment. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2006; 36: 37–68, [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorne J. L., Walton K., Slob W., Renwick A. G. Human variability in polymorphic CYP2D6 metabolism: Is the kinetic default uncertainty factor adequate?. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2002; 40: 1633–1656, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorne J. L., Walton K., Renwick A. G. Human variability for metabolic pathways with limited data (CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP2E1, ADH, esterases, glycine and sulphate conjugation). Food Chem. Toxicol. 2004; 42: 397–421, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan D. E., Hooke K. F., Noll R. M., Kwan K. C. Enterohepatic circulation of indomethacin and its role in intestinal irritation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1975; 24: 1749–1754, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins H. B. Analyses of biological materials as indices of exposure to organic solvents. AMA. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 1954; 9: 212–222, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feldmann R., Maibach H. Percutaneous penetration of some pesticides and herbicides in man. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1974; 28: 126–132, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenske R., Birnbaum S., Methner M., Soto R. Methods for assessing fieldworker hand exposure to pesticides during peach harvesting. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 1989; 43: 805–813, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Principles for the Selection of Doses in Chronic Rodent Bioassays, J. A. Foran. ILSI Risk Science Institute, ILSI Press, Washington, DC 1997; 119–121
   Google Scholar
• Formoli T. Estimation of exposure of persons in California from special local need use of permethrin on human clothing. HS-1582, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA. 1991
   Google Scholar
• Formoli T. Estimation of exposure of persons in California to the pesticide products that contain diquat dibromide. HS- 1662, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA 1995
   Google Scholar
• Frantz S. W., Beatty P. W., English J. C., Hundley S. G., Wilson A. G.E. The use of pharmacokinetics as an interpretive and predictive tool in chemical toxicology testing and risk assessment: A position paper on the appropriate use of pharmacokinetics in chemical toxicology. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1994; 19: 317–337, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry P. R., Hack C. E., Haber L., Maier A., Clewell H. J. An approach for the quantitative consideration of genetic polymorphism data in chemical risk assessment: Examples with warfarin and parathion. Toxicol. Sci. 2002; 70(1)120–139, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry P. R., Covington T. R., Clewell H. J. Evaluation of the potential impact of pharmacokinetic differences on tissue dosimetry in offspring during pregnancy and lactation. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2003; 38(1)1–16, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Principles of Route-to-Route Extrapolation for Risk Assessment, T. R. Gerrity, C. J. Henry. Elsevier, New York 1990
   Google Scholar
• Gibaldi M., Perrier D. Pharmacokinetics, 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, New York 1982
   Google Scholar
• Gleiter C. H., Gundert-Remy U. Gender differences in pharmacokinetics. Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 1996; 21: 123–128, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorzinski S. J., Kociba R. J., Campbell R. A., Smith F. A., Nolan R. J., Eisenbrandt D. L. Acute, pharmacokinetics, and subchronic toxicology studies of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Fundam. Appl. Pharmacol. 1987; 9: 423–435, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green N. Computer systems for the prediction of toxicity: An update. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 2002; 54: 417–431, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenstein B. D. Effects of rat a-fetoprotein administration on estradiol free fraction, the onset of puberty, and neural and uterine nuclear estrogen receptors. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 3184–3190, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen K. T. Hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of the neuroprotectant 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo-(F)-quinoxaline in rat liver. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1995; 14 489–493, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins D. R., Chasseaud L. F. Reasons for monitoring kinetics in safety evaluation studies. Arch. Toxicol. Suppl 1985; 8: 165–172, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill M. D., Abramson F. P. The significance of plasma protein binding on the fetal/maternal distribution of drugs at steady-state. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1988; 14: 156–170, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson E. In vitro human phase I metabolism of xenobiotics I: pesticides and related compounds used in agriculture and public health. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2003; 17(4)201–206, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes M. F., Hall L. L. Disposition of phenol in rat after oral, dermal, intravenous, and intratracheal administration. Xenobiotica 1995; 25: 873–883, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonsson F., Johanson G. A Bayesian analysis of the influence of GSTT1 polymorphism on the cancer risk estimate for dichloromethane. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2001; 174: 99–112, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 5th ed., C. D. Klaassen. McGraw-Hill, New York 1996; 163–164, 107
   Google Scholar
• Krieger R. I. Pesticide exposure assessment. Toxicol. Lett. 1995; 82: 65–72, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger R. I., Ross J. H. Risk assessments in the pesticide regulatory process. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1993; 37: 1–14, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Krieger R. I., Bernard C. E., Dinoff T. M., Ross J. H., Williams R. L. Biomonitoring of persons exposed to insecticides used in residences. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2001; 45(Suppl. 1)S143–153, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Industrial Chemical Exposure: Guidelines for Biological Monitoring, 2nd ed., R. R. Lauwerys, P. Hoet. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL. 1993
   Google Scholar
• Lehman-McKeeman L. D. Incorporating mechanistic data into risk assessment. Toxicology 2002; 181–182: 271–274, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy R. H., Moreland T. A. Rationale for monitoring free drug levels. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1984; 9(Suppl. 1)1–9, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L., Pang K. S. The roles of transporters and enzymes in hepatic drug processing. Drug. Metab. Dispos 2005; 33: 1–9, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews J. M., Garner C. E., Black S. L., Matthews H. B. Diethanolamine absorption, metabolism and disposition in rat and mouse following oral, intravenous and dermal administration. Xenobiotica 1997; 7: 733–746, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Mattiuz E. L., Ponsler G. D., Barbuch R. J., Wood P. G., Mullen J. H., Shugert R. L., Li Q., Wheeler W. J., Kuo F., Conrad P. C., Sauer J. M. Disposition and metabolic fate of atomoxetine hydrochloride: Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion in the Fischer 344 rat and beagle dog. Drug Metab. Dispos 2003; 31(1)88–97, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattsson J. L., Maurissen J. P.J., Nolan R. J., Brzak K. A. Lack of differential sensitivity to cholinesterase inhibition in fetuses and neonates compared to dams treated perinatally with chlorpyrifos. Toxicol. Sci. 2000; 53: 438–446, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendel C. M. The free hormone hypothesis: Distinction from the free hormone transport hypothesis. J. Androl. 1992; 13: 107–116, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mesnard-Ricci B., White C. A. Chronokinetics of active biliary ampicillin secretion in rats. Chronobiol. Int. 1998; 15: 309–321, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council. Intentional Human Dosing Studies for EPA Regulatory Purposes: Scientific and Ethical Issues. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 2004
   Google Scholar
• O'Flaherty E. J. Toxicants and Drugs: Kinetics and Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1981
   Google Scholar
• Pritchett J. J., Kuester R. K., Sipes I. G. Metabolism of bisphenol A in primary cultured hepatocytes from mice, rats, and humans. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2002; 30(11)1180–1185, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratra G. S., Powell C. J., Park B. K., Maggs J. L., Cottrell S. Methapyrilene hepatotoxicity is associated with increased hepatic glutathione, the formation of glucuronide conjugates, and enterohepatic recirculation. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2000; 129: 279–295, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renwick A. G. Toxicokinetics—pharmacokinetics in toxicology. Principles and Methods of Toxicology, 3rd ed., A. W. Hayes. Raven Press, New York 1994; 101–148
   Google Scholar
• Renwick A. G. Toxicokinetics: Pharmacokinetics in toxicology. Principles and Methods of Toxicology, 4th ed., A. W. Hayes. Taylor Francis, Philadelphia, PA. 2001; 137–192
   Google Scholar
• Ross J. H., Driver J. H., Cochran R. C., Thongsinthusak T., Krieger R. I. Could pesticide toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment?. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2001; 45(S1)5–17, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Roth W. L., Freeman R. A., Wilson A. G. A physiologically based model for gastrointestinal absorption and excretion of chemicals carried by lipids. Risk Anal. 1993; 13: 531–543, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saghir S. A., Mendrala A. L., Bartels M. J., Day S. J., Hansen S. C., Sushynski J. M., Bus J. S. Strategies to assess systemic exposure of chemicals in subchronic/chronic diet and drinking water studies. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.06.010[CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salonen J. S., Nyman L., Boobis A. R., Edwards R. J., Watts P., Lake B. G., Price R. J., Renwick A. G., Gomez-Lechon M. J., Castell J. V., Ingelman-Sundberg M., Hidestrand M., Guillouzo A., Corcos L., Goldfarb P. S., Lewis D. F., Taavitsainen P., Pelkonen O. Comparative studies on the cytochrome p450-associated metabolism and interaction potential of selegiline between human liver-derived in vitro systems. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2003; 31(9)1093–1102, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanborn J. R. Human exposure assessment for propoxur. HS-1655, Worker Health and Safety Branch, California EPA Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA. 1994
   Google Scholar
• Sangha G., Krieger R. I., Thyssen J. H. Estimation of human exposure and risk for KBR 3023—A new active ingredient intended for prospective insect repellent products for human use. Toxicologist 1998; 26: 39–40, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Sarangapani R., Gentry P. R., Covington T. R., Teeguarden J. G., Clewell H. J. Evaluation of the potential impact of age- and gender-specific lung morphology and ventilation rate on the dosimetry of vapors. Inhal. Toxicol. 2003; 15(10)987–1016, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selim S., Hartnagel R. E., Osimitz T. G., Gabriel K. L., Schoenig G. P. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide following dermal application to human volunteers. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1995; 25: 95–100, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah P. V., Guthrie F. E. Percutaneous penetration of three insecticides in rats: A comparison of two methods for in vivo determination. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1983; 80: 292–293, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp C. W., Ottolenghi A., Posner H. S. Correlation of paraquat toxicity with tissue concentrations and weight loss of the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 1972; 22: 241–251, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shealy D. B., Barr J. R., Ashley D. L., Patterson D. G., Jr., Camann D. E., Bond A. E. Correlation of environmental carbaryl measurements with serum and urinary 1-naphthol measurements in a farmer applicator and his family. Environ. Health Perspect. 1997; 105: 510–513, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slikker W., Jr., Andersen M. E., Bogdanffy M. S., Bus J. S., Cohen S. D., Conolly R. B., David R. M., Doerrer N. G., Dorman D. C., Gaylor D. W., Hattis D., Rogers J. M., Setzer R. W., Swenberg J. A., Wallace K. Dose-dependent transitions in mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 2004; 201: 203–225, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slikker W., Jr., Andersen M. E., Bogdanffy M. S., Bus J. S., Cohen S. D., Conolly R. B., David R. M., Doerrer N. G., Dorman D. C., Gaylor D. W., Hattis D., Rogers J. M., Setzer R. W., Swenberg J. A., Wallace K. Dose-dependent transitions in mechanisms of toxicity: Case studies. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2004b; 201: 226–294, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snodgrass H. L., Nelson D. C., Weeks M. H. Dermal penetration and potential for placental transfer on the insect repellent, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1982; 43: 747–753, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney L. M., Gargas M. L., Strother D. E., Kedderis G. L. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model parameter estimation and sensitivity and variability analyses for acrylonitrile disposition in humans. Toxicol. Sci. 2003; 71: 27–40, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teeguarden J. G., Barton H. A. Computational modeling of serum-binding proteins and clearance in extrapolations across life stages and species for endocrine active compounds. Risk Anal. 2004; 24: 751–770, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thongsinthusak T., Krieger R. I. Determination of dermal absorption of chlorpyrifos in humans. HSM-91002, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA 1991
   Google Scholar
• Thongsinthusak T., Ross J. H. Dermal absorption of molinate, napropamide, permethrin, dichlorvos, and hydrogen cyanamide in rats. HS-1791, California Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA. 1999
   Google Scholar
• Thongsinthusak T., Ross J. H., Saiz S. G., Krieger R. I. Estimation of dermal absorption using the exponential saturation model. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1999; 29: 37–43, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibbits J. Issues related to the use of canines in toxicologic pathology—issues with pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Toxicol. Pathol. 2003; 31: 17–24, [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timchalk C. Comparative inter-species pharmacokinetics of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides and related organic acids: Evidence that the dog is not a relevant species for evaluation of human health risk. Toxicology 2004; 200(1)1–19, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timchalk C., Nolan R. J. Pharmacokinetics of triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid) in the beagle dog and rhesus monkey: Perspective on the reduced capacity of dogs to excrete this organic acid relative to the rat, monkey and human. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997; 144: 268–278, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timchalk C., Dryga M. D., Kastl P. E. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of triclopyr (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid) in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicology 1990; 62: 71–87, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timchalk C., Dryzga M. D., Johnson K. A., Eddy S. L., Freshour N. L., Kropscott B. E., Nolan R. J. Comparative pharmacokinetics of [14C]Metosulam (N-[2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl]-5,7-dimethoxy-1,2,4-triazolo-[1,5a]-pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide) in rats, mice and dogs. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1997; 17(1)9–21, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timchalk C., Selim S., Sangha G., Bartels M. J. The pharmacokinetic and metabolism of 14C-/13C-labeled ortho-phenylphenol formation following dermal application to human volunteers. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 1998; 17: 411–417, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timchalk C., Nolan R. J., Mendrala A. L., Dittenber D. A., Brzak K. A., Mattsson J. L. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats and humans. Toxicol. Sci. 2002a; 66(1)34–53, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timchalk C., Kousba A., Poet T. S. Monte Carlo analysis of the human chlorpyrifos-oxonase (PON1) polymorphism using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) model. Toxicol. Lett. 2002b; 135(1–2)51–59, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Standard Operating Procedures for Residential Exposure Assessment. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC 1997, http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/trac/science/#residential
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Test Guideline OPPTS 870.7485. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics. EPA 712-C-98-244, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC. 1998
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Guideline for industry toxicokinetics: The assessment of systemic exposure in toxicity studies. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Rockville, MD. Fed. Reg. 1995; 60: 11264, [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Vandekar M., Plestina R., Wilhelm K. Toxicity of carbamates for mammals. Bull. World Health Org. 1971; 44: 241–249, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Ravenzwaay B., Hardwick T. D., Needham D., Pethen S., Lappin G. J. Comparative metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in rat and dog. Xenobiotica 2003; 33: 805–821, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H. K., Miyachi S., Yamazaki M., Sawada Y., Chung Y. B., Iga T., Hanano M., Sugiyama Y. Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of hepatobiliary transport of Rose Bengal in rats after iv bolus administration with varying doses. Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 1992; 13: 647–662, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welling P. G. Pharmacokinetics (Processes and Mathematics). ACS Monograph 185, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 1986
   Google Scholar
• Wester R. C., Maibach H. I. Relationship of topical dose and percutaneous absorption in rhesus monkey and man. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1976; 67: 518–520, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wester R. C., Maibach H. I. Animal models for percutaneous absorption. Health Risk Assessment: Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Absorption of Toxicants, R. G.M. Wang, J. B. Knaak, H. I. Maibach. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1993; 89–103
   Google Scholar
• Wester R. C., Maibach H. I., Melendres J., Sedik L., Knaak J., Wang R. In vivo and in vitro percutaneous absorption of isofenphos in man. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1992; 19: 521–526, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson A. G.E., Frantz S. W., Keifer L. C. A tiered approach to pharmacokinetic studies. Environ. Health Perspect. 1994; 102(S1)5–12, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe H. R. Field exposure to airborne pesticides. Air Pollution from Pesticides and Agricultural Processes, R. E. Lee. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1976; 137–161
   Google Scholar
• Woollen B. H. Biological monitoring for pesticide absorption. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1993; 37: 525–540, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo S. D., Kang E., Shin B. S., Jun H., Lee S.-H., Lee K. C., Lee K.-H. Interspecies comparisons of the oral absorption of itraconazole in laboratory animals. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2002; 25: 387–391, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You L., Gazi E., Archibeque-Engle S., Casanova M., Conolly R. B., Heck H. d'A. Transplacental and lactational transfer of p,p′-DDE in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1999; 157: 134–144, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zartarian V. G., Leckie J. O. Dermal exposure: The missing link. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1998; 32(5)134A–137A, [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zartarian V. G., Ferguson A. C., Leckie J. O. Quantified dermal activity data from a four-child pilot field study. J. Clean Technol. Environ. Toxicol. Occup. Med. 1998; 7(3)259–268, [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zartarian V. G., Ozkaynak H., Burke J. M., Zufall M. J., Rigas M. L., Furtaw E. J. A modeling framework for estimating children's residential exposure and dose to chlorpyrifos via dermal route and nondietary ingestion. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000; 108: 505–514, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar