The endocrine effects of mercury in humans and wildlife

References

• No authors listed. (2007). The Madison declaration on mercury pollution. Ambio 36(1):62–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ackerman, J.T., Takekawa, J.Y., Eagles-Smith, C.A., and Iverson, S.A. (2008). Mercury contamination and effects on survival of American avocet and black-necked stilt chicks in San Francisco Bay. Ecotoxicology 17(2):103–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams, D.H. (2004). Total mercury levels in tunas from offshore waters of the Florida Atlantic coast. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49(7–8):659–663.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agrawal, R., and Chansouria, J.P. (1989). Chronic effects of mercuric chloride ingestion on rat adrenocortical function. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43(3):481–484.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al Damluji, S.F. (1976a). Intoxication due to alkylmercury-treated seed—1971–72 outbreak in Iraq: Clinical aspects. Bull. World Health Organ. 53(Suppl 6):5–81.
   Google Scholar
• Al Damluji, S.F. (1976b). Organomercury poisoning in Iraq: History prior to the 1971–72 outbreak. Bull. World Health Organ. 53(Suppl 1):1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Alabi, N.S., Whanger, P.D., and Wu, A.S. (1985). Interactive effects of organic and inorganic selenium with cadmium and mercury on spermatozoal oxygen consumption and motility in vitro. Biol. Reprod. 33(4):911–919.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Albers, P.H., Koterba, M.T., Rossmann, R., Link, W.A., French, J.B., Bennett, R.S., and Bauer, W.C. (2007). Effects of methylmercury on reproduction in American kestrels. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 26(9):1856–1866.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alcser, K.H., Brix, K.A., Fine, L.J., Kallenbach, L.R., and Wolfe, R.A. (1989). Occupational mercury exposure and male reproductive health. Am. J. Ind. Med. 15(5):517–529.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amin-Zaki, L., Elhassani, S., Majeed, M.A., Clarkson, T.W., Doherty, R.A., Greenwood, M.R., Giovanoli-Jakubczak, T. (1976). Perinatal methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Am J Dis Child 130:1070–1076.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amin-Zaki, L., Elhassani, S., Majeed, M.A., Clarkson, T.W., Doherty, R.A., and Greenwood, M. (1974). Intra-uterine methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Pediatrics 54(5):587–595.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amin-Zaki, L., Elhassani, S.B., Majeed, M.A., Clarkson, T.W., Doherty, R.A., and Greenwood, M.R. (1980). Methylmercury poisoning in mothers and their suckling infants. Dev. Toxicol. Environ. Sci. 8:75–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amin-Zaki, L., Majeed, M.A., Greenwood, M.R., Elhassani, S.B., Clarkson, T.W., and Doherty, R.A. (1981). Methylmercury poisoning in the Iraqi suckling infant: A longitudinal study over five years. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1(4):210–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson, P., Reid, S.D., Moon, T.W., and Perry, S.F. (1991). Metabolic effects associated with chronically elevated cortisol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 48:1811–1817.
   Google Scholar
• Anway, M.D., and Skinner, M.K. (2006). Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors. Endocrinology 147(6 Suppl):S43–S49.
   Google Scholar
• Ask, K., Akesson, A., Berglund, M., and Vahter, M. (2002). Inorganic mercury and methylmercury in placentas of Swedish women. Environ. Health. Perspect. 110(5):523–526.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bajaj, J.S., Misra, A., Rajalakshmi, M., and Madan, R. (1993). Environmental release of chemicals and reproductive ecology. Environ. Health. Perspect. 101(Suppl 2):125–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, J.R., Ranson, R.M., and Tynen, J. (1939). The chemical composition of volpar contraceptive products. Eugen. Rev. 30:261–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bakir, F., Damluji, S.F., Amin-Zaki, L., Murtadha, M., Khalidi, A., al Rawi, N.Y., Tikriti, S., Dahahir, H.I., Clarkson, T.W., Smith, J.C., and Doherty, R.A. (1973). Methylmercury poisoning in Iraq. Science 181(96):230–241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bank, M.S., Loftin, C.S., and Jung, R.E. (2005). Mercury bioaccumulation in northern two-lined salamanders from streams in the northeastern United States. Ecotoxicology 14(1–2):181–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bank, M.S., Crocker, J., Connery, B., and Amirbahman, A. (2007). Mercury bioaccumulation in green frog (Rana clamitans) and bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles from Acadia National Park, Maine, USA. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 26(1):118–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bano, Y., and Hasan, M. (1990). Histopathological lesions in the body organs of catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) following mercury intoxication. J. Environ. Sci. Health B25(1):67–85.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, D.M., Sykes, D.B., and Miller, D.S. (1999). Multiple effects of mercuric chloride on hexose transport in Xenopus oocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1419:289–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, J.F. (1986). Population dynamics of the common loon (Gavia immer) associated with mercury contaminated waters in Northwestern Ontario. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper 561–23.
   Google Scholar
• Barregard, L., Lindstedt, G., Schutz, A., and Sallsten, G. (1994). Endocrine function in mercury exposed chloralkali workers. Occup. Environ. Med. 51(8):536–540.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barregard, L., Svalander, C., Schutz, A., Westberg, G., Sallsten, G., Blohme, I., Molne, J., Attman, P.O., and Haglind, P. (1999). Cadmium, mercury, and lead in kidney cortex of the general Swedish population: A study of biopsies from living kidney donors. Environ. Health Perspect. 107(11):867–871.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barregard, L., Horvat, M., Mazzolai, B., Sallsten, G., Gibicar, D., Fajon, V., Dibona, S., Munthe, J., Wangberg, I., and Haeger, E.M. (2006). Urinary mercury in people living near point sources of mercury emissions. Sci. Total Environ. 368(1):326–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barton, B.A., and Iwama, G.K. (1991). Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 1:3–26.
   Google Scholar
• Beckmen, K.B., Duffy, L.K., Zhang, X., and Pitcher, K.W. (2002). Mercury concentrations in the fur of steller sea lions and northern fur seals from Alaska. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44(10):1130–1135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bellas, J., Vasquez, E., and Beiras, R. (2001). Toxicity of Hg, Cu, Cd, and Cr on early developmental stages of Ciona intestinalis (Chordata, Ascidiacea) with potential application in marine water quality assessment. Water Res. 35(12):2905–2912.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergeron, C.M., Husak, J.E., Unrine, J.M., Romanek, C.S., and Hopkins, W.A. (2007). Influence of feeding ecology on blood mercury concentrations in four species of turtles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 26(8):1733–1741.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berlin, M., and Ullberg, S. (1963). Accumulation and retention of mercury in the mouse. III. An autoradiographic comparison of methylmercuric dicyandiamide with inorganic mercury. Arch. Environ. Health 6:610–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhan, A., and Sarkar, N.N. (2005). Mercury in the environment: Effect on health and reproduction. Rev. Environ. Health 20(1):39–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhatnagar, M.K., Vrablic, O.E., and Yamashiro, S. (1982). Ultrastructural alterations of the liver of Pekin ducks fed methyl mercury-containing diets. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 10:981–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya, T., Bhattacharya, S., Ray, A.K., and Dey, S. (1989). Influence of industrial pollutants on thyroid function in Channa puntatus (Bloch). Indian J. Exp. Biol. 27:65–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birge, W.J., Black, J.A., Westerman, A.G., and Hudson, J.E. (1979). The effects of mercury on reproduction of fish and amphibians.In, (Ed.) Nriagu J. O., The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp. 629–655.
   Google Scholar
• Bleau, H., Daniel, C., Chevalier, G., van Tra, H., and Hontela, A. (1996). Effects of acute exposure to mercury chloride and methylmercury on plasma cortisol, T3, T4, glucose and liver glycogen in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 34:221–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg, K., Wanntorp, H., Erne, K., and Hanko, E. (1969). Alkyl mercury poisoning in terrestrial Swedish wildlife. Viltrevy 6:301–379.
   Google Scholar
• Borg, K. (1987). A review of wildlife diseases from Scandinavia. J. Wildl. Dis. 23(4):527–533.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boudou, A., and Ribeyre, F. (1985). Experimental study of trophic contamination of Salmo gairdneri to mercury compounds HgCl2 and MeHg—Analysis at the organism and organ level. Water Air Soil Pollut. 26:137–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branco, V., Canario, J., Vale, C., Raimundo, J., and Reis, C. (2004). Total and organic mercury concentrations in muscle tissue of the blue shark (Prionace glauca L.1758) from the Northeast Atlantic. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49(9–10):871–874.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Branco, V., Vale, C., Canario, J., and Santos, M.N. (2007). Mercury and selenium in blue shark (Prionace glauca, L. 1758) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius, L. 1758) from two areas of the Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Pollut. 150(3):373–380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brasso, R.L., and Cristol, D.A. (2008). Effects of mercury exposure on the reproductive success of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Ecotoxicology 17(2):133–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braune, B.M., and Gaskin, D.E. (1987). Mercury levels in Bonaparte’s Gulls (Larus philadelphia) during autumn molt in thew Quody Region, New Brunswick, Canada. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16:539–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsky, J.B., Cohen, E.N., Whitcher, C., Brown, B.W. Jr., and Wu, M.L. (1985). Occupational exposure to mercury in dentistry and pregnancy outcome. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 111(5):779–780.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burbacher, T.M., Monnett, C., Grant, K.S., and Mottet, N.K. (1984). Methylmercury exposure and reproductive dysfunction in the nonhuman primate. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 75(1):18–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burger, J. (1994). Heavy metals in avian eggshells: another excretion methods. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 41:207–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, J., and Gochfeld, M. (1997). Risk, mercury levels and birds: relating adverse laboratory effects to field biomonitoring. Environ. Res. 75:160–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, J., and Gochfeld, M. (2003). Spatial and temporal patterns in metal levels in eggs of common terns (Sterna hirundo) in New Jersey. Sci. Total Environ. 31:191–100.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, G.V., and Meikle, A.W. (1980). Acute and chronic methyl mercury poisoning impairs rat adrenal and testicular function. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 6(3):597–606.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camara, V.M., and Corey, G. (1994). Epidemiologic surveillance for substances banned from use in agriculture. Bull. Pan. Am. Health Organ. 28(4):355–359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell, L.M., Norstrom, R.J., Hobson, K.A., Muir, D.C.G., Backus, S., and Fisk, A.T. (2005). Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay). Sci. Total Environ. 351–352:247–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassano, G.B., Amaducci, L., and Viola, P.L. (1966). Distribution of mercury (Hg203) in the brain of chronically intoxicated mice (autoradiographic study). Riv. Patol. Nerv. Ment. 87(2):214–225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chemical Branch, United Nations Environment Programme. (2008). The global atmospheric mercury assessment: sources, emissions, and transport. United Nations Environment Programme. Geneva, Switzerland. Here is the weblink to this report: http://www.chem.unep.ch/MERCURY/Atmospheric_Emissions/UNEP%20SUMMARY%20REPORT%20-%20final%20for%20WEB%20Dec%202008.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Choe, S.Y., Kim, S.J., Kim, H.G., Lee, J.H., Choi, Y., Lee, H., and Kim, Y. (2003). Evaluation of estrogenicity of major heavy metals. Sci. Total Environ. 312(1–3):15–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chowdhury, A.R., and Arora, U. (1982). Toxic effect of mercury on testes in different animal species. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 26(3):246–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chowdhury, A.R., Vachhrajani, K.D., and Chatterjee, B.B. (1985). Inhibition of 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase in rat testicular tissue by mercuric chloride. Toxicol. Lett. 27(1–3):45–49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chowdhury, A.R., Makhija, S., and Vachhrajani, K.D. (1989). Methylmercury induced biochemical and histochemical alterations in rat testis. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 33(4):219–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choy, C.M., Lam, C.W., Cheung, L.T., Briton-Jones, C.M., Cheung, L.P., and Haines, C.J. (2002a). Infertility, blood mercury concentrations and dietary seafood consumption: a case–control study. BJOG. 109(10):1121–1125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choy, C.M., Yeung, Q.S., Briton-Jones, C.M., Cheung, C.K., Lam, C.W., and Haines, C.J. (2002b). Relationship between semen parameters and mercury concentrations in blood and in seminal fluid from subfertile males in Hong Kong. Fertil. Steril. 78(2):426–428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clarkson, T.W., Magos, L., and Greenwood, M.R. (1972). The transport of elemental mercury into fetal tissues. Biol. Neonate. 21(3):239–244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clement, J.C. (1985). Hormonal consequences of organophsphate poinsoning. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 5(Suppl):S66–S77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colborn, T., vom Saal, F.S., and Soto, A.M. (1993). Developmental effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ. Health Perspect. 101:378–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, D.Y., Schleyer, H., and Rosenthal, O. (1968). Role of cytochrome p-450 in mixed function oxidases using the reconstituted steroid 11beta-hydroxylase of adrenal mitochondria as an example. Hoppe Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 349(11):1592–1598.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cordier, S., Deplan, F., Mandereau, L., and Hemon, D. (1991). Paternal exposure to mercury and spontaneous abortions. Br. J. Ind. Med. 48(6):375–381.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corrosion Doctors., (2008). mercury. Pigment and organic fungicide production. Available at http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/Elements-Toxic/Mercury-pigments.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Curley, A., Sedlak, V.A., Girling, E.D., Hawk, R.E., Barthel, W.F., Pierce, P.E., and Likosky, W.H. (1971). Organic mercury identified as the cause of poisoning in humans and hogs. Science 172(978):65–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis, B.J., Price, H.C., O’Connor, R.W., Fernando, R., Rowland, A.S., and Morgan, D.L. (2001). Mercury vapor and female reproductive toxicity. Toxicol. Sci. 59(2):291–296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Day, R.D., Christopher, S.J., Becker, P.R., and Whitaker, D.W. (2005). Monitoring mercury in the loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39(2):437–446.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Rosis, F., Anastasio, S.P., Selvaggi, L., Beltrame, A., and Moriani, G. (1985). Female reproductive health in two lamp factories: effects of exposure to inorganic mercury vapour and stress factors. Br. J. Ind. Med. 42(7):488–494.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deforest, D.K., Brix, K.V., and Adams, W.J. (2007). Assessing metal bioaccumulation in aquatic environments: The inverse relationship between bioaccumulation factors, trophic transfer factors and exposure concentration. Aquat. Toxicol. 84(2):236–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dehn, L.A., Follmann, E.H., Thomas, D.L., Sheffield, G.G., Rosa, C., Duffy, L.K., and O’Hara, T.M. (2006). Trophic relationships in an Arctic food web and implications for trace metal transfer. Sci. Total Environ. 362(1–3):103–123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Derban, L.K. (1974). Outbreak of food poisoning due to alkyl-mercury fungicide on southern Ghana state farm. Arch. Environ. Health 28(1):49–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dey, S., and Bhattacharya, S. (1989). Ovarian damage to Channa punctatus after chronic exposure to low concentrations of Elsan, mercury and ammonia. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 17:247–257.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickman, M.D., Leung, C.K., and Leong, M.K. (1998). Hong Kong male subfertility links to mercury in human hair and fish. Sci. Total Environ. 214:165–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, R.A., Gates, A.H., Sewell, C.E., and Freer, C. (1978). Methylmercury sexual dimorphism in the mouse. Experientia 34(7):871–872.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donaldson, E.M. (1981). The pituitary-interrenal axis as an indicator of stress in fish. In, (Ed.) Pickering A. D., Stress and fish. Academic Press, London, pp. 11–48.
   Google Scholar
• Donaldson, E.M. (1990). Reproductive indices as measures of the effects of environmental stressors in fish. Am. Fisheries Soc. Symp. 8:109–122.
   Google Scholar
• Dopp, E., Hartmann, L.M., Florea, A.M., Rettenmeier, A.W., and Hirner, A.V. (2004). Environmental distribution, analysis, and toxicity of organometal(loid) compounds. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 34(3):301–333.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drasch, G., Mail, d.S., Schlosser, C., and Roider, G. (2000). Content of non-mercury-associated selenium in human tissues. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 77(3):219–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drevnick, P.E., and Sandheinrich, M.B. (2003). Effects of dietary methylmercury on reproductive endocrinology of fathead minnows. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4390–4396.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drevnick, P.E., Sandheinrich, M.B., and Oris, J.T. (2006). Increased ovarian follicular apoptosis in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to dietary methylmercury. Aquat. Toxicol. 79:49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellingsen, D.G., Efskind, J., Haug, E., Thomassen, Y., Martinsen, I., and Gaarder, P.I. (2000). Effects of low mercury vapour exposure on the thyroid function in chloralkali workers. J. Appl. Toxicol. 20(6):483–489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erfurth, E.M., Schutz, A., Nilsson, A., Barregard, L., and Skerfving, S. (1990). Normal pituitary hormone response to thyrotrophin and gonadotrophin releasing hormones in subjects exposed to elemental mercury vapour. Br. J. Ind. Med. 47(9):639–644.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ernst, E., and Lauritsen, J.G. (1991). Effect of organic and inorganic mercury on human sperm motility. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 68(6):440–444.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ernst, E., Moller-Madsen, B., and Danscher, G. (1991a). Ultrastructural demonstration of mercury in Sertoli and Leydig cells of the rat following methyl mercuric chloride or mercuric chloride treatment. Reprod. Toxicol. 5(3):205–209.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ernst, E., Christensen, M., and Lauritsen, J.G. (1991b). In vitro exposure of human spermatozoa to mercuric chloride—A histochemical study. Prog. Histochem. Cytochem. 23(1–4):263–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ernst, E., Christensen, M.K., and Poulsen, E.H. (1993). Mercury in the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and median eminence after mercury vapor exposure. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 58(3):205–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evers, D.C., Kaplan, J.D., Meyer, M.W., Reaman, P.S., Brazelton, W.E., Major, A., Burgess, N., and Scheuhammer, A.M. (1998). Geographic trend in mercury measured in common loon feathers and blood. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:173–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evers, D.C., Taylor, K.M., Major, A., Taylor, R.J., Poppenga, R.H., and Scheuhammer, A.M. (2003). Common loon eggs as indicators of methylmercury availability in North America. Ecotoxicology 12(1–4):69–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evers, D.C., Burgess, N.M., Champoux, L., Hoskins, B., Major, A., Goodale, W.M., Taylor, R.J., Poppenga, R., and Daigle, T. (2005). Patterns and interpretation of mercury exposure in freshwater avian communities in northeastern North America. Ecotoxicology 14:193–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facemire, C.F., Gross, T.S., and Guillette, L.J. Jr. (1995). Reproductive impairment in the Florida panther: Nature or nurture? Environ. Health Perspect. 103(Suppl 4):79–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Falnoga, I., Tusek-Znidaric, M., Horvat, M., and Stegnar, P. (2000). Mercury, selenium, and cadmium in human autopsy samples from Idrija residents and mercury mine workers. Environ. Res. 84(3):211–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. (2006). Mercury in drug and biologic products. Available at http://www.fda.gov/cder/fdama/mercury300.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Fimreite, N., and Karstad, L. (1971). Effects of dietary methyl mercury on Red-tailed hawks. J. Wildl. Manage. 35:293–330.
   Google Scholar
• Fimreite, N. (1974). Mercury contamination of aquatic birds in northwestern Ontario. J. Wildl. Manage. 38:120–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finley, M.T., and Stendell, R.C. (1978). Survival and reproductive success of black ducks fed methyl mercury. Environ. Pollut. 16:51–64.
   Google Scholar
• Fisk, A.T., de Wit, C.A., Wayland, M., Kuzyk, Z.Z., Burgess, N., Letcher, R., Braune, B., Norstrom, R., Blum, S.P., Sandau, C., Lie, E., Larsen, H.J., Skaare, J.U., and Muir, D.C. (2005). An assessment of the toxicological significance of anthropogenic contaminants in Canadian arctic wildlife. Sci. Total Environ. 351–352:57–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fjeld, E., Haugen, T.O., and Vollestad, L.A. (1998). Permanent impairment in the feeding behavior of grayling (Thymallus thymallus) exposed to methylmercury during embryogenesis. Sci. Total Environ. 213:247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flouriot, G., Pakdel, F., Ducouret, B., and Valotaire, Y. (1995). Influence of xenobiotics on rainbow trout liver estrogen receptor and vitellogenin gene expression. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 15(2):143–151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forsyth, D.S., Casey, V., Dabeka, R.W., and McKenzie, A. (2004). Methylmercury levels in predatory fish species marketed in Canada. Food Addit. Contam. 21(9):849–856.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fournier, F., Karasov, W.H., Kenow, K.P., Meyer, M.W., and Hines, R.K. (2002). The oral bioavailability of methylmercury in common loon (Gavia immer) chicks. Compar. Biochem. Physiol. Part A. 133:703–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler, B.A. (1972). Ultrastructural evidence for nephropathy induced by long-term exposure tosmall amounts of methyl mercury. Science 175(23):780–781.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francis, D.R., and Bennett, K.A. (1994). Addition data on mercury accumulation in Northern Michigan river otters. J. Freshw. Ecol. 9(1):1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Frederick, P.C., Spalding, M.G., Sepulveda, M.S., Williams, G., Bouton, S., Lynch, H., Arrecis, J., Loerzel, S., and Hoffman, D. (1997). Effects of environmental mercury exposure on reproduction, health and survival of wading birds in the Florida Everglades. Final report to the US Fish and Wildlife Service.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, H.C., Sangalang, G., Uthe, J.F., and Ronald, K. (1975). Steroidogenesis in vitro in the Harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) without and with methyl mercury treatment in vivo. Environ. Physiol. Biochem. 5:428–439.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedmann, A.S., Watzin, M.C., Brinck-Johnson, T., and Leiter, J.C. (1996). Low levels of dietary methylmercury inhibit growth and gonadal development in juvenile walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). Aquat. Toxicol. 35:265–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedmann, A.S., Costain, E.K., MacLatchy, D.L., Stansley, W., and Washuta, E.J. (2002). Effect of mercury on general and reproductive health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmonoides) from three lakes in New Jersey. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 52:117–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Futatsuka, M., and Eto, K. (1989). A case–control study of mortality in Minamata disease based on pathological findings. Kumamoto Med. J. 41(3):73–79.
   Google Scholar
• Galster, W.A. (1976). Mercury in Alaskan Eskimo mothers and infants. Environ. Health Perspect. 15:135–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavrilescu, N., Lancranjan, I., Muica, N., and Popescu, H. (1968). Changes of thyroid function in chronic mercury poisoning [in Romanian]. Med. Interna (Bucur) 20(4):443–453.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerhard, I., Monga, B., Waldbrenner, A., and Runnebaum, B. (1998). Heavy metals and fertility. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A. 54(8):593–611.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerhard, I., Becker, T., Eggert-Kruse, W., Klinga, K., and Runnebaum, B. (1991). Thyroid and ovarian function in infertile women. Hum. Reprod. 6(3):338–345.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilbert, S.G., Rice, D.C., and Burbacher, T.M. (1996). Fixed interval/fixed ratio performance in adult monkeys exposed in utero to methylmercury. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 18(5):539–546.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gimenez-Llort, L., Ahlbom, E., Dare, E., Vahter, M., Ogren, S., and Ceccatelli, S. (2001). Prenatal exposure to methylmercury changes dopamine-modulated motor activity during early ontogeny: age and gender-dependent effects. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 9(3):61–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldman, M., and Blackburn, P. (1979). The effect of mercuric chloride and thyroid function in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharamcol. 48:49–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goulet, S., Dore, F.Y., and Mirault, M.E. (2003). Neurobehavioral changes in mice chronically exposed to methylmercury during fetal and early postnatal development. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 25(3):335–347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grady, R.R., Kitay, J.I., Spyker, J.M., and Avery, D.L. (1978). Postnatal endocrine dysfunction induced by prenatal methylmercury or cadmium exposure in mice. J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 1(3):187–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., White, R.F., and Debes, F. (1998). Cognitive performance of children prenatally exposed to “safe” levels of methylmercury. Environ. Res. 77(2):165–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grandjean, P., Murata, K., Budtz-Jorgensen, E., and Weihe, P. (2004). Cardiac autonomic activity in methylmercury neurotoxicity: 14-year follow-up of a Faroese birth cohort. J. Pediatr. 144(2):169–176.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greeley, M.S. Jr. (2002). Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystem stress. Adams S.M. (ed) American Fisheries Society, pp. 321–378.
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield, N., Ponticorvo, L., Chasalow, F., and Lieberman, S. (1980). Activation and inhibition of the adrenal steroid 21-hydroxylation system by cytosolic constituents: influence of glutathione, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 200(1):232–244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grim, K.C., Monfort, S., Tan, S.W., Rattner, B.A., Gerould, S., Beasley, V., Aguirre, A., and Rowles, T. (2007). Results of a wildlife toxicology workshop held by the Smithsonian Institution—Identification and prioritization of problem statements. Abstract Book: SETAC North America 28th Annual Meeting. P142–. Available at: http://www.setac.org/milwaukee/pdf/2007_Abstract_Book.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Guallar, E., Sanz-Gallardo, M.I., van’t Veer, P., Bode, P., Aro, A., Gomez-Aracena, J., Kark, J.D., Riemersma, R.A., Martin-Moreno, J.M., and Kok, F.J. (2002). Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 347(22):1747–1754.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guarino, A.M., Anderson, J.B., Pritchard, J.B., and Rall, D.P. (1976). Tissue distribution of (14C) methyl mercury in the lobster, Homarus americanus. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 2(1):13–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hahn, L.J., Kloiber, R., Vimy, M.J., Takahashi, Y., and Lorscheider, F.L. (1989). Dental “silver” tooth fillings: A source of mercury exposure revealed by whole-body image scan and tissue analysis. FASEB J. 3(14):2641–2646.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hahn, L.J., Kloiber, R., Leininger, R.W., Vimy, M.J., and Lorscheider, F.L. (1990). Whole-body imaging of the distribution of mercury released from dental fillings into monkey tissues. FASEB J. 4(14):3256–3260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hails, A.J. (1983). Temporal changes in fat and protein levels in the tropical Anadantid Trichogaster pectoralis (Regan). J. Fish Biol. 22:1075–1081.
   Google Scholar
• Haines, T.A., May, T.W., Finlayson, R.T., and Mierzykowski, S.E. (2003). Factors affecting food chain transfer of mercury in the vicinity of the Nyanza Site, Sudbury River, Massachusetts. Environ. Monit. Assess. 86(3):211–232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammerschmidt, C.R., and Sandheinrich, M.B. (2005). Maternal diet during oogenesis is the major source of methylmercury in fisy embryos. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39:3580–3584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerschmidt, C.R., Wiener, J.G., Frazier, B.E., and Rada, R.G. (1999). Methylmercury content of eggs in yellow perch related to maternal exposure in four Wisconcin lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33:999–1003.
   Google Scholar
• Hammerschmidt, C.R., Sandheinrich, M.B., Wiener, J.G., and Rada, R.G. (2002). Effects of dietary methylmercury on reproduction of fathead minnows. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:877–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanf, V., Forstmann, A., Costea, J.E., Schieferstein, G., Fischer, I., and Schweinsberg, F. (1996). Mercury in urine and ejaculate in husbands of barren couples. Toxicol. Lett. 88(1–3):227–231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harada, Y., Miyamoto, Y., Nonaka, I., Ohta, S., and Ninomiya, T. (1968). Electroencephalographic studies of Minamata disease in children. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 10(2):257–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harada, M. (1976). Intrauterine poisoning. Bull. Inst. Constitut. Me., Kumamoto Univ. XXV(Suppl):2–31.
   Google Scholar
• Harada, M. (1978). Congenital Minamata disease: intrauterine methylmercury poisoning. Teratology 18(2):285–288.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harber, M., and Jennings, R. (1964). Sex differences in renal toxicity of mercury in the rat. Nature 201:1235.
   Google Scholar
• Harber, M., and Jennings, R. (1965). Renal response of the rat to mercury: The effect of sex and sex hormones. Arch. Pathol. 79:218–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heath, J.A., and Frederick, P.C. (2005). Relationships among mercury concentrations, hormones, and nesting effort of white ibises (Eudocimus albus) in the Florida Everglades. Auk. 122(1):255–267.
   Google Scholar
• Heinz, G.H. (1974). Effects of low dietary levels of methyl mercury on mallard reproduction. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 11:386–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heinz, G.H. (1976a). Methylmercury: Second generation reproductive and behavioral effects on mallard ducks. J. Wildl. Manage. 40:710–715.
   Google Scholar
• Heinz, G.H. (1976b). Methylmercury: Second-year feeding effects on mallard reproduction and duckling behavior. J. Wildl. Manage. 40:82–90.
   Google Scholar
• Heinz, G.H. (1979). Methylmercury: Reproductive and behavioral effects on three generations of mallard ducks. J. Wildl. Manage. 43:394–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinz, G.H., and Hoffman, D.J. (2003a). Predicting mercury in mallard ducklings from mercury in chorioallantoic membranes. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 70:1242–1246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heinz, G.H., and Hoffman, D. (2003b). Embryotoxic thresholds of mercury: estimates from individual mallard eggs. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 44:257–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, R.A. (2000). Oestrogen in fluid transport in efferent ducts of the male reproductive tract. Rev. Reprod. 5(2):84–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hess, R.A., Gist, D.H., Bunick, D., Lubahn, D.B., Farrell, A., Bahr, J., Cooke, P.S., and Greene, G.L. (1997a). Estrogen receptor (alpha and beta) expression in the excurrent ducts of the adult male rat reproductive tract. J. Androl. 18(6):602–611.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hess, R.A., Bunick, D., Lee, K.H., Bahr, J., Taylor, J.A., Korach, K.S., and Lubahn, D.B. (1997b). A role for oestrogens in the male reproductive system. Nature 390(6659):509–512.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano, M., Mitsumori, K., Maita, K., and Shirasu, Y. (1986). Further carcinogenicity study on methylmercury chloride in ICR mice. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 48(1):127–135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano, M., Ueda, H., Mitsumori, K., Maita, K., and Shirasu, Y. (1988). Hormonal influence on carcinogenicity of methylmercury in mice. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 50(4):886–893.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirayama, K., and Yasutake, A. (1986). Sex and age differences in mercury distribution and excretion in methylmercury-administered mice. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 18(1):49–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirayama, K., Yasutake, A., and Inoue, M. (1987). Effect of sex hormones on the fate of methylmercury and on glutathione metabolism in mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. 36(12):1919–1924.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffman, D.J., and Moore, J.M. (1979). Teratogenic effects of external egg applications of methylmercury in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos. Teratology 20:453–462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Homma-Takeda, S., Kugenuma, Y., Iwamuro, T., Kumagai, Y., and Shimojo, N. (2001). Impairment of spermatogenesis in rats by methylmercury: involvement of stage- and cell- specific germ cell apoptosis. Toxicology 169(1):25–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hontela, A., Rasmussen, J.B., Audet, C., and Chevalier, G. (1992). Impaired cortisol stress response in fish from environments polluted by PAHs, PCBs, and mercury. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22(3):278–283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hontela, A., Dumont, P., Duclos, D., and Fortin, R. (1995). Endocrine and metabolic dysfunction in yellow perch, Perca flavescens, exposed to organic contaminants and heavy metals in the St. Lawrence River. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14(4):725–731.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu, M.J., Selvaraj, K., and Agoramoorthy, G. (2006). Taiwan’s industrial heavy metal pollution threatens terrestrial biota. Environ. Pollut. 143(2):327–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hultman, P., and Nielsen, J.B. (2001). The effect of dose, gender, and non-H-2 genes in murine mercury-induced autoimmunity. J. Autoimmun. 17(1):27–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ilan, Z., and Yaron, Z. (1980). Stimulation of cortisol secretion in vitro from the interrenal tissue of the cichlid fish, Sarotherodon aureus, by adrenocorticotropin or cyclic AMP. J. Endocrinol. 86:269–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inouye, M., Kajiwara, Y., and Hirayama, K. (1986). Dose- and sex-dependent alterations in mercury distribution in fetal mice following methylmercury exposure. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 19(3):425–435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irukayama, Kondo, Kal, Fujiki, and Tajima (1962). An organomercury compound extracted from sludge at the acetaldehyde plant of the Minamata factory [in Japanese]. Nisshin Igaku Jpn. J. Med. Prog. 49:536–541.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jagiello, G., and Lin, J.S. (1973). An assessment of the effects of mercury on the meiosis of mouse ova. Mutat. Res. 17(1):93–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janssens, E., Dauwe, T., Pinxten, R., Bervoets, L., Blust, R., and Eens, M. (2003). Effects of heavy metal exposure on the condition and health of nestlings of the great tit (Parus major), a small songbird species. Environ. Pollut. 126:267–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, T.A., Bodaly, R.A., Latif, M.A., Fudge, R.J.P., and Strange, N.E. (2001). Intra- and interpopulation variability in maternal transfer of mercury to eggs of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). Aquat. Toxicol. 52:73–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joy, K.P., and Kirubagaran, R. (1989). An immunocytochemical study on the pituitary gonadotropic and thyrotropic cells in the catfish Clarias batrachas. Biol. Struct. Morphog. 2:67–70.
   Google Scholar
• Kabuto, M. (1986). Acute endocrine effects of a single administration of methylmercury chloride (MMC) in rats. Endocrinol. Jpn. 33(5):683–690.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kabuto, M. (1991). Chronic effects of methylmercury on the urinary excretion of catecholamines and their responses to hypoglycemic stress. Arch. Toxicol. 65(2):164–167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kajiwara, Y., and Inouye, M. (1986). Effects of methylmercury and mercuric chloride on preimplantation mouse embryos in vivo. Teratology 33(2):231–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kajiwara, Y., and Inouye, M. (1992). Inhibition of implantation caused by methylmercury and mercuric chloride in mouse embryos in vivo. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 49(4):541–546.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawada, J., Nishida, M., Yoshimura, Y., and Mitani, K. (1980). Effects of organic and inorganic mercurials on thyroidal functions. J. Pharmacobiodyn. 3(3):149–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keck, C., Bergmann, M., Ernst, E., Muller, C., Kliesch, S., and Nieschlag, E. (1993). Autometallographic detection of mercury in testicular tissue of an infertile man exposed to mercury vapor. Reprod. Toxicol. 7(5):469–475.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenow, K.P., Gutreuter, S., Hines, R.K., Meyer, M.W., Fournier, F., and Karasov, W.H. (2003). Effects of methyl mercury exposure on the growth of juvenile common loons. Ecotoxicology 12(1–4):171–182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan, A.T., and Weis, J.S. (1987). Effects of methylmercury on sperm and egg viability of two populations of killifish (F. heteroclitus). Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 16:499–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, A.T., and Weis, J.S. (1993). Differential effects of organic and inorganic mercury on the micropyle of the eggs of F. heteroclitus. Environ. Biol. Fish. 37:323–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khera, K.S. (1973). Reproductive capability of male rats and mice treated with methyl mercury. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 24(2):167–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirubagaran, R., and Joy, K.P. (1988a). Toxic effects of mercuric chloride, methylmercuric chloride, and emisan 6 (an organic mercurial fungicide) on ovarian recrudescence in the catfish Clarias batrachus (L.). Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 41:902–909.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirubagaran, R., and Joy, K.P. (1988b). Inhibition of testicular 3-hydroxy-5D-steroid dehydrogenase (3b-HSD) activity in catfish Clarias batrachus (L.) by mercurials. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 26:907–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirubagaran, R., and Joy, K.P. (1989). Toxic effects of mercurials on thyroid function of the catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 17:265–271.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirubagaran, R., and Joy, K.P. (1990). Changes in brain monoamine levels and monoamine oxidase activity in the catfish, Clarias batrachus, during chronic treatments with mercurials. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 45:88–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirubagaran, R., and Joy, K.P. (1991). Changes in adrenocorticol-pituitary activity in the catfish, Clarias batrachus (L.), after mercury treatment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 22:36–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirubagaran, R., and Joy, K.P. (1992). Toxic effects of mercury on testicular activity in the freshwater teleost, Clarias batrachus (L.). J. Fish Biol. 41:305–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirubagaran, R., and Joy, K.P. (1994). Effects of short-term exposure to methylmercury chloride and its withdrawal on serum levels of thyroid hormones in the catfish Clarias batrachus. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 53166–170.
   Google Scholar
• Kirubagaran, R., and Joy, K.P. (1995). Changes in lipid profiles and 32P-uptake into phosphoprotein (vitellogenin) content of the ovary and liver in the female catfish, Clarias batrachus, exposed to mercury. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 8:35–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kitamura, S. (1971). Epidemiology of Minamata disease—Epidemiological approach to the organomercury poisoning [in Japanese]. Saishin Igaku 26(10):1966–1972.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klaper, R., Rees, C.B., Drevnick, P., Weber, D., Sandheinrich, M., and Carvan, M.J. (2006). Gene expression changes related to endocrine function and decline in reproduction in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) after dietary methylmercury exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 114(9):1337–1343.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kojadinovic, J., Potier, M., Le Corre, M., Cosson, R.P., and Bustamante, P. (2006). Mercury content in commercial pelagic fish and its risk assessment in the Western Indian Ocean. Sci. Total Environ. 366(2–3):688–700.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kojadinovic, J., Potier, M., Le Corre, M., Cosson, R.P., and Bustamante, P. (2007). Bioaccumulation of trace elements in pelagic fish from the Western Indian Ocean. Environ. Pollut. 146(2):548–566.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koos, B.J., and Longo, L.D. (1976). Mercury toxicity in the pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn infant. A review. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 126(3):390–409.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosta, L., Byrne, A.R., and Zelenko, V. (1975). Correlation between selenium and mercury in man following exposure to inorganic mercury. Nature 254(5497):238–239.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurland, L., Faro, S.N., and Siedler (1961). Minemata disease. Public Health Rep. 76:671–672.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamperti, A., and Niewenhuis, R. (1976). The effects of mercury on the structure and function of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis in the hamster. Cell Tissue Res. 170(3):315–324.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamperti, A.A., and Printz, R.H. (1973). Effects of mercuric chloride on the reproductive cycle of the female hamster. Biol. Reprod. 8(3):378–387.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lamperti, A.A., and Printz, R.H. (1974). Localization, accumulation, and toxic effects of mercuric chloride on the reproductive axis of the female hamster. Biol. Reprod. 11(2):180–186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langworth, S., Rojdmark, S., and Akesson, A. (1990). Normal pituitary hormone response to thyrotrophin releasing hormone in dental personnel exposed to mercury. Swed. Dent. J. 14(2):101–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Latif, M.A., Bodaly, R.A., Johnston, T.A., and Fudge, R.J.P. (2001). Effects of environmental and maternally derived methylmercury on the embryonic larval stages of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). Environ. Pollut. 111:139–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauwerys, R., Buchet, J.P., Roels, H., and Hubermont, G. (1978). Placental transfer of lead, mercury, cadmium, and carbon monoxide in women. I. Comparison of the frequency distributions of the biological indices in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Environ. Res. 15(2):278–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leblond, V.S., and Hontela, A. (1999). Effects of in vitro exposures to cadmium, mercury, zinc, and 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-1(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane on steroidogenesis by dispersed interrenal cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicol. Appl. Pharamcol. 157:16–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, I.P., and Dixon, R.L. (1975). Effects of mercury on spermatogenesis studied by velocity sedimentation cell separation and serial mating. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 194(1):171–181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leung, T.Y., Choy, C.M., Yim, S.F., Lam, C.W., and Haines, C.J. (2001). Whole blood mercury concentrations in sub-fertile men in Hong Kong. Aust. NZ J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 41(1):75–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis, S.A., and Furness, R.W. (1993). The role of eggs in mercury excretion by quail Coturnix coturnix and the implications for monitoring mercury pollution by analysis of feathers. Ecotoxicology 2:55–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis, S.A., Becker, P.H., and Furness, R.W. (1993). Mercury levels in eggs, tissues, and feathers of herring gulls Larus argentatus from the German Wadden Sea Coast. Environ. Pollut. 80(3):293–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Licata, P., Trombetta, D., Cristani, M., Naccari, C., Martino, D., Calo, M., and Naccari, F. (2005). Heavy metals in liver and muscle of bluefin tunA (Thunnus thynnus) caught in the Straits of Messina (Sicily, Italy). Environ. Monit. Assess. 107(1–3):239–248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lie, A., Gundersen, N., and Korsgaard, K.J. (1982). Mercury in urine.—Sex, age and geographic differences in a reference population. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 8(2):129–133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Likosky, W.H., Hinman, A.R., and Barthel, W.F. (1970). Organic mercury poisoning, New Mexico. Neurology 20(4):401.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindberg, S., Bullock, R., Ebinghaus, R., Engstrom, D., Feng, X., Fitzgerald, W., Pirrone, N., Prestbo, E., and Seigneur, C. (2007). A synthesis of progress and uncertainties in attributing the sources of mercury in deposition. Ambio 36(1):19–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindbohm, M.L., Ylostalo, P., Sallmen, M., Henriks-Eckerman, M.L., Nurminen, T., Forss, H., and Taskinen, H. (2007). Occupational exposure in dentistry and miscarriage. Occup. Environ. Med. 64(2):127–133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lockhart, W.L., Uthe, J.F., Kenney, A.R., and Mehrle, P.M. (1972). Methylmercury in Northern Pike (Esox lucius): Distribution, elimination, and some biochemical characteristics of contaminated fish. J. Fisheries Res. Board Can. 29:1519–1523.
   Google Scholar
• Lommel, A., Kruse, H., Muller, E., and Wassermann, O. (1992). Organochlorine pesticides, octachlorostyrene, and mercury in the blood of Elb River residents, Germany. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22(1):14–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lundholm, C.E. (1995). Effects of methyl mercury at different dose regimes on eggshell formation and some biochemical characteristics of the eggshell gland mucosa of the domestic fowl. Compar. Biochem. Physiol. Part C. 110(1):23–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magos, L. (1993). Paternal exposure to chemicals before conception. BMJ 307(6913):1214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magos, L., Peristianis, G.C., Clarkson, T.W., Brown, A., Preston, S., and Snowden, R.T. (1981). Comparative study of the sensitivity of male and female rats to methylmercury. Arch. Toxicol. 48(1):11–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahaffey, K.R. (2005). Mercury exposure: Medical and public health issues. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 116:127–153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahaffey, K.R., and Mergler, D. (1998). Blood levels of total and organic mercury in residents of the upper St. Lawrence River basin, Quebec: association with age, gender, and fish consumption. Environ. Res. 77(2):104–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahaffey, K.R., Clickner, R.P., and Bodurow, C.C. (2004). Blood organic mercury and dietary mercury intake: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 and 2000. Environ. Health Perspect. 112(5):562–570.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maretta, M., Marettova, E., Skrobanek, P., and Ledec, M. (1995). Effect of mercury on the seminiferous epithelium of the fowl testis. Acta Vet. Hung. 43(1):153–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin, M.B., Reiter, R., Pham, T., Avellanet, Y.R., Camara, J., Lahm, M., Pentecost, E., Pratap, K., Gilmore, B.A., Divekar, S., Dagata, R.S., Bull, J.L., and Stoica, A. (2003). Estrogen-like activity of metals in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 144(6):2425–2436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mason, H.J., Hindell, P., and Williams, N.R. (2001). Biological monitoring and exposure to mercury. Occup. Med. (Lond). 51(1):2–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsumoto, H., Koya, G., and Takeuchi, T. (1965). Fetal Minamata disease. A neuropathological study of two cases of intrauterine intoxication by a methyl mercury compound. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 24(4):563–574.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matta, M.B., Linse, J., Cairncross, C., Francendese, L., and Kocan, R.M. (2001). Reproductive and transgenerational effects of methylmercury or Aroclor 1268 on Fundulus heteroclitus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20(2):327–335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maule, A.G., Tripp, R.A., Kaattari, S.A., and Schreck, C.B. (1989). Stress alters immune function and disease resistance in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). J. Endocrinol. 120:135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell, M.A., Dillon, C.F., Osterloh, J., Bolger, P.M., Pellizzari, E., Fernando, R., Montes, d.O., Schober, S.E., Sinks, T., Jones, R.L., and Mahaffey, K.R. (2004). Hair mercury levels in US children and women of childbearing age: reference range data from NHANES 1999–2000. Environ. Health Perspect. 112(11):1165–1171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McFarland, R.B., and Reigel, H. (1978). Chronic mercury poisoning from a single brief exposure. J. Occup. Med. 20(8):532–534.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGregor, A.J., and Mason, H.J. (1991). Occupational mercury vapour exposure and testicular, pituitary and thyroid endocrine function. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 10(3):199–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKenney, C.L., Jr., and Costlow, J.D., Jr. (1982). The effects of mercury on developing larvae of Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould). Estuarine Coast. Shelf Stud. 14:193–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeown-Eyssen, G.E., Ruedy, J., and Neims, A. (1983b). Methyl mercury exposure in northern Quebec. II. Neurologic findings in children. Am. J. Epidemiol. 118(4):470–479.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKim, J.M., Olson, G.F., Holcombe, G.W., and Hunt, E.P. (1976). Long-term effects of methylmercuric chloride on three generations of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): toxicity, accumulation, distribution, and elimination. J. Fisheries Res. Board Can. 33:2726–2739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLachlan, J.A. (2001). Environmental signaling: What embryos and evolution teach us about endocrine disrupting chemicals. Endocr. Rev. 22(3):319–341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNeil, S.I., and Bhatnagar, M.K. (1985). Ultrastructure of the testis of Pekin ducks fed methyl mercury chloride: Seminiferous epithelium. Am. J. Vet. Res. 46(9):2019–2025.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McVey, M.J., Cooke, G.M., Curran, I.H., Chan, H.M., Kubow, S., Lok, E., and Mehta, R. (2007). An investigation of the effects of methylmercury in rats fed different dietary fats and proteins: Testicular steroidogenic enzymes and serum testosterone levels. Food Chem. Toxicol. 46(1):270–279.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meador, J.P., Ernest, D., Hohn, A.A., Tilbury, K., Gorzelany, J., Worthy, G., and Stein, J.E. (1999). Comparison of elements in bottlenose dolphins stranded on the beaches of Texas and Florida in the Gulf of Mexico over a one-year period. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 36:87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mergler, D., Anderson, H.A., Chan, L.H., Mahaffey, K.R., Murray, M., Sakamoto, M., and Stern, A.H. (2007). Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans: a worldwide concern. Ambio 36(1):3–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miettinen, J.K., Rahola, T., Hattula, T., Rissanen, K., and Tillander, M. (1971). Elimination of 203Hg-methylmercury in man. Ann. Clin. Res. 3(2):116–122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitsumori, K., Hirano, M., Ueda, H., Maita, K., and Shirasu, Y. (1990). Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of methylmercury chloride in B6C3F1 mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14(1):179–190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mochizuki, Y., and Asahara, H. (1978). Effect of mercuric chloride on the thyroid function in rats. Kawasaki Med. J. 4(2):113–119.
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed, M.K., Evans, T.C., Mottet, N.K., and Burbacher, T.M. (1986a). Effects of methyl mercury on sperm oxygen consumption. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenh). 58(3):219–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohamed, M.K., Lee, W.I., Mottet, N.K., and Burbacher, T.M. (1986b). Laser light-scattering study of the toxic effects of methylmercury on sperm motility. J. Androl. 7(1):11–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohamed, M.K., Burbacher, T.M., and Mottet, N.K. (1987). Effects of methyl mercury on testicular functions in Macaca fascicularis monkeys. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 60(1):29–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moller-Madsen, B., and Thorlacius-Ussing, O. (1986). Accumulation of mercury in the anterior pituitary of rats following oral or intraperitoneal administration of methyl mercury. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol. 51(4):303–311.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mondal, S., Mukhopadhyay, B., and Bhattacharya, S. (1997). Inorganic mercury binding to fish oocyte plasma membrane induces steroidogenesis and translatable messenger RNA synthesis. Biometals 10:285–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro, L.R., and Furness, R.W. (2001). Kinetics, dose-response and excretion of methylmercury in free-living adult Cory’s Shearwaters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35:739–746.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monteiro-Neto, C., Itavo, R.V., and Moraes, L.E. (2003). Concentrations of heavy metals in Sotalia fluviatilis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) off the coast of Ceara, northeast Brazil. Environ. Pollut. 123(2):319–324.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morris, M.E., Lee, H.J., and Predko, L.M. (2003). Gender differences in the membrane transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Pharmacol. Rev. 55(2):229–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulder, K.M., and Kostyniak, P.J. (1985). Involvement of glutathione in the enhanced renal excretion of methyl mercury in CFW Swiss mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 78(3):451–457.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munthe, J., Bodaly, R.A., Branfireun, B.A., Driscoll, C.T., Gilmour, C.C., Harris, R., Horvat, M., Lucotte, M., and Malm, O. (2007). Recovery of mercury-contaminated fisheries. Ambio 36(1):33–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naganuma, A., Oda-Urano, N., Tanaka, T., and Imura, N. (1988). Possible role of hepatic glutathione in transport of methylmercury into mouse kidney. Biochem. Pharmacol. 37(2):291–296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nath, P., and Sundararaj, B.I. (1981a). Isolation and identification of female-specific serum lipophosphoprotein (vitellogenin) in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Gen. Compar. Endocrinol. 43:184–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath, P., and Sundararaj, B.I. (1981b). Induction of vitellogenesis in the hypophysectomized catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): Effects of piscine and mammalian hormones. Gen. Compar. Endocrinol. 43:191–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Research Council. (2000). Toxicological effects of methylmercury. R.E. Crossgrove, Ed.; National Academy Press: Washington, D.C. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9899
   Google Scholar
• Needleman, H.L., Leviton, A., and Bellinger, D. (1982). Lead-associated intellectual deficit. N. Engl. J. Med. 306(6):367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newland, M.C., and Reile, P.A. (1999). Blood and brain mercury levels after chronic gestational exposure to methylmercury in rats. Toxicol. Sci. 50(1):106–116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng, T.B., and Idler, D.R. (1983). Yolk formation and differentiation in teleost fishes. In: Fish Physiology, Vol. IXA.; W.S. Hoar; D.J. Randall; E.M. Donaldson, Eds.; Academic Press: New York; 373–404.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, T.B., and Liu, W.K. (1990). Toxic effect of heavy metals on cells isolated from the rat adrenal and testis. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 26(1):24–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nice, H.E., Morritt, D., Crane, M., and Thorndyke, M. (2003). Long-term and transgenerational effects of nonylphenol exposure at a key stage in the development in Crassostrea gigas. Possible endocrine disruption? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 256:293–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicoletto, P.F., and Hendricks, A.C. (1988). Sexual differences in accumulation of mercury in four species of centrarchid fish. Can. J. Zool. 66:944–949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, J.B., and Andersen, O. (1989). Oral mercuric chloride exposure in mice: Effects of dose on intestinal absorption and relative organ distribution. Toxicology 59(1):1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen, J.B., and Andersen, O. (1990). Disposition and retention of mercuric chloride in mice after oral and parenteral administration. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 30(3):167–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen, J.B., and Andersen, O. (1991a). Methyl mercuric chloride toxicokinetics in mice. I: Effects of strain, sex, route of administration and dose. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 68(3):201–207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen, J.B., and Andersen, O. (1991b). Methyl mercuric chloride toxicokinetics in mice. II: Sexual differences in whole-body retention and deposition in blood, hair, skin, muscles and fat. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 68(3):208–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen, J.B., and Andersen, O. (1995). A comparison of the lactational and transplacental deposition of mercury in offspring from methylmercury-exposed mice. Effect of seleno-L-methionine. Toxicol. Lett. 76(2):165–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen, J.B., Andersen, O., and Grandjean, P. (1994). Evaluation of mercury in hair, blood and muscle as biomarkers for methylmercury exposure in male and female mice. Arch. Toxicol. 68(5):317–321.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nielsen, J.B., and Hultman, P. (2002). Mercury-induced autoimmunity in mice. Environ. Health Perspect. 110(Suppl 5):877–881.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niimi, A.J. (1983). Biological and toxicological efects of environmental contaminants in fish and their eggs. Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 40:306–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishida, M., Yamamoto, T., Yoshimura, Y., and Kawada, J. (1986). Subacute toxicity of methylmercuric chloride and mercuric chloride on mouse thyroid. J. Pharmacobiodyn. 9(4):331–338.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishida, M., Muraoka, K., Nishikawa, K., Takagi, T., and Kawada, J. (1989). Differential effects of methylmercuric chloride and mercuric chloride on the histochemistry of rat thyroid peroxidase and the thyroid peroxidase activity of isolated pig thyroid cells. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 37(5):723–727.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishida, M., Sato, K., and Kawada, J. (1990a). Differential effects of methylmercuric chloride and mercuric chloride on oxidation and iodination reactions catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase. Biochem. Int. 22(2):369–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishida, M., Matsumoto, H., Asano, A., Umazume, K., Yoshimura, Y., and Kawada, J. (1990b). Direct evidence for the presence of methylmercury bound in the thyroid and other organs obtained from mice given methylmercury; differentiation of free and bound methylmercuries in biological materials determined by volatility of methylmercury. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 38(5):1412–1413.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nishikido, N., Furuyashiki, K., Naganuma, A., Suzuki, T., and Imura, N. (1987). Maternal selenium deficiency enhances the fetolethal toxicity of methyl mercury. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 88(3):322–328.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nocera, J.J., and Taylor, P.D. (1998). In situ behavioral response of common loons associated with elevated mercury (Hg) exposure. Conserv. Ecol. 210.
   Google Scholar
• Nordberg, G.F., and Serenius, F. (1969). Distribution of inorganic mercury in the guinea pig brain. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. (Copenh). 27(4):269–283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Norris, D.O., Felt, S.B., Woodling, J.D., and Dores, R.M. (1997). Immunocytochemical and histological differences in the interrenal axis of feral brown trout, Salmo trutta, in metal-contaminated waters. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 108(3):343–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Norris, D.O., Donahue, S., Dores, R.M., Lee, J.K., Maldonado, T.A., Ruth, T., and Woodling, J.D. (1999). Impaired adrenocortical response to stress by brown trout, Salmo trutta, living in metal-contaminated waters of the Eagle River, Colorado. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 113(1):1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Toxicology Program (NTP). (1993). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of mercuric chloride (CAS No. 7487-94-7) in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Natl. Toxicol. Program. Tech. Rep. Ser. 408:1–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nylander, M. (1986). Mercury in pituitary glands of dentists. Lancet 1(8478):442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nylander, M., and Weiner, J. (1991). Mercury and selenium concentrations and their interrelations in organs from dental staff and the general population. Br. J. Ind. Med. 48(11):729–734.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olfert, S.M. (2006). Reproductive outcomes among dental personnel: A review of selected exposures. J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 72(9):821–825.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliveira, F.R., Ferreira, J.R., dos Santos, C.M., Macedo, L.E., de Oliveira, R.B., Rodrigues, J.A., do Nascimento, J.L., Faro, L.R., and Diniz, D.L. (2006). Estradiol reduces cumulative mercury and associated disturbances in the hypothalamus–pituitary axis of ovariectomized rats. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 63(3):488–493.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olsen, A.M. (1984). Synopsis of biological data on the school shark Galeorhinus australis (Macleay 1881). Rome, FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Ordonez, J.V., Carrillo, J.A., Miranda, M., and Gale, J.L. (1966). Epidemiologic study of a disease believed to be encephalitis in the region of the highlands of Guatemala [in Spanish]. Bol. Oficina Sanit. Panam. 60(6):510–519.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orisakwe, O.E., Afonne, O.J., Nwobodo, E., Asomugha, L., and Dioka, C.E. (2001). Low-dose mercury induces testicular damage protected by zinc in mice. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 95(1):92–96.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pamphlett, R., Ewan, K.B., McQuilty, R., and Waley, P. (1997). Gender differences in the uptake of inorganic mercury by motor neurons. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 19(4):287–293.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pankhurst, N.W., and Van Der Kraak, G. (2000). Evidence that acute stress inhibits ovarian steroidogenesis in rainbow trout in vivo, through the action of cortisol. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 117(2):225–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penedo de Pinho, A., Guimaraes, J.R.D., Martins, A.S., Costa, P.A.S., Olavo, G., and Valentin, J. (2002). Total mercury in muscle tissue of five shark species from Brazilian offshore waters: effects of feeding habit, sex, and length. Environ. Res. 89(section A):250–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penedo, d.P., Davee, G. Jr., Martins, A.S., Costa, P.A., Olavo, G., and Valentin, J. (2002). Total mercury in muscle tissue of five shark species from Brazilian offshore waters: Effects of feeding habit, sex, and length. Environ. Res. 89(3):250–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pickering, A.D. (1993). Endocrine pathology in stressed salmonid fish. Fisheries Res. 17:35–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirrone, N., and Mahaffey, K. (2005). Dynamics of mercury pollution on regional and global scales. Norwell, MA, Springer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Popescu, H.I. (1978). Poisoning with alkylmercury compounds. Br. Med. J. 1(6123):1347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prins, G.S., Huang, L., Birch, L., and Pu, Y. (2006). The role of estrogens in normal and abnormal development of the prostate gland. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1089:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachootin, P., and Olsen, J. (1983). The risk of infertility and delayed conception associated with exposures in the Danish workplace. J. Occup. Med. 25(5):394–402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahola, T., Hattula, T., Korolainen, A., and Miettinen, J.K. (1973). Elimination of free and protein-bound ionic mercury (20Hg2+) in man. Ann. Clin. Res. 5(4):214–219.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ram, R.N., and Joy, K.P. (1988). Mercurial induced changes in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysical complex in relation to reproduction in the teleostan fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 41:329–336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ram, R.N., and Sathyanesan, A.G. (1983). Effect of mercuric chloride on the reproductive cycle of the Teleostan fish Channa punctatus. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 30:24–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ram, R.N., and Sathyanesan, A.G. (1984). Effect of mercuric chloride on thyroid function in the teleost fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Matsya. 9–10:194–196.
   Google Scholar
• Ram, R.N., and Sathyanesan, A.G. (1986). Effect of a mercurial fungicide on the gonadal development of the teleost fish Channa punctatus (Bloch). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 11:352–360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rao, M.V. (1989). Histophysiological changes of sex organs in methylmercury intoxicated mice. Endocrinol. Exp. 23(1):55–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rao, M.V., and Sharma, P.S. (2001). Protective effect of vitamin E against mercuric chloride reproductive toxicity in male mice. Reprod. Toxicol. 15(6):705–712.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rejinders, P.J.H. (1988). Ecotoxicological perspectives in marine mammology: research principles and goals for a conservation policy. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 4:91–102.
   Google Scholar
• Riget, F., Dietz, R., Born, E.W., Sonne, C., and Hobson, K.A. (2007). Temporal trends of mercury in marine biota of west and northwest Greenland. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 54(1):72–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Risher, J.F., and Amler, S.N. (2005). Mercury exposure: Evaluation and intervention the inappropriate use of chelating agents in the diagnosis and treatment of putative mercury poisoning. Neurotoxicol. 26(4):691–699.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ritchie, K.A., Burke, F.J., Gilmour, W.H., Macdonald, E.B., Dale, I.M., Hamilton, R.M., McGowan, D.A., Binnie, V., Collington, D., and Hammersley, R. (2004). Mercury vapour levels in dental practices and body mercury levels of dentists and controls. Br. Dent. J. 197(10):625–632.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roels, H.A., Hoet, P., and Lison, D. (1999). Usefulness of biomarkers of exposure to inorganic mercury, lead, or cadmium in controlling occupational and environmental risks of nephrotoxicity. Ren. Fail. 21(3–4):251–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossi, A.D., Ahlbom, E., Ogren, S.O., Nicotera, P., and Ceccatelli, S. (1997). Prenatal exposure to methylmercury alters locomotor activity of male but not female rats. Exp. Brain Res. 117(3):428–436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowland, A.S., Baird, D.D., Weinberg, C.R., Shore, D.L., Shy, C.M., and Wilcox, A.J. (1994). The effect of occupational exposure to mercury vapour on the fertility of female dental assistants. Occup. Environ. Med. 51(1):28–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rurangwa, E., Roelants, I., Huyskens, G., Ebrahimi, M., Kime, D.E., and Ollevier, F. (1998). The minimum effective spermatozoa: Egg ratio for artificial insemination and the effects of mercury on sperm motility and fertilization ability in Clarias gariepinus. J. Fish Biol. 53:402–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sager, P.R., Aschner, M., and Rodier, P.M. (1984). Persistent, differential alterations in developing cerebellar cortex of male and female mice after methylmercury exposure. Brain Res. 314(1):1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakai, K. (1972). Effect of methyl mercuric chloride on rat spermatogenesis. Kumamoto Med. J. 25(3):94–100.
   Google Scholar
• Sakamoto, M., Nakano, A., and Akagi, H. (2001). Declining Minamata male birth ratio associated with increased male fetal death due to heavy methylmercury pollution. Environ. Res. 87(2):92–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakamoto, M., Kakita, A., Wakabayashi, K., Takahashi, H., Nakano, A., and Akagi, H. (2002). Evaluation of changes in methylmercury accumulation in the developing rat brain and its effects: A study with consecutive and moderate dose exposure throughout gestation and lactation periods. Brain Res. 949(1–2):51–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salonen, J.T., Seppanen, K., Lakka, T.A., Salonen, R., and Kaplan, G.A. (2000). Mercury accumulation and accelerated progression of carotid atherosclerosis: a population-based prospective 4-year follow-up study in men in eastern Finland. Atherosclerosis 148(2):265–273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savitz, D.A., Sonnenfeld, N.L., and Olshan, A.F. (1994). Review of epidemiologic studies of paternal occupational exposure and spontaneous abortion. Am. J. Ind. Med. 25(3):361–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savitz, D.A., Sonnenfeld, N.L., and Olshan, A.F. (1995). Reply to Dr. Magos. Am. J. Ind. Med. 27:609–610.
   Google Scholar
• Scheuhammer, A.M. (1988). Chronic toxicity of methylmercury in the Zebra finch, Poephila guttata. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 40:123–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheuhammer, A.M., and Blancher, P.B. (1994). Potential risk to common loons (Gavia immer) from methylmercury exposure in acidified lakes. Hydrobiologia 279/280:445–455.
   Google Scholar
• Scheuhammer, A.M., Meyer, M.W., Sandheinrich, M.B., and Murray, M.W. (2007). Effects of environmental methylmercury on the health of wild birds, mammals, and fish. Ambio 36(1):12–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schober, S.E., Sinks, T.H., Jones, R.L., Bolger, P.M., McDowell, M., Osterloh, J., Garrett, E.S., Canady, R.A., Dillon, C.F., Sun, Y., Joseph, C.B., and Mahaffey, K.R. (2003). Blood mercury levels in US children and women of childbearing age, 1999–2000. JAMA 289(13):1667–1674.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schreck, C.B. (1990). Physiological, behavioral, and performance indicators of stress. Am. Fisheries Soc. Symp. 8:29–37.
   Google Scholar
• Schuurs, A.H. (1999). Reproductive toxicity of occupational mercury. A review of the literature. J. Dent. 27(4):249–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma, A.K., Kapadia, A.G., Fransis, P., and Rao, M.V. (1996). Reversible effects of mercuric chloride on reproductive organs of the male mouse. Reprod. Toxicol. 10(2):153–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharp, J.R., and Neff, J.M. (1982). The toxicity of mercuric chloride and methylmercuric chloride to Fundulus heteroclitus embryos in relation to exposure conditions. Environ. Biol. Fish. 7:277–284.
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan, M.A. (1986). Effects of thyroxin, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin on lipid metabolism of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, during smoltification. Gen. Compar. Endocrinol. 64:220–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimomura, S., Kimura, A., Nakagawa, H., and Takao, M. (1980). Mercury levels in human hair and sex factors. Environ. Res. 22(1):22–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sikorski, R., Juszkiewicz, T., Paszkowski, T., and Szprengier-Juszkiewicz, T. (1987). Women in dental surgeries: reproductive hazards in occupational exposure to metallic mercury. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 59(6):551–557.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silva, I.A., El Nabawi, M., Hoover, D., and Silbergeld, E.K. (2005). Prenatal HgCl2 exposure in BALB/c mice: Gender-specific effects on the ontogeny of the immune system. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 29(2): 171–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sin, Y.M., and Teh, W.F. (1992). Effect of long-term uptake of mercuric sulphide on thyroid hormones and glutathione in mice. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 49(6):847–854.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sin, Y.M., Teh, W.F., Wong, M.K., and Reddy, P.K. (1990). Effect of mercury on glutathione and thyroid hormones. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 44(4):616–622.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skerfving, S. (1988). Mercury in women exposed to methylmercury through fish consumption, and in their newborn babies and breast milk. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 41(4):475–482.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snarski, V.M., and Olson, G.F. (1982). Chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation of mercuric chloride in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Aquatic Toxicology. 2143–156.
   Google Scholar
• Sorensen, K., Kristensen, K.S., Bang, L.E., Svendsen, T.L., Wiinberg, N., Buttenschon, L., and Talleruphuus, U. (2004). Increased systolic ambulatory blood pressure and microalbuminuria in treated and non-treated hypertensive smokers. Blood Press. 13(6):362–368.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spann, J.W., Heath, R.G., Kreitzer, J.F., and Locke, L.N. (1972). Ethyl mercury p-toluene sulfonanilide: Lethal and reproductive effects on pheasants. Science 175:128–131.
   Google Scholar
• Spry, D.J., and Wiener, J.G. (1991). Metal bioavailability and toxicity to fish in low alkalinity lakes: A critical review. Environ. Pollut. 71:243–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, A.H., and Smith, A.E. (2003). An assessment of the cord blood:maternal blood methylmercury ratio: Implications for risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 111(12):1465–1470.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoewsand, G.S., Anderson, J.L., Gutenmann, W.H., Bache, C.A., and Lisk, D.J. (1971). Eggshell thinning in Japanese quail fed mercuric chloride. Science 173(4001):1030–1031.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Storelli, M.M., and Marcotrigiano, G.O. (2003). Heavy metal residues in tissues of marine turtles. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46(4):397–400.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Storelli, M.M., Giacominelli-Stuffler, R., Storelli, A., and Marcotrigiano, G.O. (2005a). Accumulation of mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic in swordfish and bluefin tuna from the Mediterranean Sea: A comparative study. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 50(9):1004–1007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Storelli, M.M., Storelli, A., D′Addabbo, R., Marano, C., Bruno, R., and Marcotrigiano, G.O. (2005b). Trace elements in loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) from the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Overview and evaluation. Environ. Pollut. 135(1):163–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stortebecker, P. (1989). Mercury poisoning from dental amalgam through a direct nose–brain transport. Lancet 1(8648):1207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swain, E.B., Jakus, P.M., Rice, G., Lupi, F., Maxson, P.A., Pacyna, J.M., Penn, A., Spiegel, S.J., and Veiga, M.M. (2007). Socioeconomic consequences of mercury use and pollution. Ambio 36(1):45–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takeuchi, T. (1977). Pathology of fetal minamata disease—The effect of methylmercury on human intrauterine life. Paediatrician 6:69–87.
   Google Scholar
• Tamashiro, H., Arakaki, M., Akagi, H., Futatsuka, M., and Roht, L.H. (1985). Mortality and survival for Minamata disease. Int. J. Epidemiol. 14(4):582–588.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamashiro, H., Arakaki, M., Akagi, H., Hirayama, K., Murao, K., and Smolensky, M.H. (1986). Sex differential of methylmercury toxicity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 37(6):916–924.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanaka, T., Naganuma, A., and Imura, N. (1990). Role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in renal uptake and toxicity of inorganic mercury in mice. Toxicology 60(3):187–198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanaka, T., Naganuma, A., Kobayashi, K., and Imura, N. (1991). An explanation for strain and sex differences in renal uptake of methylmercury in mice. Toxicology 69(3):317–329.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanaka, T., Naganuma, A., Miura, N., and Imura, N. (1992). Role of testosterone in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-dependent renal methylmercury uptake in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 112(1):58–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tatara, C.P., Mulvey, M., and Newman, M.C. (2002). Genetic and demographic responses of mercury-exposed mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) populations: temporal stability and reproductive components of fitness. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21(10):2191–2197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tchounwou, P.B., Ayensu, W.K., Ninashvili, N., and Sutton, D. (2003). Environmental exposure to mercury and its toxicopathologic implications for public health. Environ. Toxicol. 18(3):149–175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teraoka, H., Kumagai, Y., Iwai, H., Haraguchi, K., Ohba, T., Nakai, K., Satoh, H., Sakamoto, M., Momose, K., Masatomi, H., and Hiraga, T. (2007). Heavy metal contamination status of Japanese cranes (Grus japonensis) in east Hokkaido, Japan—Extensive mercury pollution. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 26(2):307–312.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thaxton, J.P., Gilbert, J., Hester, P.Y., and Brake, J. (1982). Mercury toxicity as compared to adrenocorticotropin-induced physiological stress in the chicken. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 11(4):509–514.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thaxton, J.P., and Parkhurst, C.R. (1973). Abnormal mating behavior and reproductive dysfunction caused by mercury in Japanese quail. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 144(1):252–255.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thaxton, P., Parkhurst, C.R., Cogburn, L.A., and Young, P.S. (1975). Adrenal function in chickens experiencing mercury toxicity. Poult. Sci. 54(2):578–584.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas, D.J., Fisher, H.L., Sumler, M.R., Marcus, A.H., Mushak, P., and Hall, L.L. (1986). Sexual differences in the distribution and retention of organic and inorganic mercury in methyl mercury-treated rats. Environ. Res. 41(1):219–234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas, D.J., Fisher, H.L., Sumler, M.R., Mushak, P., and Hall, L.L. (1987). Sexual differences in the excretion of organic and inorganic mercury by methyl mercury-treated rats. Environ. Res. 43(1):203–216.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas, P. (1990). Molecular and biochemical responses of fish to stressors and their potential use in environmental monitoring. Am. Fisheries Soc. Symp. 8:9–28.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, P., and Khan, I.A. (1997). Mechanisms of chemical interference with reproductive endocrine function in sciaenid fishes. In: Chemically induced alterations in functional development and reproduction of fishes. R.M. Rolland; M. Gilbertson; R.F. Peterson, Eds.; SETAC Press: Pensacola, FL; pp. 29–52.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, D.R. (1996). Mercury in birds and terrestrial mammals. In: Environmental contaminants in wildlife: interpreting tissue concentrations. W.N. Beyer; G.H. Heinz; A.W. Redmom-Norwood, Eds.; Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL; 341–356.
   Google Scholar
• Thorlacius-Ussing, O., Moller-Madsen, B., and Danscher, G. (1985). Intracellular accumulation of mercury in the anterior pituitary of rats exposed to mercuric chloride. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 42(2):278–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsubaki, T., and Irukayama, K. (1977). Methylmercury poisoning in Minamata and Niigata, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Environment Programme. (2006). Rotterdam convention: PIC Circular XXIII. XXIII1–316.
   Google Scholar
• Unrine, J.M., and Jagoe, C.H. (2004). Dietary mercury exposure and bioaccumulation in southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) larvae. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23(12):2956–2963.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency. (1998). Great lakes binational toxics strategy. Available at http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/bnsdocs/mercsrce/merc_srce.html#II.
   Google Scholar
• US Environmental Protection Agency. (1998b). Great lakes binational toxics strategy. Appendix C: Regulations on products that contain mercury. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/grtlakes/bnsdocs/mercsrce/images/9409merc.pdf
   Google Scholar
• US Geological Survey. (2000). Mercury in the environment. Fact Sheet 146-00. Available at http://www.usgs.gov/themes/factsheet/146-00
   Google Scholar
• Vachhrajani, K.D., and Chowdhury, A.R. (1990). Distribution of mercury and evaluation of testicular steroidogenesis in mercuric chloride and methylmercury administered rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 28(8): 746–751.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vachhrajani, K.D., Chowdhury, A.R., and Dutta, K.K. (1992). Testicular toxicity of methylmercury: analysis of cellular distribution pattern at different stages of the seminiferous epithelium. Reprod. Toxicol. 6(4):355–361.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Bohemen, C.G., Lambert, J.G.D., and Van Oordt, P.G.W.J. (1982). Vitellogenin induction by estradiol in estrone-primed rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Gen. Compar. Endocrinol. 46:136–139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Veltman, J.C., and Maines, M.D. (1986). Alterations of heme, cytochrome P-450, and steroid metabolism by mercury in rat adrenal. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 248(2):467–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijayan, M.M., and Moon, T.W. (1992). Acute handling stress alters hepatic glycogen metabolism in fiid deprived rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci. 49:243–249.
   Google Scholar
• Vimy, M.J., Takahashi, Y., and Lorscheider, F.L. (1990). Maternal-fetal distribution of mercury (203Hg) released from dental amalgam fillings. Am. J. Physiol. 258(4 Pt 2):R939–R945.
   Google Scholar
• Virtanen, J.K., Voutilainen, S., Rissanen, T.H., Mursu, J., Tuomainen, T.P., Korhonen, M.J., Valkonen, V.P., Seppanen, K., Laukkanen, J.A., and Salonen, J.T. (2005). Mercury, fish oils, and risk of acute coronary events and cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in men in eastern Finland. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25(1):228–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vogel, D.G., Margolis, R.L., and Mottet, N.K. (1985). The effects of methyl mercury binding to microtubules. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 80(3):473–486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vorhees, C.V. (1985). Behavioral effects of prenatal methylmercury in rats: a parallel trial to the Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 7(6):717–725.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wakisaka, I., Yanagihashi, T., Sato, M., and Nakano, A. (1990). Factors contributing to the difference of hair mercury concentrations between the sexes [in Japanese]. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 45(2):654–664.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe, T., Shimada, T., and Endo, A. (1982). Effects of mercury compounds on ovulation and meiotic and mitotic chromosomes in female golden hamsters. Teratology 25(3):381–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watanabe, C., Yoshida, K., Kasanuma, Y., Kun, Y., and Satoh, H. (1999). In utero methylmercury exposure differentially affects the activities of selenoenzymes in the fetal mouse brain. Environ. Res. 80(3):208–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webb, M.A., Feist, G.W., Fitzpatrick, M.S., Foster, E.P., Schreck, C.B., Plumlee, M., Wong, C., and Gundersen, D.T. (2006). Mercury concentrations in gonad, liver, and muscle of white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus in the lower Columbia River. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 50(3):443–451.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiss, C.M. (1947). The comparative tolerances of some fouling organisms to copper and mercury. Biol. Bull. 93:56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendelaar Bonga, S.E. (1997). The stress response in fish. Physiol. Review. 77:591–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wester, P.W., and Canton, H.H. (1992). Histopathological effects in Poecilia reiculata (Guppy) exposed to methylmercury chloride. Toxicol. Pathol. 20(1):81–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (1974). The use of mercury and alternative compounds as seed dressings. Report of a joint FAO-WHO meeting. World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser. 0(555):3–29.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (1976). Environmental health criteria 1. Geneva, World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (1990). Environmental health criteria 101—Methylmercury. Geneva, World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (1991). Environmental health criteria 118. Geneva, World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, F.C., Younger, R.L., and Riner, J.C. (1974). Residues of mercury in tissues and eggs of chickens given oral doses of Panogen 15. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 12:366–372.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yaron, Z., Terkatin-Shimony, A., Shaham, Y., and Salzer, H. (1977). Occurence and biological activity of estradiol-17b in the intact and ovariectomized Tilapia aurea (Cichlidae, Teleostei). Gen. Compar. Endocrinol. 33:45–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yasutake, A., and Hirayama, K. (1988). Sex and strain differences of susceptibility to methylmercury toxicity in mice. Toxicology 51(1):47–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yasutake, A., Hirayama, K., and Inouye, M. (1990). Sex difference in acute renal dysfunction induced by methylmercury in mice. Ren. Fail. 12(4):233–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yasutake, A., Matsumoto, M., Yamaguchi, M., and Hachiya, N. (2003). Current hair mercury levels in Japanese: Survey in five districts. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 199(3):161–169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoneda, S., and Suzuki, K.T. (1997a). Detoxification of mercury by selenium by binding of equimolar Hg-Se complex to a specific plasma protein. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 143(2):274–280.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoneda, S., and Suzuki, K.T. (1997b). Equimolar Hg-Se complex binds to selenoprotein P. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 231(1):7–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshida, M., Watanabe, C., Satoh, H., Kishimoto, T., and Yamamura, Y. (1994). Milk transfer and tissue uptake of mercury in suckling offspring after exposure of lactating maternal guinea pigs to inorganic or methylmercury. Arch. Toxicol. 68(3):174–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoshizawa, K., Rimm, E.B., Morris, J.S., Spate, V.L., Hsieh, C.C., Spiegelman, D., Stampfer, M.J., and Willett, W.C. (2002). Mercury and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N. Engl. J. Med. 347(22):1755–1760.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zielhuis, R.L. (1977). Second international workshop permissible levels for occupational exposure to inorganic lead. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 39(2):59–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zoeller, R.T., Tan, S.W., and Tyl, R.W. (2007). General background on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 37(1–2):11–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• No authors listed. (2007). The Madison declaration on mercury pollution. Ambio 36(1):62–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar