Weight of evidence analysis for assessing the genotoxic potential of carbon nanotubes

References

• Asakura M, Sasaki T, Sugiyama T, Takaya M, Koda S, Nagano K, Arito H, Fukushima S. 2010. Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in cultured Chinese hamster lung cells in comparison with chrysotile A fibers. J Occup Health. 52:155–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow CA, Lievense L, Gross S, Ronk CJ, Paustenbach DJ. 2013. The role of genotoxicity in asbestos-induced mesothelioma: an explanation for the differences in carcinogenic potential among fiber types. Inhal Toxicol. 25:553–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barregard L, Møller P, Henriksen T, Mistry V, Koppen G, Rossner P, Sram RJ, Weimann A, Poulsen HE, Nataf R, et al. 2013. Human and methodological sources of variability in the measurement of urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine. Antioxid Redox Signal. 18:2377–2391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghini A, Roursgaard M, Andreassi MG, Kermanizadeh A, Moller P. 2017. Repair activity of oxidatively damaged DNA and telomere length in human lung epithelial cells after exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Mutagenesis. 32:173–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y, Jacobsen NR, Danielsen PH, Lenz AG, Stoeger T, Loft S, Wallin H, Roursgaard M, Mikkelsen L, Møller P. 2014. Vascular effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in dyslipidemic ApoE−/− mice and cultured endothelial cells. Toxicol Sci. 138:104–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalan J, Jarventaus H, Vippola M, Savolainen K, Norppa H. 2012. Induction of chromosomal aberrations by carbon nanotubes and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human lymphocytes in vitro. Nanotoxicology. 6:825–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalan J, Siivola KM, Nymark P, Lindberg H, Suhonen S, Jarventaus H, Koivisto AJ, Moreno C, Vanhala E, Wolff H, et al. 2016. In vitro and in vivo genotoxic effects of straight versus tangled multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotoxicology. 10:794–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophersen DV, Jacobsen NR, Andersen MH, Connell SP, Barfod KK, Thomsen MB, Miller MR, Duffin R, Lykkesfeldt J, Vogel U, et al. 2016. Cardiovascular health effects of oral and pulmonary exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes in ApoE-deficient mice. Toxicology. 371:29–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colognato R, Ponti J, D’Errico MR, Migliore L, Rossi F. 2009. Genotoxic assays analysis for carbon nanotubes: friends or foes? Preliminary results on human peripheral leukocytes. Ijenvh. 3:275–284.
   Google Scholar
• Corradi S, Gonzalez L, Thomassen LC, Bilanicova D, Birkedal RK, Pojana G, Marcomini A, Jensen KA, Leyns L, Kirsch-Volders M. 2012. Influence of serum on in situ proliferation and genotoxicity in A549 human lung cells exposed to nanomaterials. Mutat Res. 745:21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giorgio ML, Di BS, Ragnelli AM, Aimola P, Santucci S, Poma A. 2011. Effects of single and multi walled carbon nanotubes on macrophages: cyto and genotoxicity and electron microscopy. Mutat Res. 722:20–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinu CZ, Bale SS, Zhu G, Dordick JS. 2009. Tubulin encapsulation of carbon nanotubes into functional hybrid assemblies. Small. 5:310–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffin R, Tran L, Brown D, Stone V, Donaldson K. 2007. Proinflammogenic effects of low-toxicity and metal nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro: highlighting the role of particle surface area and surface reactivity. Inhal Toxicol. 19:849–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ema M, Imamura T, Suzuki H, Kobayashi N, Naya M, Nakanishi J. 2012. Evaluation of genotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 63:188–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ema M, Imamura T, Suzuki H, Kobayashi N, Naya M, Nakanishi J. 2013. Genotoxicity evaluation for single-walled carbon nanotubes in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. J Appl Toxicol. 33:933–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESCODD (European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage). 2002. Comparative analysis of baseline 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in mammalian cell DNA, by different methods in different laboratories: an approach to consensus. Carcinogenesis. 23:2129–2133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESCODD (European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage). 2003. Measurement of DNA oxidation in human cells by chromatographic and enzymic methods. Free Radic Biol Med. 34:1089–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenoglio I, Greco G, Tomatis M, Muller J, Raymundo PE, Beguin F, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Lison D, Fubini B, 2008. Structural defects play a major role in the acute lung toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes: physicochemical aspects. Chem Res Toxicol. 21:1690–1697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkmann JK, Risom L, Jacobsen NR, Wallin H, Loft S, Møller P. 2009. Oxidatively damaged DNA in rats exposed by oral gavage to C60 fullerenes and single-walled carbon nanotubes. Environ Health Perspect. 117:703–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler P, Homan A, Atkins D, Whitwell J, Lloyd M, Bradford R. 2016. The utility of the in vitro micronucleus test for evaluating the genotoxicity of natural and manmade nano-scale fibres. Mutat Res. 809:33–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gernand JM, Casman EA. 2014. A meta-analysis of carbon nanotube pulmonary toxicity studies-how physical dimensions and impurities affect the toxicity of carbon nanotubes . Risk Anal. 34:583–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green BS. 1991. How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis. Multivariate Behav Res. 26:499–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosse Y, Loomis D, Guyton KZ, Lauby-Secretan B, El GF, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Scoccianti C, Mattock H, et al. 2014. Carcinogenicity of fluoro-edenite, silicon carbide fibres and whiskers, and carbon nanotubes. Lancet Oncol. 15:1427–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hristozov DR, Zabeo A, Foran C, Isigonis P, Critto A, Marcomini A, Linkov I. 2014. A weight of evidence approach for hazard screening of engineered nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology. 8:72–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huaux F, d’Ursel dB V, Parent MA, Orsi M, Uwambayinema F, Devosse R, Ibouraadaten S, Yakoub Y, Panin N, Palmai-Pallag M, et al. 2016. Mesothelioma response to carbon nanotubes is associated with an early and selective accumulation of immunosuppressive monocytic cells. Part Fibre Toxicol. 13:46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson P, Kling K, Jensen KA, Clausen PA, Madsen AM, Wallin H, Vogel U. 2015. Characterization of genotoxic response to 15 multiwalled carbon nanotubes with variable physicochemical properties including surface functionalizations in the FE1-Muta(TM) mouse lung epithelial cell line. Environ Mol Mutagen. 56:183–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen NR, Møller P, Cohn CA, Loft S, Vogel U, Wallin H. 2008a. Diesel exhaust particles are mutagenic in FE1-MutaMouse lung epithelial cells. Mutat Res. 641:54–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen NR, Møller P, Jensen JA, Vogel U, Ladefoged O, Loft S, Wallin H. 2009. Lung inflammation and genotoxicity following pulmonary exposure to nanoparticles in ApoE−/− mice. Part Fibre Toxicol. 6:2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen NR, Pojana G, White P, Møller P, Cohn CA, Korsholm KS, Vogel U, Marcomini A, Loft S, Wallin H. 2008b. Genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species induced by single-walled carbon nanotubes and C60 fullerenes in the FE1-MutaTMMouse lung epithelial cells. Environ Mol Mutagen. 49:476–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen NR, Saber AT, White P, Møller P, Pojana G, Vogel U, Loft S, Gingerich J, Soper L, Douglas GR, et al. 2007. Increased mutant frequency by carbon black, but not quartz, in the lacZ and cII transgenes of muta mouse lung epithelial cells. Environ Mol Mutagen. 48:451–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston H, Pojana G, Zuin S, Jacobsen NR, Møller P, Loft S, Semmler-Behnke M, McGuiness C, Balharry D, Marcomini A, et al. 2013. Engineered nanomaterial risk. Lessons learnt from completed nanotoxicology studies: potential solutions to current and future challenges. Crit Rev Toxicol. 43:1–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson HL, Di BS, Collins AR, Dusinska M. 2015. Can the comet assay be used reliably to detect nanoparticle-induced genotoxicity? Environ Mol Mutagen. 56:82–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasai T, Umeda Y, Ohnishi M, Mine T, Kondo H, Takeuchi T, Matsumoto M, Fukushima S. 2016. Lung carcinogenicity of inhaled multi-walled carbon nanotube in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol. 13:53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T, Totsuka Y, Ishino K, Matsumoto Y, Tada Y, Nakae D, Goto S, Masuda S, Ogo S, Kawanishi M, et al. 2013. Genotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in both in vitro and in vivo assay systems. Nanotoxicology. 7:452–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermanizadeh A, Gaiser BK, Hutchison GR, Stone V. 2012. An in vitro liver model–assessing oxidative stress and genotoxicity following exposure of hepatocytes to a panel of engineered nanomaterials. Part Fibre Toxicol. 9:28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermanizadeh A, Gosens I, MacCalman L, Johnston H, Danielsen PH, Jacobsen NR, Lenz AG, Fernandes T, Schins RP, Cassee FR, et al. 2016. A multilaboratory toxicological assessment of a panel of 10 engineered nanomaterials to human health – ENPRA Project – the highlights, limitations, and current and future challenges. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 19:1–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermanizadeh A, Løhr M, Roursgaard M, Messner S, Gunness P, Kelm JM, Møller P, Stone V, Loft S. 2014. Hepatic toxicology following single and multiple exposure of engineered nanomaterials utilising a novel primary human 3D liver microtissue model. Part Fibre Toxicol. 11:56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermanizadeh A, Vranic S, Boland S, Moreau K, Baeza-Squiban A, Gaiser BK, Andrzejczuk LA, Stone V. 2013. An in vitro assessment of panel of engineered nanomaterials using a human renal cell line: cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory response, oxidative stress and genotoxicity. BMC Nephrol. 14:96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JS, Lee K, Lee YH, Cho HS, Kim KH, Choi KH, Lee SH, Song KS, Kang CS, Yu IJ. 2011. Aspect ratio has no effect on genotoxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Arch Toxicol. 85:775–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JS, Song KS, Yu IJ. 2015. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Toxicol Ind Health. 31:747–757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch-Volders M, Sofuni T, Aardema M, Albertini S, Eastmond D, Fenech M, Ishidate M Jr, Kirchner S, Lorge E, Morita T, et al. 2003. Report from the in vitro micronucleus assay working group. Mutat Res. 540:153–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kisin ER, Murray AR, Keane MJ, Shi XC, Schwegler-Berry D, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Castranova V, Wallace WE, Kagan VE, et al. 2007. Single-walled carbon nanotubes: geno- and cytotoxic effects in lung fibroblast V79 cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 70:2071–2079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kisin ER, Murray AR, Sargent L, Lowry D, Chirila M, Siegrist KJ, Schwegler-Berry D, Leonard S, Castranova V, Fadeel B, et al. 2011. Genotoxicity of carbon nanofibers: are they potentially more or less dangerous than carbon nanotubes or asbestos? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 252:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuempel ED, Jaurand MC, Møller P, Morimoto Y, Kobayashi N, Pinkerton KE, Sargent LM, Vermeulen RCH, Fubini B, Kane AB. 2017. Evaluating the mechanistic evidence and key data gaps in assessing the potential carcinogenicity of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol. 47:1–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Peng Y, Qu X. 2006. Carbon nanotubes selective destabilization of duplex and triplex DNA and inducing B-A transition in solution. Nucleic Acids Res. 34:3670–3676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg HK, Falck GC, Suhonen S, Vippola M, Vanhala E, Catalan J, Savolainen K, Norppa H. 2009. Genotoxicity of nanomaterials: DNA damage and micronuclei induced by carbon nanotubes and graphite nanofibres in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Toxicol Lett. 186:166–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louro H, Pinhao M, Santos J, Tavares A, Vital N, Silva MJ. 2016. Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of benchmark multi-walled carbon nanotubes in relation to their physicochemical properties. Toxicol Lett. 262:123–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch HN, Loftus CT, Cohen JM, Kerper LE, Kennedy EM, Goodman JE. 2016. Weight-of-evidence evaluation of associations between particulate matter exposure and biomarkers of lung cancer. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 82:53–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manshian BB, Jenkins GJS, Williams PM, Wright C, Barron AR, Brown AP, Hondow N, Dunstan PR, Rickman R, Brady K, et al. 2013. Single-walled carbon nanotubes: differential genotoxic potential associated with physico-chemical properties. Nanotoxicology. 7:144–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliore L, Saracino D, Bonelli A, Colognato R, D’Errico MR, Magrini A, Bergamaschi A, Bergamaschi E. 2010. Carbon nanotubes induce oxidative DNA damage in RAW 264.7 cells. Environ Mol Mutagen. 51:294–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller P, Christophersen DV, Jacobsen NR, Skovmand A, Gouveia AC, Andersen MH, Kermanizadeh A, Jensen DM, Danielsen PH, Roursgaard M, et al. 2016. Atherosclerosis and vasomotor dysfunction in arteries of animals after exposure to combustion-derived particulate matter or nanomaterials. Crit Rev Toxicol. 46:437–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller P, Christophersen DV, Jensen DM, Kermanizadeh A, Roursgaard M, Jacobsen NR, Hemmingsen JG, Danielsen PH, Cao Y, Jantzen K, et al. 2014. Role of oxidative stress in carbon nanotube-generated health effects. Arch Toxicol. 88:1939–1964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller P, Danielsen PH, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Loft S. 2013. Oxidatively damaged DNA in animals exposed to particles. Crit Rev Toxicol. 43:96–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller P, Hemmingsen JG, Jensen DM, Danielsen PH, Karottki DG, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Cao Y, Kermanizadeh A, Klingberg H, et al. 2015a. Applications of the comet assay in particle toxicology: air pollution and engineered nanomaterials exposure. Mutagenesis. 30:67–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møller P, Jensen DM, Christophersen DV, Kermanizadeh A, Jacobsen NR, Hemmingsen JG, Danielsen PH, Karottki DG, Roursgaard M, Cao Y, et al. 2015b. Measurement of oxidative damage to DNA in nanomaterial exposed cells and animals. Environ Mol Mutagen. 56:97–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrakovcic M, Meindl C, Leitinger G, Roblegg E, Frohlich E. 2015. Carboxylated short single-walled carbon nanotubes but not plain and multi-walled short carbon nanotubes show in vitro genotoxicity. Toxicol Sci. 144:114–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller J, Decordier I, Hoet PH, Lombaert N, Thomassen L, Huaux F, Lison D, Kirsch-Volders M. 2008a. Clastogenic and aneugenic effects of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 29:427–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller J, Huaux F, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Moreau N, Delos M, Raymundo-Piñero E, Béguin F, Kirsch-Volders M, Fenoglio I, et al. 2008b. Structural defects play a major role in the acute lung toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes: toxicological aspects. Chem Res Toxicol. 21:1698–1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller J, Delos M, Panin N, Rabolli V, Huaux F, Lison D. 2009. Absence of carcinogenic response to multiwall carbon nanotubes in a 2-year bioassay in the peritoneal cavity of the rat. Toxicol Sci. 110:442–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller J, Huaux F, Moreau N, Misson P, Heilier JF, Delos M, Arras M, Fonseca A, Nagy JB, Lison D. 2005. Respiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 207:221–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai H, Okazaki Y, Chew SH, Misawa N, Yamashita Y, Akatsuka S, Ishihara T, Yamashita K, Yoshikawa Y, Yasui H, et al. 2011. Diameter and rigidity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes are critical factors in mesothelial injury and carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108:E1330–E1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai H, Okazaki Y, Chew SH, Misawa N, Miyata Y, Shinohara H, Toyokuni S. 2013. Intraperitoneal administration of tangled multiwalled carbon nanotubes of 15 nm in diameter does not induce mesothelial carcinogenesis in rats. Pathol Int. 63:457–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naya M, Kobayashi N, Mizuno K, Matsumoto K, Ema M, Nakanishi J. 2011. Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of single-wall carbon nanotubes by using a battery of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assays. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 61:192–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. 1986. Test No. 479: genetic toxicology: in vitro sister chromatid exchange assay in mammalian cells. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264071384-en.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 1997. Test No. 473: in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264071261-en.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2016a. OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications. Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials. No. 68. ENV/JM/Mono(2016)20.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2016b. Test No. 476: in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the Hprt and xprt genes. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264264809-en.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2016c. Test No. 490: in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the thymidine kinase gene. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264264908-en.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2016d. Test No. 487: in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test. Paris: OECD Publishing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264264861-en.
   Google Scholar
• Oner D, Moisse M, Ghosh M, Duca RC, Poels K, Luyts K, Putzeys E, Cokic SM. 2017. Epigenetic effects of carbon nanotubes in human monocytic cells. Mutagenesis. 32:181–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponti J, Broggi F, Mariani V, De ML, Colognato R, Marmorato P, Gioria S, Gilliland D, Pascual Garcìa C, Meschini S, et al. 2013. Morphological transformation induced by multiwall carbon nanotubes on Balb/3T3 cell model as an in vitro end point of carcinogenic potential. Nanotoxicology. 7:221–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pothmann D, Simar S, Schuler D, Dony E, Gaering S, Le Net JL, Okazaki Y, Chabagno JM, Bessibes C, Beausoleil J, et al. 2015. Lung inflammation and lack of genotoxicity in the comet and micronucleus assays of industrial multiwalled carbon nanotubes Graphistrength(©) C100 after a 90-day nose-only inhalation exposure of rats. Part Fibre Toxicol. 12:21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen SS, Jackson P, Kling K, Knudsen KB, Skaug V, Kyjovska ZO, Thomsen BL, Clausen PA, Atluri R, Berthing T, et al. 2016. Multi-walled carbon nanotube physicochemical properties predict pulmonary inflammation and genotoxicity. Nanotoxicology. 10:1263–1275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen SS, Saber AT, Williams A, Andersen O, Kobler C, Atluri R, Pozzebon ME, Mucelli SP, Simion M, Rickerby D, et al. 2015. MWCNTs of different physicochemical properties cause similar inflammatory responses, but differences in transcriptional and histological markers of fibrosis in mouse lungs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 284:16–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen K, Mast J, De Temmerman PJ, Verleysen E, Waegeneers N, Van Steen F, Pizzolon JC, De Temmerman L, Van Doren E, Jensen KA, et al. 2014. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, NM-400, NM-401, NM-402, NM-403: Characterization and physico-chemical properties. JRC Science and Policy Reports. http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC91205/mwcnt-online.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen K, Gonzalez M, Kearns P, Sintes JR, Rossi F, Sayre P. 2016. Review of achievements of the OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials' Testing and Assessment Programme. From exploratory testing to test guidelines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 74:147–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhomberg LR, Goodman JE, Bailey LA, Prueitt RL, Beck NB, Bevan C, Honeycutt M, Kaminski NE, Paoli G, Pottenger LH, et al. 2013. A survey of frameworks for best practices in weight-of-evidence analyses. Crit Rev Toxicol. 43:753–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley RD, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ. 2011. Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ. 342:d549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittinghausen S, Hackbarth A, Creutzenberg O, Ernst H, Heinrich U, Leonhardt A, Schaudien D. 2014. The carcinogenic effect of various multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) after intraperitoneal injection in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol. 11:59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio L, El YN, Kazimirova A, Dusinska M, Marcos R. 2016. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NM401) induce ROS-mediated HPRT mutations in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. Environ Res. 146:185–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakamoto Y, Nakae D, Fukumori N, Tayama K, Maekawa A, Imai K, Hirose A, Nishimura T, Ohashi N, Ogata A. 2009. Induction of mesothelioma by a single intrascrotal administration of multi-wall carbon nanotube in intact male Fischer 344 rats. J Toxicol Sci. 34:65–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent LM, Hubbs AF, Young SH, Kashon ML, Dinu CZ, Salisbury JL, Benkovic SA, Lowry DT, Murray AR, Kisin ER, et al. 2012. Single-walled carbon nanotube-induced mitotic disruption. Mutat Res. 745:28–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent LM, Porter DW, Staska LM, Hubbs AF, Lowry DT, Battelli L, Siegrist KJ, Kashon ML, Mercer RR, Bauer AK, et al. 2014. Promotion of lung adenocarcinoma following inhalation exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Part Fibre Toxicol. 11:3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent LM, Shvedova AA, Hubbs AF, Salisbury JL, Benkovic SA, Kashon ML, Lowry DT, Murray AR, Kisin ER, Friend S, et al. 2009. Induction of aneuploidy by single-walled carbon nanotubes. Environ Mol Mutagen. 50:708–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki T, Asakura M, Ishioka C, Kasai T, Katagiri T, Fukushima S. 2016. In vitro chromosomal aberrations induced by various shapes of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). J Occup Health. 58:622–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shvedova AA, Kisin E, Murray AR, Johnson VJ, Gorelik O, Arepalli S, Hubbs AF, Mercer RR, Keohavong P, Sussman N, et al. 2008. Inhalation vs. aspiration of single-walled carbon nanotubes in C57BL/6 mice: inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and mutagenesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 295:L552–L565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shvedova AA, Yanamala N, Kisin ER, Tkach AV, Murray AR, Hubbs A, Chirila MM, Keohavong P, Sycheva LP, Kagan VE, et al. 2014. Long-term effects of carbon containing engineered nanomaterials and asbestos in the lung: one year postexposure comparisons. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 306:L170–L182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CC, O’Donovan MR, Martin EA. 2006. hOGG1 recognizes oxidative damage using the comet assay with greater specificity than FPG or ENDOIII. Mutagenesis. 21:185–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speit G, Schutz P, Bonzheim I, Trenz K, Hoffmann H. 2004. Sensitivity of the FPG protein towards alkylation damage in the comet assay. Toxicol Lett. 146:151–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoeger T, Reinhard C, Takenaka S, Schroeppel A, Karg E, Ritter B, Heyder J, Schulz H. 2006. Instillation of six different ultrafine carbon particles indicates a surface area threshold dose for acute lung inflammation in mice. Environ Health Perspect. 114:328–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi A, Hirose A, Futakuchi M, Tsuda H, Kanno J. 2012. Dose-dependent mesothelioma induction by intraperitoneal administration of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in p53 heterozygous mice. Cancer Sci. 103:1440–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi A, Hirose A, Nishimura T, Fukumori N, Ogata A, Ohashi N, Kitajima S, Kanno J. 2008. Induction of mesothelioma in p53± mouse by intraperitoneal application of multi-wall carbon nanotube. J Toxicol Sci. 33:105–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavares AM, Louro H, Antunes S, Quarre S, Simar S, De Temmerman PJ, Verleysen E, Mast J, Jensen KA, Norppa H, et al. 2014. Genotoxicity evaluation of nanosized titanium dioxide, synthetic amorphous silica and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in human lymphocytes. Toxicol In Vitro. 28:60–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thongkam W, Gerloff K, van BD, Albrecht C, Schins RP. 2017. Oxidant generation, DNA damage and cytotoxicity by a panel of engineered nanomaterials in three different human epithelial cell lines. Mutage. 32:105–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tice RR, Agurell E, Anderson D, Burlinson B, Hartmann A, Kobayashi H, Miyamae Y, Rojas E, Ryu JC, Sasaki YF. 2000. Single cell gel/comet assay: guidelines for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology testing. Environ Mol Mutagen. 35:206–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vales G, Rubio L, Marcos R. 2016. Genotoxic and cell-transformation effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) following in vitro sub-chronic exposures. J Hazard Mater. 306:193–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesterdal LK, Danielsen PH, Folkmann JK, Jespersen LF, Aguilar-Pelaez K, Roursgaard M, Loft S, Møller P. 2014a. Accumulation of lipids and oxidatively damaged DNA in hepatocytes exposed to particles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 274:350–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesterdal LK, Jantzen K, Sheykhzade M, Roursgaard M, Folkmann JK, Loft S, Møller P. 2014b. Pulmonary exposure to particles from diesel exhaust, urban dust or single-walled carbon nanotubes and oxidatively damaged DNA and vascular function in apoE(−/−) mice. Nanotoxicology. 8:61–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Okazaki Y, Shi L, Kohda H, Tanaka M, Taki K, Nishioka T, Hirayama T, Nagasawa H, Yamashita Y, et al. 2016. Role of hemoglobin and transferrin in multi-wall carbon nanotube-induced mesothelial injury and carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci. 107:250–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weed DL. 2005. Weight of evidence: a review of concept and methods. Risk Anal. 25:1545–1557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirnitzer U, Herbold B, Voetz M, Ragot J. 2009. Studies on the in vitro genotoxicity of baytubes, agglomerates of engineered multi-walled carbon-nanotubes (MWCNT). Toxicol Lett. 186:160–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuin S, Micheletti C, Critto A, Pojana G, Johnston H, Stone V, Tran L, Marcomini A. 2011. Weight of evidence approach for the relative hazard ranking of nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology. 5:445–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzui M, Futakuchi M, Fukamachi K, Numano T, Abdelgied M, Takahashi S, Ohnishi M, Omori T, Tsuruoka S, Hirose A, et al. 2016. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes intratracheally instilled into the rat lung induce development of pleural malignant mesothelioma and lung tumors. Cancer Sci. 107:924–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar