634
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Telomere dynamics and cellular senescence: an emerging field in environmental and occupational toxicology

ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 761-788 | Received 20 Jun 2018, Accepted 15 Oct 2018, Published online: 20 Dec 2018

References

  • Aikata H, Takaishi H, Kawakami Y, Takahashi S, Kitamoto M, Nakanishi T, Nakamura Y, Shimamoto F, Kajiyama G, Ide T. 2000. Telomere reduction in human liver tissues with age and chronic inflammation. Exp Cell Res. 256:578–582.
  • Alfonso-De Matte MY, Moses-Soto H, Kruk PA. 2002. Calcium-mediated telomerase activity in ovarian epithelial cells. Arch Biochem Biophys. 399:239–244.
  • Ameer SS, Xu Y, Engstrom K, Li H, Tallving P, Nermell B, Boemo A, Parada LA, Penaloza LG, Concha G, et al. 2016. Exposure to inorganic arsenic is associated with increased mitochondrial DNA copy number and longer telomere length in peripheral blood. Front Cell Dev Biol. 4:87.
  • Andreassi MG, Piccaluga E, Gargani L, Sabatino L, Borghini A, Faita F, Bruno RM, Padovani R, Guagliumi G, Picano E. 2015. Subclinical carotid atherosclerosis and early vascular aging from long-term low-dose ionizing radiation exposure: a genetic, telomere, and vascular ultrasound study in cardiac catheterization laboratory staff. JACC. Cardiovasc Interv. 8:616–627.
  • Aoshiba K, Tsuji T, Nagai A. 2003. Bleomycin induces cellular senescence in alveolar epithelial cells. Eur Respir J. 22:436–443.
  • Astuti Y, Wardhana A, Watkins J, Wulaningsih W. 2017. Cigarette smoking and telomere length: A systematic review of 84 studies and meta-analysis. Environ Res. 158:480–489.
  • Attri P, Gaur J, Choi S, Kim M, Bhatia R, Kumar N, Park JH, Cho AE, Choi EH, Lee W. 2017. Interaction studies of carbon nanomaterials and plasma activated carbon nanomaterials solution with telomere binding protein. Sci Rep. 7:2636.
  • Aubert G, Lansdorp PM. 2008. Telomeres and aging. Physiol Rev. 88:557–579.
  • Aviv A, Shay JW. 2018. Reflections on telomere dynamics and ageing-related diseases in humans. Philos Trans R. Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 373:1741.
  • Aviv A, Anderson JJ, Shay JW. 2017. Mutations, cancer and the telomere length paradox. Trends Cancer. 3:253–258.
  • Barnes RP, Fouquerel E, Opresko PL. 2018. The impact of oxidative DNA damage and stress on telomere homeostasis. Mech Ageing Dev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2018.03.013
  • Bassig BA, Zhang L, Cawthon RM, Smith MT, Yin S, Li G, Hu W, Shen M, Rappaport S, Barone-Adesi F, et al. 2014. Alterations in leukocyte telomere length in workers occupationally exposed to benzene. Environ Mol Mutagen. 55:673–678.
  • Behnia F, Peltier MR, Saade GR, Menon R. 2015. Environmental pollutant polybrominated diphenyl ether, a flame retardant, induces primary amnion cell senescence. Am J Reprod Immunol. 74:398–406.
  • Bekaert S, De MT, Van OP. 2005. Telomere attrition as ageing biomarker. Anticancer Res. 25:3011–3021.
  • Berardinelli F, Antoccia A, Buonsante R, Gerardi S, Cherubini R, De N, V, Tanzarella C, Sgura A. 2013. The role of telomere length modulation in delayed chromosome instability induced by ionizing radiation in human primary fibroblasts. Environ Mol Mutagen. 54:172–179.
  • Bijnens EM, Zeegers MP, Derom C, Martens DS, Gielen M, Hageman GJ, Plusquin M, Thiery E, Vlietinck R, Nawrot TS. 2017. Telomere tracking from birth to adulthood and residential traffic exposure. BMC Med. 15:205.
  • Bijnens E, Zeegers MP, Gielen M, Kicinski M, Hageman GJ, Pachen D, Derom C, Vlietinck R, Nawrot TS. 2015. Lower placental telomere length may be attributed to maternal residential traffic exposure; a twin study. Environ Int. 79:1–7.
  • Birch J, Anderson RK, Correia-Melo C, Jurk D, Hewitt G, Marques FM, Green NJ, Moisey E, Birrell MA, Belvisi MG, et al. 2015. DNA damage response at telomeres contributes to lung aging and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 309:L1124–L1137.
  • Borghini A, Faita F, Mercuri A, Minichilli F, Bustaffa E, Bianchi F, Andreassi MG. 2016. Arsenic exposure, genetic susceptibility and leukocyte telomere length in an Italian young adult population. Mutage. 31:539–546.
  • Borghini A, Roursgaard M, Andreassi MG, Kermanizadeh A, Moller P. 2017. Repair activity of oxidatively damaged DNA and telomere length in human lung epithelial cells after exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Mutage. 32:173–180.
  • Borgie M, Ledoux F, Verdin A, Cazier F, Greige H, Shirali P, Courcot D, Dagher Z. 2015. Genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects of fine particulate matter from rural and urban sites in Lebanon on human bronchial epithelial cells. Environ Res. 136:352–362.
  • Borm PJ, Schins RP, Albrecht C. 2004. Inhaled particles and lung cancer, part B: paradigms and risk assessment. Int J Cancer. 110:3–14.
  • Borras C, Esteve JM, Vina JR, Sastre J, Vina J, Pallardo FV. 2004. Glutathione regulates telomerase activity in 3T3 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 279:34332–34335.
  • Bourdon JA, Saber AT, Jacobsen NR, Jensen KA, Madsen AM, Lamson JS, Wallin H, Møller P, Loft S, Yauk CL, Vogel UB. 2012. Carbon black nanoparticle instillation induces sustained inflammation and genotoxicity in mouse lung and liver. Part Fibre Toxicol. 9:5.
  • Broccoli D, Young JW, de LT. 1995. Telomerase activity in normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:9082–9086.
  • Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, Holguin F, Hong Y, Luepker RV, Mittleman MA, American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism, et al. 2010. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 121:2331–2378.
  • Brown KE, Meleah MM, Broadhurst KA, Coleman MC, Ridnour LA, Schmidt WN, Spitz DR. 2007. Increased hepatic telomerase activity in a rat model of iron overload: a role for altered thiol redox state?. Free Radic Biol Med. 42:228–235.
  • Buchner N, Ale-Agha N, Jakob S, Sydlik U, Kunze K, Unfried K, Altschmied J, Haendeler J. 2013. Unhealthy diet and ultrafine carbon black particles induce senescence and disease associated phenotypic changes. Exp Gerontol. 48:8–16.
  • Burger AM, Bibby MC, Double JA. 1997. Telomerase activity in normal and malignant mammalian tissues: feasibility of telomerase as a target for cancer chemotherapy. Br J Cancer. 75:516–522.
  • Cadet J, Loft S, Olinski R, Evans MD, Bialkowski K, Richard WJ, Dedon PC, Møller P, Greenberg MM, Cooke MS. 2012. Biologically relevant oxidants and terminology, classification and nomenclature of oxidatively generated damage to nucleobases and 2-deoxyribose in nucleic acids. Free Radic Res. 46:367–381.
  • Calado RT, Dumitriu B. 2013. Telomere dynamics in mice and humans. Semin Hematol. Hematol. 50:165–174.
  • Callahan CL, Pavuk M, Birnbaum LS, Ren X, Olson JR, Bonner MR. 2017. Serum polychlorinated biphenyls and leukocyte telomere length in a highly-exposed population: The Anniston Community Health Survey. Environ Int. 108:212–220.
  • Campisi J, d'Adda di FF. 2007. Cellular senescence: when bad things happen to good cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8:729–740.
  • Cao Y, Jacobsen NR, Danielsen PH, Lenz AG, Stoeger T, Loft S, Wallin H, Roursgaard M, Mikkelsen L, Møller P. 2014. Vascular effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in dyslipidemic ApoE-/- mice and cultured endothelial cells. Toxicol Sci. 138:104–116.
  • Caradonna F, Mauro M. 2016. Role of the antioxidant defence system and telomerase in arsenic-induced genomic instability. Mutage. 31:661–667.
  • Castranova V, Vallyathan V. 2000. Silicosis and coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Environ Health Perspect. 108:S674–S684.
  • Cattan V, Mercier N, Gardner JP, Regnault V, Labat C, Maki-Jouppila J, Nzietchueng R, Benetos A, Kimura M, Aviv A, Lacolley P. 2008. Chronic oxidative stress induces a tissue-specific reduction in telomere length in CAST/Ei mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 44:1592–1598.
  • Cawthon RM. 2002. Telomere measurement by quantitative PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 30:e47.
  • Chadeneau C, Siegel P, Harley CB, Muller WJ, Bacchetti S. 1995. Telomerase activity in normal and malignant murine tissues. Oncogene. 11:893–898.
  • Chatterjee D, Bhattacharjee P, Sau TJ, Das JK, Sarma N, Bandyopadhyay AK, Roy SS, Giri AK. 2015. Arsenic exposure through drinking water leads to senescence and alteration of telomere length in humans: A case-control study in West Bengal, India. Mol Carcinog. 54:800–809.
  • Chen QM, Prowse KR, Tu VC, Purdom S, Linskens MH. 2001. Uncoupling the senescent phenotype from telomere shortening in hydrogen peroxide-treated fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res. 265:294–303.
  • Chen Y, Qu K, Zhao C, Wu L, Ren J, Wang J, Qu X. 2012. Insights into the biomedical effects of carboxylated single-wall carbon nanotubes on telomerase and telomeres. Nat Commun. 3:1074
  • Cheng Y, Li Y, Ma C, Song Y, Xu H, Yu H, Xu S, Mu Q, Li H, Chen Y, Zhao G. 2016. Arsenic trioxide inhibits glioma cell growth through induction of telomerase displacement and telomere dysfunction. Oncotarget. 7:12682–12692.
  • Cherif H, Tarry JL, Ozanne SE, Hales CN. 2003. Ageing and telomeres: a study into organ- and gender-specific telomere shortening. Nucleic Acids Res. 31:1576–1583.
  • Chou WC, Hawkins AL, Barrett JF, Griffin CA, Dang CV. 2001. Arsenic inhibition of telomerase transcription leads to genetic instability. J Clin Invest. 108:1541–1547.
  • Choudhary B, Karande AA, Raghavan SC. 2012. Telomere and telomerase in stem cells: relevance in ageing and disease. Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 4:16–30.
  • Coluzzi E, Colamartino M, Cozzi R, Leone S, Meneghini C, O’Callaghan N, Sgura A. 2014. Oxidative stress induces persistent telomeric DNA damage responsible for nuclear morphology change in mammalian cells. PLoS One. 9:e110963.
  • Counter CM, Gupta J, Harley CB, Leber B, Bacchetti S. 1995. Telomerase activity in normal leukocytes and in hematologic malignancies. Blood. 85:2315–2320.
  • Coviello-McLaughlin GM, Prowse KR. 1997. Telomere length regulation during postnatal development and ageing in Mus spretus. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3051–3058.
  • Daniali L, Benetos A, Susser E, Kark JD, Labat C, Kimura M, Desai K, Granick M, Aviv A. 2013. Telomeres shorten at equivalent rates in somatic tissues of adults. Nat Commun. 4:1597.
  • Douki T, Corbiere C, Preterre D, Martin PJ, Lecureur V, Andre V, Landkocz Y, Pottier I, Keravec V, Fardel O, et al. 2018. Comparative study of diesel and biodiesel exhausts on lung oxidative stress and genotoxicity in rats. Environ Pollut. 235:514–524.
  • Du CW, Wen BG, Li DR, Lin YC, Zheng YW, Chen L, Chen JY, Lin W, Wu MY. 2005. Latent membrane protein-1 of Epstein – Barr virus increases sensitivity to arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell. Exp Oncol. 27:267–272.
  • Duan J, Duan J, Zhang Z, Tong T. 2005. Irreversible cellular senescence induced by prolonged exposure to H2O2 involves DNA-damage-and-repair genes and telomere shortening. Int J Biochem. Cell Biol. 37:1407–1420.
  • Dumont P, Balbeur L, Remacle J, Toussaint O. 2000. Appearance of biomarkers of in vitro ageing after successive stimulation of WI-38 fibroblasts with IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha: senescence associated beta-galactosidase activity and morphotype transition. J Anatomy. 197:529–537.
  • Dumont P, Burton M, Chen QM, Gonos ES, Frippiat C, Mazarati JB, Eliaers F, Remacle J, Toussaint O. 2000. Induction of replicative senescence biomarkers by sublethal oxidative stresses in normal human fibroblast. Free Radic Biol Med. 28:361–373.
  • Everaerts S, Lammertyn EJ, Martens DS, De Sadeleer LJ, Maes K. van Batenburg AA, Goldschmeding R, van Moorsel CHM, Dupont LJ, Wuyts WA, Vos R, Gayan-Ramirez G, Kaminski N, Hogg JC, Janssens W, Verleden GM, Nawrot TS, Verleden SE, McDonough JE, Vanaudenaerde BM. 2018. The aging lung: tissue telomere shortening in health and disease. Respir. Res 19:95.
  • Ferrario D, Collotta A, Carfi M, Bowe G, Vahter M, Hartung T, Gribaldo L. 2009. Arsenic induces telomerase expression and maintains telomere length in human cord blood cells. Toxicology. 260:132–141.
  • Fillman T, Shimizu-Furusawa H, Ng CFS, Parajuli RP, Watanabe C. 2016. Association of cadmium and arsenic exposure with salivary telomere length in adolescents in Terai, Nepal. Environ Res. 149:8–14.
  • Finnon P, Silver AR, Bouffler SD. 2000. Upregulation of telomerase activity by X-irradiation in mouse leukaemia cells is independent of Tert, Terc, Tnks and Myc transcription. Carcinogenesis. 21:573–578.
  • Flanary BE, Streit WJ. 2003. Telomeres shorten with age in rat cerebellum and cortex in vivo. J anti Aging Med. 6:299–308.
  • Fouquerel E, Lormand J, Bose A, Lee HT, Kim GS, Li J, Sobol RW, Freudenthal BD, Myong S, Opresko PL. 2016. Oxidative guanine base damage regulates human telomerase activity. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 23:1092–1100.
  • Frippiat C, Chen QM, Zdanov S, Magalhaes JP, Remacle J, Toussaint O. 2001. Subcytotoxic H2O2 stress triggers a release of transforming growth factor-beta 1, which induces biomarkers of cellular senescence of human diploid fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 276:2531–2537.
  • Gallo V, Egger M, McCormack V, Farmer PB, Ioannidis JP, Kirsch-Volders M, Matullo G, Phillips DH, Schoket B, Stromberg U, et al. 2012. STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology–Molecular Epidemiology (STROBE-ME): an extension of the STROBE statement. Mutagenesis. 27:17–29.
  • Gao J, Roy S, Tong L, Argos M, Jasmine F, Rahaman R, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Parvez F, Ahmed A, Hore SK, et al. 2015. Arsenic exposure, telomere length, and expression of telomere-related genes among Bangladeshi individuals. Environ Res. 136:462–469.
  • Gao ZX, Song XL, Li SS, Lai XR, Yang YL, Yang G, Li ZJ, Cui YH, Pan HW. 2016. Assessment of DNA damage and cell senescence in corneal epithelial cells exposed to airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) Collected in Guangzhou, China. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 57:3093.
  • Gardner M, Bann D, Wiley L, Cooper R, Hardy R, Nitsch D, Martin-Ruiz C, Shiels P, Sayer AA, Barbieri M, et al. 2014. Gender and telomere length: systematic review and meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol. 51:15–27.
  • Ghaffari SH, Momeny M, Bashash D, Mirzaei R, Ghavamzadeh A, Alimoghaddam K. 2012. Cytotoxic effect of arsenic trioxide on acute promyelocytic leukemia cells through suppression of NFkbeta-dependent induction of hTERT due to down-regulation of Pin1 transcription. Hematology. 17:198–206.
  • Ghaffari SH, Yousefi M, Dizaji MZ, Momeny M, Bashash D, Zekri A, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A. 2016. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis and incapacitates proliferation and invasive properties of U87MG glioblastoma cells through a possible NF-kappaB-mediated mechanism. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 17:1553–1564.
  • Giuliano M, Stellavato A, Cammarota M, Lamberti M, Miraglia N, Sannolo N, De Rosa M. 2009. Effects of low concentrations of benzene on human lung cells in vitro. Toxicol Lett. 188:130–136.
  • Godt J, Scheidig F, Grosse-Siestrup C, Esche V, Brandenburg P, Reich A, Groneberg DA. 2006. The toxicity of cadmium and resulting hazards for human health. J Occup Med Toxicol. 1:22.
  • Golubovskaya VM, Presnell SC, Hooth MJ, Smith GJ, Kaufmann WK. 1997. Expression of telomerase in normal and malignant rat hepatic epithelia. Oncogene. 15:1233–1240.
  • Guzzardi MA, Iozzo P, Salonen MK, Kajantie E, Airaksinen R, Kiviranta H, Rantakokko P, Eriksson JG. 2016. Exposure to persistent organic pollutants predicts telomere length in older age: Results from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. A&D Dis. 7:540. 552.
  • Hande MP, Lansdorp PM, Natarajan AT. 1998. Induction of telomerase activity by in vivo X-irradiation of mouse splenocytes and its possible role in chromosome healing. Mutat Res. 404:205–214.
  • Hastings R, Li NC, Lacy PS, Patel H, Herbert KE, Stanley AG, Williams B. 2004. Rapid telomere attrition in cardiac tissue of the ageing Wistar rat. Exp Gerontol. 39:855–857.
  • Haycock PC, Burgess S, Nounu A, Zheng J, Okoli GN, Bowden J, Wade KH, Timpson NJ, Evans DM, Willeit P, et al. 2017. Association between telomere length and risk of cancer and non-neoplastic diseases: a mendelian randomization study. JAMA Oncol 3:636–651.
  • Hayflick L. 1998. A brief history of the mortality and immortality of cultured cells. Keio J Med. 47:174–182.
  • Hemann MT, Greider CW. 2000. Wild-derived inbred mouse strains have short telomeres. Nucleic Acids Res. 28:4474–4478.
  • Hiyama K, Hirai Y, Kyoizumi S, Akiyama M, Hiyama E, Piatyszek MA, Shay JW, Ishioka S, Yamakido M. 1995. Activation of telomerase in human lymphocytes and hematopoietic progenitor cells. J Immunol. 155:3711–3715.
  • Hoare M, Das T, Alexander G. 2010. Ageing, telomeres, senescence, and liver injury. J Hepatol. 53:950–961.
  • Holt SE, Wright WE, Shay JW. 1996. Regulation of telomerase activity in immortal cell lines. Mol Cell Biol. 16:2932–2939.
  • Hong MN, Han NK, Lee HC, Ko YK, Chi SG, Lee YS, Gimm YM, Myung SH, Lee JS. 2012. Extremely low frequency magnetic fields do not elicit oxidative stress in MCF10A cells. JRR. 53:79–86.
  • Hou L, Wang S, Dou C, Zhang X, Yu Y, Zheng Y, Avula U, Hoxha M, Diaz A, McCracken J, et al. 2012. Air pollution exposure and telomere length in highly exposed subjects in Beijing, China: a repeated-measure study. Environ Int. 48:71–77.
  • Houben JM, Moonen HJ, van Schooten FJ, Hageman GJ. 2008. Telomere length assessment: biomarker of chronic oxidative stress? Free Radic. Biol Med. 44:235–246.
  • Hoxha M, Dioni L, Bonzini M, Pesatori AC, Fustinoni S, Cavallo D, Carugno M, Albetti B, Marinelli B, Schwartz J, et al. 2009. Association between leukocyte telomere shortening and exposure to traffic pollution: a cross-sectional study on traffic officers and indoor office workers. Environ Health. 8:41.
  • Huang J, Okuka M, Lu W, Tsibris JC, McLean MP, Keefe DL, Liu L. 2013. Telomere shortening and DNA damage of embryonic stem cells induced by cigarette smoke. Reprod Toxicol. 35:89–95.
  • Hughes MF, Beck BD, Chen Y, Lewis AS, Thomas DJ. 2011. Arsenic exposure and toxicology: a historical perspective. Toxicol Sci. 123:305–332.
  • IARC (2010). Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Carbon black, Titanium Dioxide, and Talc. Volume 93. Lyon, France.
  • IARC (2012a). IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. Volume 100C. Lyon, France: IARC.
  • IARC (2012b). IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Chemical Agents and Related Occupations. Volume 100F. Lyon, France: IARC.
  • IARC (2016a). IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Biphenyls. Volume 107. Lyon, France: IARC.
  • IARC. (2016b). IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Outdoor Air Pollution. Volume 109. Lyon, France: IARC.
  • IARC. (2017). IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Some Nanomaterials and Some Fibres. Volume 111. Lyon, France: IARC.
  • IARC. (2018). IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans. Welding, Molybdenum Trioxide, and Indium Tin Oxide. Volume 118. Lyon, France: IARC.
  • Ilyenko I, Lyaskivska O, Bazyka D. 2011. Analysis of relative telomere length and apoptosis in humans exposed to ionising radiation. Exp Oncol. 33:235–238.
  • Itahana K, Campisi J, Dimri GP. 2007. Methods to detect biomarkers of cellular senescence: the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase assay. Methods Mol Biol. 371:21–31.
  • Itahana K, Itahana Y, Dimri GP. 2013. Colorimetric detection of senescence-associated beta galactosidase. Methods Mol Biol. 965:143–156.
  • Jacobsen NR, Saber AT, White P, Møller P, Pojana G, Vogel U, Loft S, Gingerich J, Soper L, Douglas GR, Wallin H. 2007. Increased mutant frequency by carbon black, but not quartz, in the lacZ and cII transgenes of muta mouse lung epithelial cells. Environ Mol Mutagen. 48:451–461.
  • Jennings BJ, Ozanne SE, Dorling MW, Hales CN. 1999. Early growth determines longevity in male rats and may be related to telomere shortening in the kidney. FEBS Lett. 448:4. 8.
  • Jiang G, Albihn A, Tang T, Tian Z, Henriksson M. 2008. Role of Myc in differentiation and apoptosis in HL60 cells after exposure to arsenic trioxide or all-trans retinoic acid. Leuk Res. 32:297–307.
  • Jiao Y, Zhang W, Liu J, Ni W, Xu W, Jin J, Qian W. 2007. Telomere attrition and chromosome instability via downregulation of TRF2 contributes to arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis of human T-Cell leukemia cell line molt-4 cells. Cancer Biol Ther. 6:1186–1192.
  • Joo OH, Hande MP, Lansdorp PM, Natarajan AT. 1998. Induction of telomerase activity and chromosome aberrations in human tumour cell lines following X-irradiation. Mutat Res. 401:121–131.
  • Jose SS, Bendickova K, Kepak T, Krenova Z, Fric J. 2017. Chronic inflammation in immune aging: role of pattern recognition receptor crosstalk with the telomere complex? Front Immunol. 8:1078.
  • Kamiya K, Ozasa K, Akiba S, Niwa O, Kodama K, Takamura N, Zaharieva EK, Kimura Y, Wakeford R. 2015. Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health. Lancet. 386:467–478.
  • Katakura Y, Nakata E, Miura T, Shirahata S. 1999. Transforming growth factor beta triggers two independent-senescence programs in cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 255:110–115.
  • Kawanishi S, Oikawa S. 2004. Mechanism of telomere shortening by oxidative stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1019:278–284.
  • Kim CO, Huh AJ, Han SH, Kim JM. 2012. Analysis of cellular senescence induced by lipopolysaccharide in pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 54:e35–e41.
  • Kim JK, Lim Y, Kim KA, Seo MS, Kim JD, Lee KH, Park CY. 2000. Activation of telomerase by silica in rat lung. Toxicol Lett. 111:263–270.
  • Kim YD, Jang SJ, Lim EJ, Ha JS, Shivakumar SB, Jeong GJ, Rho GJ, Jeon BG. 2017. Induction of telomere shortening and cellular apoptosis by sodium meta-arsenite in human cancer cell lines. Animal Cell Systems. 21:241–254.
  • Kipling D, Cooke HJ. 1990. Hypervariable ultra-long telomeres in mice. Nature. 347:400–402.
  • Ko JL, Cheng YJ, Liu GC, Hsin IL, Chen HL. 2017. The association of occupational metals exposure and oxidative damage, telomere shortening in fitness equipments manufacturing workers. Ind. Health. 55:345–353.
  • Kordinas V, Ioannidis A, Chatzipanagiotou S. 2016. The telomere/telomerase system in chronic inflammatory diseases. cause or effect? Genes (Basel). 7:9.
  • Kuempel ED, Jaurand MC, Møller P, Morimoto Y, Kobayashi N, Pinkerton KE, Sargent LM, Vermeulen RC, Fubini B, Kane AB. 2017. Evaluating the mechanistic evidence and key data gaps in assessing the potential carcinogenicity of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol. 47:1–58.
  • Kumar S, Millis AJ, Baglioni C. 1992. Expression of interleukin 1-inducible genes and production of interleukin 1 by aging human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:4683–4687.
  • Kurz DJ, Decary S, Hong Y, Trivier E, Akhmedov A, Erusalimsky JD. 2004. Chronic oxidative stress compromises telomere integrity and accelerates the onset of senescence in human endothelial cells. J Cell Sci. 117:2417–2426.
  • Kuznar-Kaminska B, Mikula-Pietrasik J, Witucka A, Romaniuk A, Konieczna N, Rubis B, Ksiazek K, Tykarski A, Batura-Gabryel H. 2018. Serum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease induces senescence-related phenotype in bronchial epithelial cells. Sci Rep. 8:12940.
  • Langie SA, Koppen G, Desaulniers D, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Azqueta A, Bisson WH, Brown DG, Brunborg G, et al. 2015. Causes of genome instability: the effect of low dose chemical exposures in modern society. Carcin. 36:S61–S88.
  • Leclercq B, Happillon M, Antherieu S, Hardy EM, Alleman LY, Grova N, Perdrix E, Appenzeller BM, Lo Guidice J-M, Coddeville P, Garçon G. 2016. Differential responses of healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseased human bronchial epithelial cells repeatedly exposed to air pollution-derived PM4. Environ Pollut. 218:1074–1088.
  • Leclercq B, Platel A, Antherieu S, Alleman LY, Hardy EM, Perdrix E, Grova N, Riffault V, Appenzeller BM, Happillon M, et al. 2017. Genetic and epigenetic alterations in normal and sensitive COPD-diseased human bronchial epithelial cells repeatedly exposed to air pollution-derived PM2.5. Environ Pollut. 230:163–177.
  • Lee EY, Lin J, Noth EM, Hammond SK, Nadeau KC, Eisen EA, Balmes JR. 2017. Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Telomere Length in Children and Adolescents Living in Fresno, CA: A Pilot Study. J Occup. Environ Med. 59:446–452.
  • Leteurtre F, Li X, Gluckman E, Carosella ED. 1997. Telomerase activity during the cell cycle and in gamma-irradiated hematopoietic cells. Leukemia. 11:1681–1689.
  • Li H, Engstrom K, Vahter M, Broberg K. 2012. Arsenic exposure through drinking water is associated with longer telomeres in peripheral blood. Chem Res Toxicol. 25:2333–2339.
  • Li H, Hedmer M, Wojdacz T, Hossain MB, Lindh CH, Tinnerberg H, Albin M, Broberg K. 2015. Oxidative stress, telomere shortening, and DNA methylation in relation to low-to-moderate occupational exposure to welding fumes. Environ Mol Mutagen. 56:684–693.
  • Lin N, Mu X, Wang G, Ren Y, Su S, Li Z, Wang B, Tao S. 2017. Accumulative effects of indoor air pollution exposure on leukocyte telomere length among non-smokers. Environ Pollut. 227:1. 7.
  • Lin S, Huo X, Zhang Q, Fan X, Du L, Xu X, Qiu S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Gu J. 2013. Short placental telomere was associated with cadmium pollution in an electronic waste recycling town in China. PLoS One. 8:e60815.
  • Linares V, Belles M, Domingo JL. 2015. Human exposure to PBDE and critical evaluation of health hazards. Arch Toxicol. 89:335–356.
  • Ling X, Zhang G, Chen Q, Yang H, Sun L, Zhou N, Wang Z, Zou P, Wang X, Cui Z, et al. 2016. Shorter sperm telomere length in association with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Results from the MARHCS cohort study in Chongqing, China and in vivo animal experiments. Environ Int. 95:79–85.
  • Liu Q, Wang H, Hu D, Ding C, Xu H, Tao D. 2004. Effects of trace elements on the telomere lengths of hepatocytes L-02 and hepatoma cells SMMC-7721. Bter. 100:215. 227.
  • Lu L, Johnman C, McGlynn L, Mackay DF, Shiels PG, Pell JP. 2017. Association between exposure to second-hand smoke and telomere length: cross-sectional study of 1303 non-smokers. Int J Epidemiol. 46:1878–1984.
  • Ludlow AT, Witkowski S, Marshall MR, Wang J, Lima LC, Guth LM, Spangenburg EE, Roth SM. 2012. Chronic exercise modifies age-related telomere dynamics in a tissue-specific fashion. J Gerontol. A Biol Sci Med Sci. 67:911–926.
  • Lustig A, Shterev I, Geyer S, Shi A, Hu Y, Morishita Y, Nagamura H, Sasaki K, Maki M, Hayashi I, et al. 2016. Long term effects of radiation exposure on telomere lengths of leukocytes and its associated biomarkers among atomic-bomb survivors. Oncotarget. 7:38988–38998.
  • Maeda T, Guan JZ, Koyanagi M, Makino N. 2013. Telomerase activity and telomere length distribution in vascular endothelial cells in a short-term culture under the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 13:774–782.
  • Mainous III, AG, Wright RU, Hulihan MM, Twal WO, McLaren CE, Diaz VA, McLaren GD, Argraves WS, Grant AM. 2014. Elevated transferrin saturation, health-related quality of life and telomere length. Biometals. 27:135–141.
  • Martens DS, Nawrot TS. 2016. Air pollution stress and the aging Phenotype: The telomere connection. Curr Environ Health Rep. 3:258–269.
  • Martens DS, Cox B, Janssen BG, Clemente DBP, Gasparrini A, Vanpoucke C, Lefebvre W, Roels HA, Plusquin M, Nawrot TS. 2017. Prenatal air pollution and newborns' predisposition to accelerated biological aging. JAMA Pediatr. 171:1160–1167.
  • Matović V, Buha A, Ðukić-Ćosić D, Bulat Z. 2015. Insight into the oxidative stress induced by lead and/or cadmium in blood, liver and kidneys. Food Chem Toxicol. 78:130–140.
  • McCracken J, Baccarelli A, Hoxha M, Dioni L, Melly S, Coull B, Suh H, Vokonas P, Schwartz J. 2010. Annual ambient black carbon associated with shorter telomeres in elderly men: Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. Environ Health Perspect. 118:1564–1570.
  • Meeker AK, Sommerfeld HJ, Coffey DS. 1996. Telomerase is activated in the prostate and seminal vesicles of the castrated rat. Endocrinology. 137:5743–5746.
  • Meng A, Wang Y, Van ZG, Zhou D. 2003. Ionizing radiation and busulfan induce premature senescence in murine bone marrow hematopoietic cells. Cancer Res. 63:5414–5419.
  • Mo J, Xia Y, Ning Z, Wade TJ, Mumford JL. 2009. Elevated human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression in blood cells associated with chronic arsenic exposure in Inner Mongolia, China. Environ Health Perspect. 117:354–360.
  • Møller P, Christophersen DV, Jacobsen NR, Skovmand A, Gouveia AC, Andersen MH, Kermanizadeh A, Jensen DM, Danielsen PH, Roursgaard M, et al. 2016. Atherosclerosis and vasomotor dysfunction in arteries of animals after exposure to combustion-derived particulate matter or nanomaterials. Crit Rev Toxicol. 46:437–476.
  • Møller P, Christophersen DV, Jensen DM, Kermanizadeh A, Roursgaard M, Jacobsen NR, Hemmingsen JG, Danielsen PH, Cao Y, Jantzen K, et al. 2014. Role of oxidative stress in carbon nanotube-generated health effects. Arch Toxicol. 88:1939–1964.
  • Møller P, Danielsen PH, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Loft S. 2013. Oxidatively damaged DNA in animals exposed to particles. Crit Rev Toxicol. 43:96–118.
  • Møller P, Danielsen PH, Karottki DG, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Klingberg H, Jensen DM, Christophersen DV, Hemmingsen JG, Cao Y, Loft S. 2014. Oxidative stress and inflammation generated DNA damage by exposure to air pollution particles. Mutat Res. 762:133–166.
  • Møller P, Jacobsen NR. 2017. Weight of evidence analysis for assessing the genotoxic potential of carbon nanotubes. Crit Rev Toxicol. 47:867–884.
  • Møller P, Jantzen K, Løhr M, Andersen MHG, Jensen DM, Roursgaard M, Danielsen PH, Jensen A, Loft S. 2018. Searching for assay controls for the Fpg- and hOGG1-modified comet assay. Mutagenesis. 33:9–19.
  • Møller P, Løhr M, Folkmann JK, Mikkelsen L, Loft S. 2010. Aging and oxidatively damaged nuclear DNA in animal organs. Free Radic Biol Med. 48:1275–1285.
  • Møller P, Mikkelsen L, Vesterdal LK, Folkmann JK, Forchhammer L, Roursgaard M, Danielsen PH, Loft S. 2011. Hazard identification of particulate matter on vasomotor dysfunction and progression of atherosclerosis. Crit Rev Toxicol. 41:339–368.
  • Montpetit AJ, Alhareeri AA, Montpetit M, Starkweather AR, Elmore LW, Filler K, Mohanraj L, Burton CW, Menzies VS, Lyon DE, et al. 2014. Telomere length: a review of methods for measurement. Nurs Res. 63:289–299.
  • Müezzinler A, Zaineddin AK, Brenner H. 2013. A systematic review of leukocyte telomere length and age in adults. Ageing Res Rev. 12:509–519.
  • Muller J, Delos M, Panin N, Rabolli V, Huaux F, Lison D. 2009. Absence of carcinogenic response to multiwall carbon nanotubes in a 2-year bioassay in the peritoneal cavity of the rat. Toxicol. Sci. 110:442–448.
  • Nemoto K, Kondo Y, Himeno S, Suzuki Y, Hara S, Akimoto M, Imura N. 2000. Modulation of telomerase activity by zinc in human prostatic and renal cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 59:401–405.
  • Neuhof D, Ruess A, Wenz F, Weber KJ. 2001. Induction of telomerase activity by irradiation in human lymphoblasts. Radiat Res. 155:693–697.
  • Nie X, Liang L, Xi H, Jiang S, Jiang J, Tang C, Liu X, Liu S, Wan C, Zhao J, Yang J. 2015. 2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induces premature senescence of astrocytes via WNT/beta-catenin signaling and ROS production. J Appl Toxicol. 35:851–860.
  • Niedernhofer LJ, Kirkland JL, Ladiges W. 2017. Molecular pathology endpoints useful for aging studies. Ageing Res Rev. 35:241–249.
  • Nieri D, Berardinelli F, Sgura A, Cherubini R, De N, V, Gerardi S, Tanzarella C, Antoccia A. 2013. Cyogenetics effects in AG01522 human primary fibroblasts exposed to low doses of radiations with different quality. Int J Radiat Biol. 89:698–707.
  • Nooshinfar E, Bashash D, Safaroghli-Azar A, Bayati S, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Ghaffari SH, Akbari ME. 2016. Melatonin promotes ATO-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells: Proposing novel therapeutic potential for breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 83:456–465.
  • Nwanaji-Enwerem JC, Colicino E, Trevisi L, Kloog I, Just AC, Shen J, Brennan K, Dereix A, Hou L, Vokonas P, et al. 2016. Long-term ambient particle exposures and blood DNA methylation age: findings from the VA normative aging study. Environ Epigenet 2:1–10.
  • Nyunoya T, Monick MM, Klingelhutz A, Yarovinsky TO, Cagley JR, Hunninghake GW. 2006. Cigarette smoke induces cellular senescence. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 35:681–688.
  • OECD. 2014. OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. In vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test. OECD Guideline Test. 487 Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264091016-en
  • OECD. 2016. OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals. In vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test using the Hprt and xprt genes. OECD Guideline Test. 476. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264071322-en
  • Oliveira NM, Rios EC, d, Lima TM, Victorino VJ, Barbeiro H, Pinheiro da SF, Szabo C, Soriano FG. 2016. Sepsis induces telomere shortening: a potential mechanism responsible for delayed pathophysiological events in sepsis survivors?. Mol Med. 22:1–891.
  • Opresko PL, Fan J, Danzy S, Wilson DM, III, Bohr VA. 2005. Oxidative damage in telomeric DNA disrupts recognition by TRF1 and TRF2. Nucleic Acids Res. 33:1230–1239.
  • O'Sullivan J, Risques RA, Mandelson MT, Chen L, Brentnall TA, Bronner MP, Macmillan MP, Feng Z, Siebert JR, Potter JD, Rabinovitch PS. 2006. Telomere length in the colon declines with age: a relation to colorectal cancer? Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15:573–577.
  • Palm W, de Lange T. 2008. How shelterin protects mammalian telomeres. Annu Rev Genet. Genet. 42:301–334.
  • Pavanello S, Pesatori AC, Dioni L, Hoxha M, Bollati V, Siwinska E, Mielzynska D, Bolognesi C, Bertazzi PA, Baccarelli A. 2010. Shorter telomere length in peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Carcinogenesis. 31:216–221.
  • Pavuk M, Olson JR, Sjödin A, Wolff P, Turner WE, Shelton C, Dutton ND, Bartell S. Anniston Environmental Health Research Consortium 2014. Serum concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in participants of the Anniston Community Health Survey. Sci Total Environ. 473-474:286–297.
  • Pawlas N, Płachetka A, Kozłowska A, Broberg K, Kasperczyk S. 2015. Telomere length in children environmentally exposed to low-to-moderate levels of lead. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 287:111–118.
  • Pawlas N, Płachetka A, Kozłowska A, Mikołajczyk A, Kasperczyk A, Dobrakowski M, Kasperczyk S. 2016. Telomere length, telomerase expression, and oxidative stress in lead smelters. Toxicol Ind Health. 32:1961–1970.
  • Perera F, Lin CJ, Qu L, Tang D. 2018. Shorter telomere length in cord blood associated with prenatal air pollution exposure: Benefits of intervention. Environ Int. 113:335–340.
  • Pestana A, Vinagre J, Sobrinho-Simoes M, Soares P. 2017. TERT biology and function in cancer: beyond immortalisation. J Mol Endocrinol. 58:R129–R146.
  • Pierce BL, Kraft P, Zhang C. 2018. Mendelian randomization studies of cancer risk: a literature review. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 5:184–196.
  • Pieters N, Janssen BG, Dewitte H, Cox B, Cuypers A, Lefebvre W, Smeets K, Vanpoucke C, Plusquin M, Nawrot TS. 2016. Biomolecular Markers Within the Core Axis of Aging and Particulate Air Pollution Exposure in the Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study. Environ Health Perspect. 124:943–950.
  • Podtcheko A, Namba H, Saenko V, Ohtsuru A, Starenki D, Meirmanov S, Polona I, Rogounovitch T, Yamashita S. 2005. Radiation-induced senescence-like terminal growth arrest in thyroid cells. Thyroid. 15:306–313.
  • Pottier G, Viau M, Ricoul M, Shim G, Bellamy M, Cuceu C, Hempel WM, Sabatier L. 2013. Lead Exposure Induces Telomere Instability in Human Cells. PLoS One. 8:e67501
  • Prescott J, Wentzensen IM, Savage SA, De V, I. 2012. Epidemiologic evidence for a role of telomere dysfunction in cancer etiology. Mutat. Res. 730:75–84.
  • Prowse KR, Greider CW. 1995. Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of mouse telomerase and telomere length. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:4818–4822.
  • Pustovalova M, Astrelina capital TE, C, Grekhova A, Vorobyeva N, Tsvetkova A, Blokhina T, Nikitina V, Suchkova Y, Usupzhanova D, Brunchukov V, et al. 2017. Residual gammaH2AX foci induced by low dose x-ray radiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells do not cause accelerated senescence in the progeny of irradiated cells. Aging (Albany. NY). 9:2397–2410.
  • Reste J, Zvigule G, Zvagule T, Kurjane N, Eglite M, Gabruseva N, Berzina D, Plonis J, Miklasevics E. 2014. Telomere length in chernobyl accident recovery workers in the late period after the disaster. J Radiat Res. 55:1089–1100.
  • Richter T, von Zglinicki T. 2007. A continuous correlation between oxidative stress and telomere shortening in fibroblasts. Exp Gerontol. 42:1039–1042.
  • Rivas-Santiago CE, Sarkar S, Cantarella P, Osornio-Vargas A, Quintana-Belmares R, Meng Q, Kirn TJ, Ohman SP, Chow JC, Watson JG, et al. 2015. Air pollution particulate matter alters antimycobacterial respiratory epithelium innate immunity. Infect Immun. 83:2507–2517.
  • Rufer N, Brummendorf TH, Kolvraa S, Bischoff C, Christensen K, Wadsworth L, Schulzer M, Lansdorp PM. 1999. Telomere fluorescence measurements in granulocytes and T lymphocyte subsets point to a high turnover of hematopoietic stem cells and memory T cells in early childhood. J Exp Med. 190:157–167.
  • Sanchez-Perez Y, Chirino YI, Osornio-Vargas AR, Herrera LA, Morales-Barcenas R, Lopez-Saavedra A, Gonzalez-Ramirez I, Miranda J, Garcia-Cuellar CM. 2014. Cytoplasmic p21(CIP1/WAF1), ERK1/2 activation, and cytoskeletal remodeling are associated with the senescence-like phenotype after airborne particulate matter (PM(10)) exposure in lung cells. Toxicol Lett. 225:12–19.
  • Sanchez-Perez Y, Chirino YI, Osornio-Vargas AR, Morales B, R, Gutierrez R, C, Vazquez L, I, Garcia-Cuellar CM. 2009. DNA damage response of A549 cells treated with particulate matter (PM10) of urban air pollutants. Cancer Lett. 278:192–200.
  • Sanders JL, Newman AB. 2013. Telomere length in epidemiology: a biomarker of aging, age-related disease, both, or neither? Epidemiol. Rev. 35:112–131.
  • Sarkar P, Shiizaki K, Yonemoto J, Sone H. 2006. Activation of telomerase in BeWo cells by estrogen and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in co-operation with c-Myc. Int J Oncol. 28:43–51.
  • Scherthan H, Sotnik N, Peper M, Schrock G, Azizova T, Abend M. 2016. Telomere length in aged Mayak PA nuclear workers chronically exposed to internal alpha and external gamma radiation. Radiat. Res. 185:658–667.
  • Scinicariello F, Buser MC. 2015. Polychlorinated biphenyls and leukocyte telomere length: an analysis of NHANES 1999-2002. EBioMedicine. 2:1974–1979.
  • Senthilkumar PK, Klingelhutz AJ, Jacobus JA, Lehmler H, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2011. Airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) reduce telomerase activity and shorten telomere length in immortal human skin keratinocytes (HaCat). Toxicol Lett. 204:64–70.
  • Senthilkumar PK, Robertson LW, Ludewig G. 2012. PCB153 reduces telomerase activity and telomere length in immortalized human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) but not in human foreskin keratinocytes (NFK). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 259:115–123.
  • Serra V, von ZT, Lorenz M, Saretzki G. 2003. Extracellular superoxide dismutase is a major antioxidant in human fibroblasts and slows telomere shortening. J Biol Chem. 278:6824–6830.
  • Shan M, Yang X, Ezzati M, Chaturvedi N, Coady E, Hughes A, Shi Y, Yang M, Zhang Y, Baumgartner J. 2014. A feasibility study of the association of exposure to biomass smoke with vascular function, inflammation, and cellular aging. Environ Res. 135:165–172.
  • Sheng Y, Lv S, Huang M, Lv Y, Yu J, Liu J, Tang T, Qi H, Di W, Ding G. 2017. Opposing effects on cardiac function by calorie restriction in different-aged mice. Aging Cell. 16:1155–1167.
  • Shim G, Ricoul M, Hempel WM, Azzam EI, Sabatier L. 2014. Crosstalk between telomere maintenance and radiation effects: A key player in the process of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Mutat Res Rev. 760:1–17.
  • Shin JY, Choi YY, Jeon HS, Hwang JH, Kim SA, Kang JH, Chang YS, Jacobs DR, Jr., Park JY, Lee DH. 2010. Low-dose persistent organic pollutants increased telomere length in peripheral leukocytes of healthy Koreans. Mutagenesis. 25:511–516.
  • Shoeb M, Joseph P, Kodali V, Mustafa G, Farris BY, Umbright C, Roberts JR, Erdely A, Antonini JM. 2017a. Silica inhalation altered telomere length and gene expression of telomere regulatory proteins in lung tissue of rats. Sci Rep. 7:17284.
  • Shoeb M, Kodali VKK, Farris BY, Bishop LM, Meighan TG, Salmen R, Eye T, Friend S, Schwegler-Berry D, Roberts JR, et al. 2017. Oxidative stress, DNA methylation, and telomere length changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after pulmonary exposure to metal-rich welding particles. NanoImpact. 5:61–69.
  • Sishc BJ, Nelson CB, McKenna MJ, Battaglia CL, Herndon A, Idate R, Liber HL, Bailey SM. 2015. Telomeres and telomerase in the radiation response: Implications for instability, reprograming, and carcinogenesis. Front Oncol. 5:257.
  • Skvortsov DA, Zvereva ME, Shpanchenko OV, Dontsova OA. 2011. Assays for detection of telomerase activity. Acta Naturae. 3:48–68.
  • Sottile J, Mann DM, Diemer V, and, Millis AJ. 1989. Regulation of collagenase and collagenase mRNA production in early- and late-passage human diploid fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol. 138:281–290.
  • Stone V, Miller MR, Clift MJD, Elder A, Mills NL, Møller P, Schins RPF, Vogel U, Kreyling WG, Alstrup JK, et al. 2017. Nanomaterials Versus Ambient Ultrafine Particles: An Opportunity to Exchange Toxicology Knowledge. Environ Health Perspect. 125:106002.
  • Suzuki K, Mori I, Nakayama Y, Miyakoda M, Kodama S, Watanabe M. 2001. Radiation-induced senescence-like growth arrest requires TP53 function but not telomere shortening. Radiat Res. 155:248–253.
  • Swanson MJ, Baribault ME, Israel JN, Bae NS. 2016. Telomere protein RAP1 levels are affected by cellular aging and oxidative stress. Biomed Rep. 5:181–187.
  • Tsuji T, Aoshiba K, Nagai A. 2004. Cigarette smoke induces senescence in alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 31:643–649.
  • Tuttle CSL, Maier AB. 2018. Towards a biological geriatric assessment. Exp Gerontol. 107:102–107.
  • Untergasser G, Gander R, Rumpold H, Heinrich E, Plas E, Berger P. 2003. TGF-beta cytokines increase senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity in human prostate basal cells by supporting differentiation processes, but not cellular senescence. Exp Gerontol. 38:1179–1188.
  • van Deursen JM. 2014. The role of senescent cells in ageing. Nature. 509:439–446.
  • von Zglinicki T. 2002. Oxidative stress shortens telomeres. Trends Biochem Sci. 27:339–344.
  • von Zglinicki T, Pilger R, Sitte N. 2000. Accumulation of single-strand breaks is the major cause of telomere shortening in human fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med. 28:64–74.
  • Walker JR, Zhu XD. 2012. Post-translational modifications of TRF1 and TRF2 and their roles in telomere maintenance. Mech Ageing Dev. 133:421–434.
  • Walton RT, Mudway IS, Dundas I, Marlin N, Koh LC, Aitlhadj L, Vulliamy T, Jamaludin JB, Wood HE, Barratt BM, et al. 2016. Air pollution, ethnicity and telomere length in east London schoolchildren: An observational study. Environ Int. 96:41–47.
  • Wan C, Liu J, Nie X, Zhao J, Zhou S, Duan Z, Tang C, Liang L, Xu G. 2014. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) induces premature senescence in human and rodent neuronal cells via ROS-dependent mechanisms. PLoS One. 9:e89811.
  • Wang T, Yuan Y, Zou H, Yang J, Zhao S, Ma Y, Wang Y, Bian J, Liu X, Gu J, et al. 2016. The ER stress regulator Bip mediates cadmium-induced autophagy and neuronal senescence. Sci Rep. 6:38091
  • Ward-Caviness CK, Nwanaji-Enwerem JC, Wolf K, Wahl S, Colicino E, Trevisi L, Kloog I, Just AC, Vokonas P, Cyrys J, et al. 2016. Long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with biological aging. Oncotarget. 7:74510–74525.
  • Watanabe S, Kawamoto S, Ohtani N, Hara E. 2017. Impact of senescence-associated secretory phenotype and its potential as a therapeutic target for senescence-associated diseases. Cancer Sci. 108:563–569.
  • Weng NP, Granger L, Hodes RJ. 1997. Telomere lengthening and telomerase activation during human B cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:10827–10832.
  • Werner C, Hanhoun M, Widmann T, Kazakov A, Semenov A, Poss J, Bauersachs J, Thum T, Pfreundschuh M, Muller P, et al. 2008. Effects of physical exercise on myocardial telomere-regulating proteins, survival pathways, and apoptosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 52:470–482.
  • White SS, Birnbaum LS. 2009. An overview of the effects of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds on vertebrates, as documented in human and ecological epidemiology. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 27:197–211.
  • Wiemann SU, Satyanarayana A, Tsahuridu M, Tillmann HL, Zender L, Klempnauer J, Flemming P, Franco S, Blasco MA, Manns MP, Rudolph KL. 2002. Hepatocyte telomere shortening and senescence are general markers of human liver cirrhosis. Faseb J. 16:935–942.
  • Wong JY, De V, I, Lin X, Christiani DC. 2014. Cumulative PM(2.5) exposure and telomere length in workers exposed to welding fumes. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 77:441–455.
  • World Health Organization (2016). Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants, Supplement 1: Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls. Eightieth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).
  • Wu Y, Liu Y, Ni N, Bao B, Zhang C, Lu L. 2012. High lead exposure is associated with telomere length shortening in Chinese battery manufacturing plant workers. Occup Environ Med. 69:557–563.
  • Wulaningsih W, Serrano FE, Utarini A, Matsuguchi T, Watkins J. 2016. Smoking, second-hand smoke exposure and smoking cessation in relation to leukocyte telomere length and mortality. Oncotarget. 7:60419–60431.
  • Xia Y, Chen R, Wang C, Cai J, Wang L, Zhao Z, Qian J, Kan H. 2015. Ambient air pollution, blood mitochondrial DNA copy number and telomere length in a panel of diabetes patients. Inhal Toxicol. 27:481–487.
  • Xin X, Senthilkumar PK, Schnoor JL, Ludewig G. 2016. Effects of PCB126 and PCB153 on telomerase activity and telomere length in undifferentiated and differentiated HL-60 cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 23:2173–2185.
  • Xu Y, Lindh CH, Jonsson BAG, Broberg K, Albin M. 2018. Occupational exposure to asphalt mixture during road paving is related to increased mitochondria DNA copy number: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health. 17:29.
  • Yamaguchi Y, Nozawa K, Savoysky E, Hayakawa N, Nimura Y, Yoshida S. 1998. Change in telomerase activity of rat organs during growth and aging. Exp Cell Res. 242:120–127.
  • Yoshida K, Misumi M, Kubo Y, Yamaoka M, Kyoizumi S, Ohishi W, Hayashi T, Kusunoki Y. 2016. Long-term effects of radiation exposure and metabolic status on telomere length of peripheral blood T cells in atomic bomb survivors. Radiat Res. 186:367–376.
  • Yoshimi N, Ino N, Suzui M, Hara A, Nakatani K, Sato S, Mori H. 1996. Telomerase activity of normal tissues and neoplasms in rat colon carcinogenesis induced by methylazoxymethanol acetate and its difference from that of human colonic tissues. Mol Carcinog. 16:1–5.
  • Yousefi M, Ghaffari SH, Zekri A, Ghanizadeh-Vesali S, Hosseini E, Rostami M, Hassani S, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A. 2013. Differential sensitivity of p44/p42-MAPK- and PI3K/Akt-targeted neuroblastoma subtypes to arsenic trioxide. Neurochem. Int. 63:809–817.
  • Yuan J, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhao Y, Li K, Jing Y, Zhang X, Liu Q, Geng X, Li G, Wang F. 2018. Long-term persistent organic pollutants exposure induced telomere dysfunction and senescence-associated secretary phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. In press.
  • Zekri A, Ghaffari SH, Yousefi M, Ghanizadeh-Vesali S, Mojarrad M, Alimoghaddam K, Ghavamzadeh A. 2013. Autocrine human growth hormone increases sensitivity of mammary carcinoma cell to arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 377:84–92.
  • Zhang C, Kibriya MG, Jasmine F, Roy S, Gao J, Sabarinathan M, Shinkle J, Delgado D, Ahmed A, Islam T, et al. 2018. A study of telomere length, arsenic exposure, and arsenic toxicity in a Bangladeshi cohort. Environ Res. 164:346–355.
  • Zhang TC, Schmitt MT, Mumford JL. 2003. Effects of arsenic on telomerase and telomeres in relation to cell proliferation and apoptosis in human keratinocytes and leukemia cells in vitro. Carcinogenesis. 24:1811–1817.
  • Zhang X, Lin S, Funk WE, Hou L. 2013. Environmental and occupational exposure to chemicals and telomere length in human studies. Occup Environ Med. 70:743–749.
  • Zhang X, Zhao Q, Zhu W, Liu T, Xie SH, Zhong LX, Cai YY, Li XN, Liang M, Chen W, et al. 2017. The association of telomere length in peripheral blood cells with cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 26:1381–1390.
  • Zhang Y, Cao EH, Qin JF. 2005. Up-regulation of telomere-binding TRF1, TRF2 related to reactive oxygen species induced by As(2)O(3) in MGC-803 cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 516:1–9.
  • Zhang Y, Sun M, Shi W, Yang Q, Chen C, Wang Z, Zhou X. 2015. Arsenic trioxide suppresses transcription of hTERT through down-regulation of multiple transcription factors in HL-60 leukemia cells. Toxicol Lett. 232:481–489.
  • Zhou C, Boggess JF, Bae-Jump V, Gehrig PA. 2007. Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of telomerase activity by arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in endometrial carcinoma cells. Gynecol Oncol. 105:218–222.
  • Ziegler S, Schettgen T, Beier F, Wilop S, Quinete N, Esser A, Masouleh BK, Ferreira MS, Vankann L, Uciechowski P, et al. 2017. Accelerated telomere shortening in peripheral blood lymphocytes after occupational polychlorinated biphenyls exposure. Arch Toxicol. 91:289–300.
  • Zota AR, Geller RJ, Romano LE, Coleman-Phox K, Adler NE, Parry E, Wang M, Park JS, Elmi AF, Laraia BA, et al. 2018. Association between persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (PBDEs, OH-PBDEs, PCBs, and PFASs) and biomarkers of inflammation and cellular aging during pregnancy and postpartum. Environ Int. 115:9–20.
  • Zota AR, Needham BL, Blackburn EH, Lin J, Park SK, Rehkopf DH, Epel ES. 2015. Associations of cadmium and lead exposure with leukocyte telomere length: findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2002. Am J Epidemiol. 181:127–136.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.