9,521
Views
58
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Dose-response for assessing the cancer risk of inorganic arsenic in drinking water: the scientific basis for use of a threshold approach

, , , , &
Pages 36-84 | Received 19 Nov 2018, Accepted 21 Jan 2019, Published online: 01 Apr 2019

References

  • Abernathy CO, Chappell WR, Meek ME, Gibb H, Guo H-R. 1996. Is ingested inorganic arsenic a “threshold carcinogen”? Fundam Appl Toxicol. 29:168–175.
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [ATSDR]. 2007. Toxicological profile for arsenic. Atlanta (GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [accessed 2018 Oct 6]. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=22&tid=3.
  • Andersen ME, Meek ME, Boorman GA, Brusick DJ, Cohen SM, Dragan YP, Frederick CB, Goodman JI, Hard GC, O'Flaherty EJ, et al. 2000. Lessons learned in applying the U.S. EPA proposed cancer guidelines to specific compounds. Toxicol Sci. 53:159–172.
  • Andrew AS, Mason RA, Kelsey KT, Schned AR, Marsit CJ, Nelson HH, Karagas MR. 2009. DNA repair genotype interacts with arsenic exposure to increase bladder cancer risk. Toxicol Lett. 187:10–14.
  • Aposhian HV. 1997. Enzymatic methylation of arsenic species and other new approaches to arsenic toxicity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 37:397–419.
  • Applebaum KM, Karagas MR, Hunter DJ, Catalano PJ, Byler SH, Morris S, Nelson HH. 2007. Polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair genes, arsenic exposure, and non-melanoma skin cancer in New Hampshire. Environ Health Perspect. 115:1231–1236.
  • Arnold LL, Eldan M, Nyska A, van Gemert MM, Capen CC, Cohen SM. 2003. Chronic studies evaluating the carcinogenicity of monomethylarsonic acid in rats and mice. Toxicology. 190:197–219.
  • Arnold LL, Eldan M, Nyska A, van Gemert M, Cohen SM. 2006. Dimethylarsinic acid: results of chronic toxicity/oncogenicity studies in F344 rats and in B6C3F1 mice. Toxicology. 223:82–100.
  • Arnold LL, Suzuki S, Yokohira M, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Pennington KL, Cohen SM. 2014. Time course of urothelial changes in rats and mice orally administered arsenite. Toxicol Pathol. 42:855–862.
  • Aylward LL, Ramasamy S, Hays SM, Schoeny R, Kirman CR. 2014. Evaluation of urinary speciated arsenic in NHANES: issues in interpretation in the context of potential inorganic arsenic exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 69:49–54.
  • Baastrup R, Sørensen M, Balstrøm T, Frederiksen K, Larsen CL, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O. 2008. Arsenic in drinking waterand risk for cancer in Denmark. Environ Health Perspect. 116:231–237.
  • Bailey KA, Hester SD, Knapp GW, Owen RD, Thai SF. 2010. Gene expression of normal human epidermal keratinocytes modulated by trivalent arsenicals. Mol Carcinog. 49:981–998.
  • Bailey KA, Wallace K, Smeester L, Thai SF, Wolf DC, Edwards SW, Fry RC. 2012. Transcriptional modulation of the ERK1/2 MAPK and NF-κB pathways in human urothelial cells after trivalent arsenical exposure: implications for urinary bladder cancer. J Can Res Updates. 1:57–68.
  • Barchowsky A, Roussel R, Klei L, James P, Ganju N, Smith K, Dudek E. 1999. Low levels of arsenic trioxide stimulate proliferative signals in primary vascular cells without activating stress effector pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 159:65–75.
  • Baris D, Waddell R, Beane Freeman LE, Schwenn M, Colt JS, Ayotte JD, Ward MH, Nuckols J, Schned A, Jackson B. 2016. Elevated bladder cancer in northern New England: the role of drinking water and arsenic. J Natl Cancer Inst. 108:5.
  • Barr DB, Wilder LC, Caudill SP, Gonzalez AJ, Needham LL, Pirkle JL. 2005. Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements. Environ Health Perspect. 113:192–200.
  • Basu A, Ghosh P, Das JK, Banerjee A, Ray K, Giri AK. 2004. Micronuclei as biomarkers of carcinogen exposure in populations exposed to arsenic through drinking water in West Bengal, India: A comparative study in three cell types. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 13:820–827.
  • Bates MN, Rey OA, Biggs ML, Hopenhayn C, Moore LE, Kalman D, Steinmaus C, Smith AH. 2004. Case-control study of bladder cancer and exposure to arsenic in Argentina. Am J Epidemiol. 159:381–389.
  • Bates MN, Smith AH, Cantor KP. 1995. Case-control study of bladder cancer and arsenic in drinking water. Am J Epidemiol. 141:523–530.
  • Beebe-Dimmer JL, Iyer PT, Nriagu JO, Keele GR, Mehta S, Meliker JR, Lange EM, Schwartz AG, Zuhlke KA, Schottenfeld D, et al. 2012. Genetic variation in glutathione S-transferase omega-1, arsenic methyltransferase and methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase, arsenic exposure and bladder cancer: a case-control study. Environ Health. 11:43.
  • Bhattacharjee P, Paul S, Bhattacharjee S, Giri AK, Bhattacharjee P. 2018. Association of H3K79 monomethylation (an epigenetic signature) with arsenic-induced skin lesions. Mutat Res. 807:1–9.
  • Bjørklund G, Aaseth J, Chirumbolo S, Urbina MA, Uddin R. 2018. Effects of arsenic toxicity beyond epigenetic modifications. Environ Geochem Health. 40:955–965.
  • Bojkowska K, Santoni de Sio F, Barde I, Offner S, Verp S, Heinis C, Johnsson K, Trono D. 2011. Measuring in vivo protein half-life. Chem Biol. 18:805–815.
  • Bomhard EM, Gelbke HP, Schenk H, Williams GM, Cohen SM. 2013. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of gallium arsenide. Crit Rev Toxicol. 43:436–466.
  • Boobis AR, Cohen SM, Dellarco V, McGregor D, Meek ME, Vickers C, Willcocks D, Farland W. 2006. IPCS framework for analyzing the relevance of a cancer mode of action for humans. Crit Rev Toxicol. 36:781–792.
  • Boobis AR, Doe JE, Heinrich-Hirsch B, Meek ME, Munn S, Ruchirawat M, Schlatter J, Seed J, Vickers C. 2008. IPCS framework for analyzing the relevance of a noncancer mode of action for humans. Crit Rev Toxicol. 38:87–96.
  • Burgoon L, Druwe IL. 2016. Revisiting Cohen et al 2015, Cohen et al 2014 and Waalkes et al 2014: A Bayesian re-analysis of tumor incidences. Arch Toxicol. 90:2047–2048.
  • Button M, Jenkin GR, Harrington CF, Watts MJ. 2009. Human toenails as a biomarker of exposure to elevated environmental arsenic. J Environ Monit. 11:610–617.
  • Cascio C, Raab A, Jenkins RO, Feldmann J, Meharg AA, Haris PI. 2011. The impact of a rice based diet on urinary arsenic. J Environ Monit. 13:257–265.
  • Chang CH, Liu CS, Liu HJ, Huang C-P, Huang C-Y, Hsu H-T, Liou S-H, Chung C-J. 2016. Association between levels of urinary heavy metals and increased risk of urothelial carcinoma. Int J Urol. 23:233–239.
  • Chen B, Arnold LL, Cohen SM, Thomas DJ, Le XC. 2011. Mouse arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase genotype affects metabolism and tissue dosimetry of arsenicals after arsenite administration in drinking water. Toxicol Sci. 124:320–326.
  • Chen CL, Chiou HY, Hsu LI, Hsueh YM, Wu MM, Wang YH, Chen CJ. 2010b. Ingested arsenic, characteristics of well water consumption and risk of different histological types of lung cancer in northeastern Taiwan. Environ Res. 110:455–462.
  • Chen CJ, Chuang YC, You SL, Lin TM, Wu HY. 1986. A retrospective study on malignant neoplasms of bladder, lung and liver in blackfoot disease endemic area in Taiwan. Br J Cancer. 53:399–405.
  • Chen CJ, Chuang YC, Lin TM, Wu HY. 1985. Malignant neoplasms among residents of a blackfoot disease-endemic area in taiwan: high-arsenic artesian well water and cancers. Cancer Res. 45:5895–5899.
  • Chen KJ, Pan WH, Lin YC, Lin BF. 2011. Trends in folate status in the Taiwanese population aged 19 years and older from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 1993-1996 to 2005-2008. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 20:275–282.
  • Chen LX, Schumacher HR. 2008. Gout: an evidence-based review. J Clin Rheumatol. 14:S55–S62.
  • Chen CL, Chiou HY, Hsu LI, Hsueh YM, Wu MM, Wang YH, Chen CJ. 2010a. Arsenic in drinking water and risk of urinary tract cancer: a follow-up study from northeastern Taiwan. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 19:101–110.
  • Cheng P-S, Weng S-F, Chiang C-H, Lai F-J. 2016. Relationship between arsenic-containing drinking water and skin cancers in the arseniasis endemic areas in Taiwan. J Dermatol. 43:181–186.
  • Chen CJ, Hsueh YM, Tseng MP, Lin YC, Hsu LI, Chou WL, Chiou HY, Wang IH, Chou YL, Tseng CH, et al. 2001. Individual susceptibility to arseniasis. In: Chappell WR, Abernathy CO, Calderon RL, editors. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and HealthEffects, 18–22 June 2000. London: Elsevier Science Ltd.; p. 135–143.
  • Chen CJ, Kuo TL, Wu MM. 1988. Arsenic and cancers. Lancet. 1:414–415.
  • Chiou HY, Hsueh YM, Liaw KF, Horng SF, Chiang MH, Pu YS, Lin JS, Huang CH, Chen CJ. 1995. Incidence of internal cancers and ingested inorganic arsenic: a seven-year follow-up study in Taiwan. Cancer Res. 55:1296–1300.
  • Choi B-S, Choi S-J, Kim D-W, Huang M, Kim N-Y, Park K-S, Kim C-Y, Lee H-M, Yum Y-N, Han E-S, et al. 2010. Effects of repeated seafood consumption on urinary excretion of arsenic species by volunteers. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 58:222–229.
  • Clewell HJ, Thomas RS, Gentry PR, Crump KS, Kenyon EM, El-Masri HA, Yager JW. 2007. Research toward the development of a biologically based dose response assessment for inorganic arsenic carcinogenicity: a progress report. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 222:388–398.
  • Clewell HJ, Thomas RS, Kenyon EM, Hughes MF, Adair BM, Gentry PR, Yager JW. 2011. Concentration- and time-dependent genomic changes in the mouse urinary bladder following exposure to arsenate in drinking water for up to 12 weeks. Toxicol Sci. 123:421–432.
  • Cohen PR. 2017. Do infants fed rice and rice products have an increased risk for skin cancer? Cutis. 100:250.
  • Cohen SM. 2018a. Letter to the editor, re: Lynch et al., 2017. Environ Int. 111:316.
  • Cohen SM. 2018b. Screening for human urinary bladder carcinogens: two-year bioassay is unnecessary. Toxicol Res (Camb).7:565–575.
  • Cohen SM, Arnold LL. 2011. Chemical carcinogenesis. Toxicol Sci. 120:S76–S92.
  • Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Beck BD, Lewis AS, Eldan M. 2013. Evaluation of the carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic. Crit Rev Toxicol. 43:711–752.
  • Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Eldan M, Lewis AS, Beck BD. 2006. Methylated arsenicals: the implications of metabolism and carcinogenicity studies in rodents to human risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol. 36:99–133.
  • Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Klaunig JE, Goodman JI. 2014. Re: Waalkes et al.: Lung tumors in mice induced by “whole-life” inorganic arsenic exposure at human-relevant doses, Arch Toxicol, 2014 . Arch Toxicol. 88:2061–2062.
  • Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Klaunig JE, Goodman JI. 2015. Response to the Waalkes et al., Letter to the editor concerning our “letter to the editor, Re: Lung tumors in mice induced by “whole-life” inorganic arsenic exposure at human relevant doses, Waalkes et al., Arch Toxicol, 2014”. Arch Toxicol. 89:2167–2168.
  • Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Klaunig JE, Goodman JI. 2016. Response to Druwe and Burgoon: Re: Druwe, I.L. and Burgoon, L.: revisiting Cohen et al. 2015, Cohen et al. 2014 and Waalkes et al. 2014: a bayesian re-analysis of tumor incidences. Arch Toxicol. 90:3129–3130.
  • Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Uzvolgyi E, Cano M, St John M, Yamamoto S, Lu X, Le XC. 2002. Possible role of dimethylarsinous acid in dimethylarsinic acid-induced urothelial toxicity and regeneration in the rat. Chem Res Toxicol. 15:1150–1157.
  • Cohen SM, Chowdhury A, Arnold LL. 2016. Inorganic arsenic: A non-genotoxic carcinogen. J Environ Sci (China).49:28–37.
  • Cohen SM, Shirai T, Steineck G. 2000. Epidemiology and etiology of premalignant and malignant urothelial changes. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 34:105–115.
  • Corton J, Cunningham ML, Hummer BT, Lau C, Meek B, Peters JM, Popp JA, Rhomberg L, Seed J, Klaunig JE. 2014. Mode of action framework analysis for receptor-mediated toxicity: the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) as a case study. Crit Rev Toxicol. 44:1–49.
  • Corton JC, Peters JM, Klaunig JE. 2018. The PPARα-dependent rodent liver tumor response is not relevant to humans: addressing misconceptions. Arch Toxicol. 92:83–119.
  • Coryell M, McAlpine M, Pinkham NV, McDermott TR, Walk ST. 2018. The gut microbiome is required for full protection against acute arsenic toxicity in mouse models. Nature Comm. 9:5424.
  • Crump KS. 2006. The effect of random error in exposure measurement upon the shape of the exposure response. Dose Response. 3:456–464.
  • Cui X, Wakai T, Shirai Y, Hatakeyama K, Hirano S. 2006. Chronic oral exposure to inorganic arsenate interferes with methylation status of p16INK4a and RASSF1A and induces lung cancer in A/J mice. Toxicol Sci. 91:372–381.
  • Cullen WR. 2008. Is arsenic an aphrodisiac? the sociochemistry of an element. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
  • Cullen WR, Reimer KJ. 2017. Arsenic is Everywhere: Cause for Concern? Cambridge (UK): Royal Society of Chemistry.
  • Currier JM, Svoboda M, de Moraes DP, Matousek T, Dĕdina J, Stýblo M. 2011. Direct analysis of methylated trivalent arsenicals in mouse liver by hydride generation-cryotrapping-atomic absorption spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol. 24:478–480.
  • D’Ippoliti D, Santelli E, De Sario M, Scortichini M, Davoli M, Michelozzi P. 2015. Arsenic in drinking water and mortality for cancer and chronic diseases in central Italy, 1990-2010. PLoS One. 10:e0138182.
  • Dai YC, Wang SC, Haque MM, Lin WH, Lin LC, Chen CH, Liu YW. 2017. The interaction of arsenic and N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine on urothelial carcinogenesis in mice. PLoS One. 12:e0186214.
  • Dauphine DC, Smith AH, Yuan Y, Balmes JR, Bates MN, Steinmaus C. 2013. Case-control study of arsenic in drinking water and lung cancer in california and nevada. Ijerph. 10:3310–3324.
  • de la Rosa R, Steinmaus C, Akers NK, Conde L, Ferreccio C, Kalman D, Zhang KR, Skibola CF, Smith AH, Zhang L, Smith MT. 2017. Associations between arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (AS3MT) and N-6 adenine-specific DNA methyltransferase 1 (N6AMT1) polymorphisms, arsenic metabolism, cancer risk in a Chilean population. Environ Mol Mutagen. 58:411–422.
  • Del Razo LM, Garcia-Vargas GG, Valenzuela OL, Castellanos EH, Sanchez-Pena LC, Currier JM, Drobna Z, Loomis D, Styblo M. 2011. Exposure to arsenic in drinking water is associated with increased prevalence of diabetes: a cross-sectional study in the Zimapán and Lagunera regions in Mexico. Environ Health. 10:73–71.
  • Del Razo LM, Garcia-Vargas GG, Vargas H, Albores A, Gonsebatt ME, Montero R, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Kelsh M, Cebrian ME. 1997. Altered profile of urinary arsenic metabolites in adults with chronic arsenicism. A pilot study. Arch Toxicol. 71:211–217.
  • Diamond GL, Bradham KD, Brattin WJ, Burgess M, Griffin S, Hawkins CA, Juhasz AL, Klotzbach JM, Nelson C, Lowney YW, et al. 2016. Predicting oral relative bioavailability of arsenic in soil from in vitro bioaccessibility. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 79:165–173.
  • Dodmane PR, Arnold LL, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Qiu F, Liu X, Rennard SI, Cohen SM. 2013. Cytotoxicity and gene expression changes induced by inorganic and organic trivalent arsenicals in human cells. Toxicology. 312:18–29.
  • Dodmane PR, Arnold LL, Muirhead DE, Suzuki S, Yokohira M, Pennington KL, Dave BJ, Lu X, Le XC, Cohen SM. 2014. Characterization of intracellular inclusions in the urothelium of mice exposed to inorganic arsenic. Toxicol Sci. 137:36–46.
  • Dodmane PR, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Cohen SM. 2014. Orally administered nicotine induces urothelial hyperplasia in rats and mice. Toxicology. 315:49–54.
  • Doherty MK, Hammond DE, Clague MJ, Gaskell SJ, Beynon RJ. 2009. Turnover of the human proteome: determination of protein intracellular stability by dynamic SILAC. J Proteome Res. 8:104–112.
  • Donehower L, Harvey M, Slagle BL, McArthur MJ, Montgomery CA, Jr Butel JS, Bradley A. 1992. Mice deficient for p53 are developmentally normal but susceptible to spontaneous tumours. Nature. 356:215.
  • Driscoll KE, Costa DL, Hatch G, Henderson R, Oberdorster G, Salem H, Schlesinger RB. 2000. Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity: uses and limitations. Toxicol Sci. 55:24–35.
  • Drobna Z, Naranmandura H, Kubachka KM, Edwards BC, Herbin-Davis K, Styblo M, Le XC, Creed JT, Maeda N, Hughes MF, et al. 2009. Disruption of the arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase gene in the mouse alters the phenotype for methylation of arsenic and affects distribution and retention of orally administered arsenate. Chem Res Toxicol. 22:1713–1720.
  • Drobna Z, Walton FS, Paul DS, Xing W, Thomas DJ, Styblo M. 2010. Metabolism of arsenic in human liver: the role of membrane transporters. Arch Toxicol. 84:3–16.
  • Drobna Z, Waters SB, Walton FS, LeCluyse EL, Thomas DJ, Styblo M. 2004. Interindividual variation in the metabolism of arsenic in cultured primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 201:166–177.
  • Drobna Z, Walton FS, Harmon AW, Thomas DJ, Styblo M. 2010. Interspecies differences in metabolism of arsenic by cultured primary hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 245:47–56.
  • Durda K, Kąklewski K, Gupta S, Szydłowski M, Baszuk P, Jaworska-Bieniek K, Sukiennicki G, Kaczmarek K, Waloszczyk P, Narod S, et al. 2017. Serum folate concentration and the incidence of lung cancer. PLoS One. 12:e0177441.
  • Ebert F, Weiss A, Bultemeyer M, Hamann I, Hartwig A, Schwerdtle T. 2011. Arsenicals affect base excision repair by several mechanisms. Mutat Res. 715:32–41.
  • Efremenko AY, Seagrave J, Clewell HJ, Van Landingham C, Gentry PR, Yager JW. 2015. Evaluation of gene expression changes in human primary lung epithelial cells following 24-hr exposures to inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites and to arsenic trioxide. Environ Mol Mutagen. 56:477–490.
  • EFSA Scientific Committee. 2017. Clarification of some aspects related to genotoxicity assessment. EFSA J. 15:5113.
  • El-Masri HA, Hong T, Henning C, Mendez W, Jr, Hudgens EE, Thomas DJ, Lee JS. 2018. Evaluation of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for inorganic arsenic exposure using data from two diverse human populations. Environ Health Perspect. 126:077004.
  • El-Masri HA, Kenyon EM. 2008. Development of a human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for inorganic arsenic and its mono- and di-methylated metabolites. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 35:31–68.
  • Erraguntla NK, Sielken RL, Jr, Valdez-Flores C, Grant RL. 2012. An updated inhalation unit risk factor for arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds based on a combined analysis of epidemiological studies. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol. 64:329–341.
  • Faita F, Cori L, Bianchi F, Andreassi MG. 2013. Arsenic-induced genotoxicity and genetic susceptibility to arsenic-related pathologies. IJERPH. 10:1527–1546.
  • Fanidi A, Muller DC, Yuan JM, Stevens VL, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, Prentice R, Thomsen CA, Pettinger M, Cai Q. 2018. Circulating folate, Vitamin B6, and methionine in relation to lung cancer risk in the lung cancer cohort consortium (LC3). J Natl Cancer Inst. 110:57–67.
  • Ferdosi H, Dissen EK, Afari-Dwamena NA, Li J, Chen R, Feinleib M, Lamm SH. 2016. Arsenic in drinking water and lung cancer mortality in the United States: an analysis based on US Counties and 30 years of observation (1950-1979). J Environ Public Health. 2016:1.
  • Ferreccio C, Smith AH, Duran V, Barlaro T, Benitez H, Valdes R, Aguirre JJ, Moore LE, Acevedo J, Vasquez MI, et al. 2013. Case-control study of arsenic in drinking water and kidney cancer in uniquely exposed Northern Chile. Am J Epidemiol. 178:813–818.
  • Forman HJ, Zhang H, Rinna A. 2009. Glutathione: overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis. Mol Aspects Med. 30:1–12.
  • Fraser JL, F, Sede CP. Vendetti 2016. Disorders of cobalamin and folate metabolism. In: Hollak CEM, Lachmann R, editors. Inherited metabolic disease in adults: a clinical guide. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; p. 171–180.
  • Frost F, Harter L, Milham S, Royce R, Smith AH, Hartley J, Enterline P. 1987. Lung cancer among women residing close to an arsenic emitting copper smelter. Arch Environ Health. 42:148–152.
  • Fu S, Wu J, Li Y, Liu Y, Gao Y, Yao F, Qiu C, Song L, Wu Y, Liao Y, Sun D. 2014. Urinary arsenic metabolism in a Western Chinese population exposed to high-dose inorganic arsenic in drinking water: influence of ethnicity and genetic polymorphisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 274:117–123.
  • Gamble MV, Liu X, Ahsan H, Pilsner JR, Ilievski V, Slavkovich V, Parvez F, Chen Y, Levy D, Factor-Litvak P, et al. 2006. Folate and arsenic metabolism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled folic acid-supplementation trial in Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr. 84:1093–1101.
  • Gamble MV, Liu X, Ahsan H, Pilsner R, Ilievski V, Slavkovich V, Parvez F, Levy D, Factor-Litvak P, Graziano JH. 2005. Folate, homocysteine, and arsenic metabolism in arsenic-exposed individuals in Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect. 113:1683–1688.
  • Gamboa-Loira B, Cebrian ME, Franco-Marina F, Lopez-Carrillo L. 2017. Arsenic metabolism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Environ Res. 156:551–558.
  • Garland DL. 1978. Kinetics and mechanism of colchicine binding to tubulin: evidence for ligand-induced conformational changes. Biochemistry. 17:4266–4272.
  • Garrett S, Belcastro M, Sens M, Somji S, Sens D. 2001. Acute exposure to arsenite induces metallothionein isoform-specific gene expression in human proximal tubule cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 64:343–355.
  • Garry MR, Santamaria AB, Williams AL, DeSesso JM. 2015. In utero arsenic exposure in mice and early life susceptibility to cancer. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 73:378–390.
  • Gentry PR, McDonald TB, Sullivan DE, Shipp AM, Yager JW, Clewell HJ. 2010. Analysis of genomic dose-response information on arsenic to inform key events in a mode of action for carcinogenicity. Environ Mol Mutagen. 51:1–14.
  • Gentry PR, Yager JW, Clewell RA, Clewell HJ. 2014. Use of mode of action data to inform a dose–response assessment for bladder cancer following exposure to inorganic arsenic. Toxicol in Vitro. 28:1196–1205.
  • Gentry PR, Clewell HJ, Greene TB, Franzen AC, Yager JW. 2014. The impact of recent advances in research on arsenic cancer risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 69:91–104.
  • Germolec DR, Spalding J, Yu HS, Chen GS, Simeonova PP, Humble MC, Bruccoleri A, Boorman GA, Foley JF, Yoshida T, et al. 1998. Arsenic enhancement of skin neoplasia by chronic stimulation of growth factors. Am J Pathol. 153:1775–1785.
  • Gift JS, Caldwell JC, Jinot J, Evans MV, Cote I, Vandenberg JJ. 2013. Scientific considerations for evaluating cancer bioassays conducted by the Ramazzini Institute. Environ Health Perspect. 121:1253–1263.
  • Gilbert-Diamond D, Li Z, Perry AE, Spencer SK, Gandolfi AJ, Karagas MR. 2013. A population-based case-control study of urinary arsenic species and squamous cell carcinoma in New Hampshire, USA. Environ Health Perspect. 121:1154–1160.
  • Goodman JI, Augustine KA, Cunnningham ML, Dixon D, Dragan YP, Falls JG, Rasoulpour RJ, Sills RC, Storer RD, Wolf DC, Pettit SD. 2010. What do we need to know prior to thinking about incorporating an epigenetic evaluation info safety assessments? Toxicol Sci. 116:375–381.
  • Gossai A, Zens MS, Punshon T, Jackson BP, Perry AE, Karagas MR. 2017. Rice consumption and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in a United States population. Environ Health Perspect. 125:097005–092018.
  • Hamadeh H, Trouba K, Amin R, Afshari C, Germolec D. 2002. Coordination of altered DNA repair and damage pathways in arsenite-exposed keratinocytes. Toxicol Sci. 69:306–316.
  • Haney J. 2015. Consideration of non-linear, non-threshold and threshold approaches for assessing the carcinogenicity of oral exposure to hexavalent chromium. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 73:834–852.
  • Haque R, Mazumder DN, Samanta S, Ghosh N, Kalman D, Smith MM, Mitra S, Santra A, Lahiri S, Das S, et al. 2003. Arsenic in drinking water and skin lesions: dose-response data from West Bengal, India. Epidemiology. 14:174–182.
  • Haseman JK. 1983. A reexamination of false-positive rates for carcinogenesis studies. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 3:334–339.
  • Hayashi H, Kanisawa M, Yamanaka K, Ito T, Udaka N, Ohji H, Okudela K, Okada S, Kitamura H. 1998. Dimethylarsinic acid, a main metabolite of inorganic arsenics, has tumorigenicity and progression effects in the pulmonary tumors of A/J mice. Cancer Lett. 125:83–88.
  • He H, Shui B. 2014. Folate intake and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 65:286–292.
  • Health Canada. 2008. Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality: guideline technical document – arsenic. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/guidelines-canadian-drinking-water-quality-guideline-technical-document-arsenic/page-11-guidelines-canadian-drinking-water-quality-guideline-technical-document-arsenic.html#a10.
  • Heck JE, Andrew AS, Onega T, Rigas JR, Jackson BP, Karagas MR, Duell EJ. 2009. Lung cancer in a U.S. population with low to moderate arsenic exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 117:1718–1723.
  • Hindmarsh JT, McCurdy RF. 1986. Clinical and environmental aspects of arsenic toxicity. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 23:315–347.
  • Hinkson IV, Elias JE. 2011. The dynamic state of protein turnover: It's about time. Trends Cell Biol. 21:293–303.
  • Hirano S, Cui X, Li S, Kanno S, Kobayashi Y, Hayakawa T, Shraim A. 2003. Difference in uptake and toxicity of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic arsenic in rat heart microvessel endothelial cells. Arch Toxicol. 77:305–312.
  • Hong Y-S, Ye B-J, Kim Y-M, Kim B-G, Kang G-H, Kim J-J, Song K-H, Kim Y-H, Seo J-W. 2017. Investigation of health effects according to the exposure of low concentration arsenic contaminated ground water. Int J Environ Res Pub Health. 14:1461.
  • Hough RL, Fletcher T, Leonardi GS, Goessler W, Gnagnarella P, Clemens F, Gurzau E, Koppova K, Rudnai P, Kumar R, et al. 2010. Lifetime exposure to arsenic in residential drinking water in Central Europe. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 83:471–481.
  • Hsu KH, Tsui KH, Hsu LI, Chiou HY, Chen CJ. 2017. Dose-response relationship between inorganic arsenic exposure and lung cancer among arseniasis residents with low methylation capacity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 26:756–761.
  • Hsueh Y-M, Cheng G-S, Wu M-M, Yu H-S, Kuo T-L, Chen C-J. 1995. Multiple risk factors associated with arsenic-induced skin cancer: effects of chronic liver disease and malnutrition status. Br J Cancer. 71:109–114.
  • Hsueh Y-M, Chiou H-Y, Huang Y-L, Wu W-L, Huang C-C, Yang M-H, Lue L-C, Chen G-S, Chen C-J. 1997. Serum beta-carotene level, arsenic methylation capability, and incidence of skin cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 6:589–596.
  • Hu J, Juan W, Sahyoun NR. 2016. Intake and biomarkers of folate and risk of cancer morbidity in older adults, NHANES 1999-2002 with Medicare linkage. PLoS One. 11:e0148697.
  • Huang YK, Huang YL, Hsueh YM, Yang MH, Wu MM, Chen SY, Hsu LI, Chen CJ. 2008. Arsenic exposure, urinary arsenic speciation, and the incidence of urothelial carcinoma: a twelve-year follow-up study. Cancer Causes Control. 19:829–839.
  • Huang C-Y, Lin Y-C, Shiue H-S, Chen W-J, Su C-T, Pu Y-S, Ao P-L, Hsueh Y-M. 2018. Comparison of arsenic methylation capacity and polymorphisms of arsenic methylation genes between bladder cancer and upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Toxicol Lett. 295:64–73.
  • Huang C-Y, Pu Y-S, Shiue H-S, Chen W-J, Lin Y-C, Hsueh Y-M. 2016. Polymorphisms of human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 ad 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine increase susceptibility to arsenic methylation capacity-related urothelial carcinoma. Arch Toxicol. 90:1917–1927.
  • Hughes MF, Edwards BC, Herbin-Davis KM, Saunders J, Styblo M, Thomas DJ. 2010. Arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase genotype affects steady-state distribution and clearance of arsenic in arsenate-treated mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 249:217–223.
  • Hwang YH, Bornschein RL, Grote J, Menrath W, Roda S. 1997a. Environmental arsenic exposure of children around a former copper smelter site. Environ Res. 72:72–81.
  • Hwang YH, Bornschein RL, Grote J, Menrath W, Roda S. 1997b. Urinary arsenic excretion as a biomarker of arsenic exposure in children. Arch Environ Health. 52:139–147.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer[IARC]. 1973. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man: some inorganic and organometallic compounds. Vol. 2. Lyon: IARC Press.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer[IARC]. 1980. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans: some metals and metallic compounds. Vol. 23. Lyon: IARC Press.
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer[IARC]. 2009. IARC Special Report: Policy. Vol. 10. Lyon: IARC Press.
  • International Programme on Chemical Safety[IPCS]. 2005. Chemical-specific adjustment factors for interspecies differences and human variability: guidance document for use of data in dose/concentration-response assessment. harmonization project document No. 2. Geneva: IPCS, World Health Organization. [accessed 2018 Oct 6]. http://www.who.int/ipcs/methods/harmonization/areas/uncertainty/en/index.html.
  • Jaspers I, Samet J, Reed W. 1999. Arsenite exposure of cultured airway epithelial cells activates kappaB-dependent interleukin-8 gene expression in the absence of nuclear factor-kappaB nuclear translocation. J Biol Chem. 274:31025–31033.
  • Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives[JECFA]. 2011. Safety evaluation of certain contaminants in food. WHO Food Additives Series: 63. FAO JECFA Monographs 8. Geneva: World Health Organization. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • Kao Y, Yu C, Chang L, Yu H. 2003. Low concentrations of arsenic induce vascular endothelial growth factor and nitric oxide release and stimulate angiogenesis in vitro. Chem Res Toxicol. 16:460–468.
  • Karagas MR, Andrew AS, Nelson HH, Li Z, Punshon T, Schned A, Marsit CJ, Morris JS, Moore JH, Tyler AL, et al. 2012. SLC39A2 and FSIP1 polymorphisms as potential modifiers of arsenic-related bladder cancer. Hum Genet. 131:453–461.
  • Karagas MR, Stukel TA, Morris JS, Tosteson TD, Weiss JE, Spencer SK, Greenberg ER. 2001. Skin cancer risk in relation to toenail arsenic concentrations in a US population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 153:559–565.
  • Karagas MR, Stukel TA, Tosteson TD. 2002. Assessment of cancer risk and environmental levels of arsenic in New Hampshire. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 205:85–94.
  • Karagas MR, Tosteson TD, Blum J, Klaue B, Weiss JE, Stannard V, Spate V, Morris JS. 2000. Measurement of low levels of arsenic exposure: a comparison of water and toenail concentrations. Am J Epidemiol. 152:84–90.
  • Karagas MR, Tosteson TD, Morris JS, Demidenko E, Mott LA, Heaney J, Schned A. 2004. Incidence of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and arsenic exposure in New Hampshire. Cancer Causes Control. 15:465–472.
  • Karagas MR, Cushing GL, Greenberg ER, Mott LA, Spencer SK, Nierenberg DW. 2001. Non-melanoma skin cancers and glucocorticoid therapy. Br J Cancer. 85:683–686.
  • Karagas MR, Gossai A, Pierce B, Ahsan H. 2015. Drinking water arsenic contamination, skin lesions, and malignancies: a systematic review of the global evidence. Curr Envir Health Rpt. 2:52–68.
  • Kenyon EM, Klimecki WT, El-Masri H, Conolly RB, Clewell HJ, Beck BD. 2008. How can biologically-based modeling of arsenic kinetics and dynamics inform the risk assessment process? – a workshop review. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 232:359–368.
  • Kim T-H, Seo J-W, Hong Y-S, Song K-H. 2017. Case-control study of chronic low-level exposure of inorganic arsenic species and non-melanoma skin cancer. J Dermatol. 44:1374–1379.
  • Kinoshita A, Wanibuchi H, Morimura K, Wei M, Nakae D, Arai T, Minowa O, Noda T, Nishimura S, Fukushima S. 2007. Carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid in Ogg1-deficient mice. Cancer Sci. 98:803–814.
  • Kirkland DJ, Müller L. 2000. Interpretation of the biological relevance of genotoxicity test results: the importance of thresholds. Mutat Res. 464:137–147.
  • Kishore U, Greenhough TJ, Waters P, Shrive AK, Ghai R, Kamran MF, Bernal AL, Reid KB, Madan T, Chakraborty T. 2006. Surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D: structure, function and receptors. Mol Immunol. 43:1293–1315.
  • Kitchin KT, Conolly R. 2010. Arsenic-induced carcinogenesis-oxidative stress as a possible mode of action and future research needs for more biologically based risk assessment. Chem Res Toxicol. 23:327–335.
  • Kitchin KT, Wallace K. 2005. Arsenite binding to synthetic peptides based on the Zn finger region and the estrogen binding region of the human estrogen receptor-alpha. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 206:66–72.
  • Kitchin KT, Wallace K. 2006. Dissociation of arsenite-peptide complexes: triphasic nature, rate constants, half-lives, and biological importance. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 20:48–56.
  • Kitchin KT, Wallace K. 2008a. Evidence against the nuclear in situ binding of arsenicals—oxidative stress theory of arsenic carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 232:252–257.
  • Kitchin KT, Wallace K. 2008b. The role of protein binding of trivalent arsenicals in arsenic carcinogenesis and toxicity. J Inorg Biochem. 102:532–539.
  • Kligerman AD, Doerr CL, Tennant AH, Harrington-Brock K, Allen JW, Winkfield E, Poorman-Allen P, Kundu B, Funasaka K, Roop BC, et al. 2003. Methylated trivalent arsenicals as candidate ultimate genotoxic forms of arsenic: induction of chromosomal mutations but not gene mutations. Environ Mol Mutagen. 42:192–205.
  • Kligerman AD, Tennant AH. 2007. Insights into the carcinogenic mode of action of arsenic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 222:281–288.
  • Knobeloch LM, Zierold KM, Anderson HA. 2006. Association of arsenic-contaminated drinking-water with prevalence of skin cancer in Wisconsin’s Fox River Valley. J Health Popul Nutr. 24:206–213.
  • Koutros S, Baris D, Waddell R, Beane Freeman LE, Colt JS, Schwenn M, Johnson A, Ward MH, Hosain GM, Moore LE, et al. 2018. Potential effect modifiers of the arsenic-bladder cancer risk relationship. Int J Cancer. 143:2640–2646.
  • Koutros S, Lenz P, Hewitt SM, Kida M, Jones M, Schned AR, Baris D, Pfeiffer R, Schwenn M, Johnson A, et al. 2018. Elevated bladder cancer in northern New England: the role of drinking water and arsenic. J Natl Cancer Inst. 110:1273–1274.
  • Kuo YC, Lo YS, Guo HR. 2017. Lung cancer associated with arsenic Ingestion: cell-type specificity and dose response . Epidemiology. 28:S106–S112.
  • Kuo CC, Moon KA, Wang SL, Silbergeld E, Navas-Acien A. 2017. The association of arsenic metabolism with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Environ Health Perspect. 125:087001.
  • Kurttio P, Pukkala E, Kahelin H, Auvinen A, Pekkanen J. 1999. Arsenic concentrations in well water and risk of bladder and kidney cancer in Finland. Environ Health Perspect. 107:705–710.
  • Lamm SH, Boroje IJ, Ferdosi H, Ahn J. 2018. Lung cancer risk and low (≤50 μg/L) drinking water arsenic levels for US Counties (2009-2013)-a negative Association. Ijerph. 15:1200.
  • Lamm SH, Engel A, Kruse MB, Feinleib M, Byrd DM, Lai S, Wilson R. 2004. Arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer mortality in the United States: an analysis based on 133 U.S. counties and 30 years of observation. J Occup Environ Med. 46:298–306.
  • Lamm SH, Ferdosi H, Dissen EK, Li J, Ahn J. 2015. A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of lung cancer risk and inorganic arsenic in drinking water. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 12:15498–15515.
  • Lamm SH, Luo Z-D, Bo F-B, Zhang G-Y, Zhang Y-M, Wilson R, Byrd DM, Lai S, Li F-X, Polkanov M. 2007. An epidemiological study of asenic-related skin disorders and skin cancer and the consumption of arsenic-related skin disorders and skin cancer and the consumption of arsenic-contaminated well waters in Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, China. Human Ecol Risk Asesss. 13:713–746.
  • Lantz RC, Hays AM. 2006. Role of oxidative stress in arsenic-induced toxicity. Drug Metab Rev. 38:791–804.
  • Lau A, Li M, Xie R, He Q, Chiu J. 2004. Opposed arsenite-induced signaling pathways promote cell proliferation or apoptosis in cultured lung cells. Carcinogenesis. 25:21–28.
  • Le XC, Lu X, Ma M, Cullen WR, Aposhian HV, Zheng B. 2000. Speciation of key arsenic metabolic intermediates in human urine. Anal Chem. 72:5172–5177.
  • Leonardi G, Vahter M, Clemens F, Goessler W, Gurzau E, Hemminki K, Hough R, Koppova K, Kumar R, Rudnai P, et al. 2012. Inorganic arsenic and basal cell carcinoma in areas of Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia: a case-control study. Environ Health Perspect. 120:721–726.
  • Lewis AS, Beyer LA, Zu K. 2015. Considerations in deriving quantitative cancer criteria for inorganic arsenic exposure via inhalation. Environ Int. 74:258–273.
  • Lewis DR, Southwick JW, Ouellet-Hellstrom R, Rench J, Calderon RL. 1999. Drinking water arsenic in Utah: a cohort mortality study. Environ Health Perspect. 107:359–365.
  • Li J, Packianathan C, Rossman TG, Rosen BP. 2017. Nonsynonymous polymorphisms in the human AS3MT arsenic methylation gene: Implications for arsenic toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol. 30:1481–1491.
  • Liao W, Chang K, Yu C, Chen G, Chang L, Yu H. 2004. Arsenic induces human keratinocyte apoptosis by the FAS/FAS ligand pathway, which correlates with alterations in nuclear factor-j B, activator protein-1 activity. J Invest Dermatol. 122:125–129.
  • Lin Y-C, Chen W-J, Huang C-Y, Shiue H-S, Su C-T, Ao P-L, Pu Y-S, Hsueh Y-M. 2018. Polymorphisms of arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase and arsenic methylation capacity affect the risk of bladder cancer. Toxicol Sci. 164:328–338.
  • Lock EA, Hard GC. 2004. Chemically induced renal tubule tumors in the laboratory rat and mouse: Review of the NCI/NTP database and categorization of renal carcinogens based on mechanistic information. Crit Rev Toxicol. 34:211–299.
  • Lu X, Arnold LL, Cohen SM, Cullen WR, Le XC. 2003. Speciation of dimethylarsinous acid and trimethylarsine oxide in urine from rats fed with dimethylarsinic acid and dimercaptopropane sulfonate. Anal Chem. 75:6463–6468.
  • Lu K, Cable PH, Abo RP, Ru H, Graffam ME, Schlieper KA, Parry NM, Levine S, Bodnar WM, Wishnok JS, et al. 2013. Gut microbiome perturbations induced by bacterial infection affect arsenic biotransformation. Chem Res Toxicol. 26:1893–1903.
  • Lu K, Mahbub R, Cable PH, Ru H, Parry NM, Bodnar WM, Wishnok JS, Styblo M, Swenberg JA, Fox JG, et al. 2014. Gut microbiome phenotypes driven by host genetics affect arsenic metabolism. Chem Res Toxicol. 27:172–174.
  • Lu M, Wang H, Li XF, Arnold LL, Cohen SM, Le XC. 2007. Binding of dimethylarsinous acid to cys-13alpha of rat hemoglobin is responsible for the retention of arsenic in rat blood. Chem Res Toxicol. 20:27–37.
  • Lu M, Wang H, Li XF, Lu X, Cullen WR, Arnold LL, Cohen SM, Le XC. 2004. Evidence of hemoglobin binding to arsenic as a basis for the accumulation of arsenic in rat blood. Chem Res Toxicol. 7:1733–1742.
  • Luo L, Li Y, Gao Y, Zhao L, Feng H, Wei W, Qiu C, He Q, Zhang Y, Fu S, Sun D. 2018. Association between arsenic metabolism gene polymorphisms and arsenic-induced skin lesions in individuals exposed to high-dose inorganic arsenic in northwest China. Sci Rep. 118:413.
  • Lynch HN, Zu K, Kennedy EM, Lam T, Liu X, Pizzurro DM, Loftus CT, Rhomberg LR. 2017a. Quantitative assessment of lung and bladder cancer risk and oral exposure to inorganic arsenic: Meta-regression analyses of epidemiological data. Environ Int. 106:178–206.
  • Lynch HN, Zu K, Kennedy EM, Lam T, Liu X, Pizzurro DM, Loftus CT, Rhomberg LR. 2017b. Corrigendum to quantitative assessment of lung and bladder cancer risk and oral exposure to inorganic arsenic: meta-regression analyses of epidemiological data Environmental International 106:178-206. Environ Int. 109:195–196.
  • MacGregor JT, Frötschl R, White PA, Crump KS, Eastmond DA, Fukushima S, Guérard M, Hayashi M, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Kasamatsu T, et al. 2015. IWGT report on quantitative approaches to genotoxicity risk assessment. II. Use of point-of-departure (POD) metrics in defining acceptable exposure limits and assessing human risk. Mutat Res. 783:55–65.
  • Mandal BK, Ogra Y, Suzuki KT. 2001. Identification of dimethylarsinous and monomethylarsonous acids in human urine of the arsenic-affected areas in West Bengal, India. Chem Res Toxicol. 14:371–378.
  • Marafante E, Vahter M, Dencker L. 1984. Metabolism of arsenocholine in mice, rats and rabbits. Sci Total Environ. 34:223–240.
  • Mayer JE, Goldman RH. 2016. Arsenic and skin cancer in the USA: the current evidence regarding arsenic-contaminated drinking water. Int J Dermatol. 55:e585–e591.
  • Mazumder DN. 2007. Arsenic and non-malignant lung disease. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 42:1859–1867.
  • Mazumder DNG, Haque R, Ghosh N, De BK, Santra A, Chakraborty D, Smith AH. 1998. Arsenic levels in drinking water and the prevalence of skin lesions in West Bengal, India. Int J Epidemiol. 27:871–877.
  • Mazumder DN, Steinmaus C, Bhattacharya P, von Ehrenstein OS, Ghosh N, Gotway M, Sil A, Balmes JR, Haque R, Hira-Smith MM, et al. 2005. Bronchiectasis in persons with skin lesions resulting from arsenic in drinking water. Epidemiology. 16:760–765.
  • Meek ME, Bucher JR, Cohen SM, Dellarco V, Hill RN, Lehman-McKeeman LD, Longfellow DG, Pastoor T, Seed J, Patton DE. 2003. A framework for human relevance analysis of information on carcinogenic modes of action. Crit Rev Toxicol. 33:591–653.
  • Melak D, Ferreccio C, Kalman D, Parra R, Acevedo J, Pérez L, Cortés S, Smith AH, Yuan Y, Liaw J, et al. 2014. Arsenic methylation and lung and bladder cancer in a case-control study in northern Chile. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 274:225–231.
  • Meliker JR, Slotnick MJ, Avruskin GA, Schottenfeld D, Jacquez GM, Wilson ML, Goovaerts P, Franzblau A, Nriagu JO. 2010. Lifetime exposure to arsenic in drinking water and bladder cancer: a population-based case-control study in Michigan, USA. Cancer Causes Control. 21:745–757.
  • Mendez WM, Jr, Eftim S, Cohen J, Warren I, Cowden J, Lee JS, Sams R. 2017. Relationships between arsenic concentrations in drinking water and lung and bladder cancer incidence in U.S. counties. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 27:235–243.
  • Mengesdorf T, Althausen S, Paschen W. 2002. Genes associated with pro-apoptotic and protective mechanisms are affected differently on exposure of neuronal cell cultures to arsenite. No indication for endoplasmic reticulum stress despite activation of grp78 and gadd153 expression. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 104:227–239.
  • Michaud DS, Wright ME, Cantor KP, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D. 2004. Arsenic concentrations in prediagnostic toenails and the risk of bladder cancer in a cohort study of male smokers. Am J Epidemiol. 160:853–859.
  • Mink PJ, Alexander DD, Barraj LM, Kelsh MA, Tsuji JS. 2008. Low-level arsenic exposure in drinking water and bladder cancer: a review and meta-analysis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 52:299–310.
  • Morales KH, Ryan L, Kuo TL, Wu MM, Chen CJ. 2000. Risk of internal cancers from arsenic in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect. 108:655–661.
  • Morikawa T, Wanibuchi H, Morimura K, Ogawa M, Fukushima S. 2000. Promotion of skin carcinogenesis by dimethylarsinic acid in Keratin (K6)/ODC transgenic mice. Jpn J Cancer Res. 91:579–581.
  • Mostafa MG, Cherry N. 2015. Arsenic in drinking water, transitional cell cancer and chronic cystitis in rural Bangladesh. Int J Enviorn Res Public Health. 12:13739–13749.
  • Mostafa MG, McDonald JC, Cherry NM. 2008. Lung cancer and exposure to arsenic in rural Bangladesh. Occup Environ Med. 65:765–768.
  • Nachman KE, Punshon T, Rardin L, Signes-Pastor AJ, Murray CJ, Jackson BP, Guerinot ML, Burke TA, Chen CY, Ahsan H, et al. 2018. Opportunities and challenges for dietary arsenic intervention. Environ Health Perspect. 126:84503.
  • Namgung U, Xia Z. 2001. Arsenic induces apoptosis in rat cerebellar neurons via activation of JNK3 and p38 MAP kinases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 174:130–138.
  • National Research Council [NRC]. 1999. Arsenic in drinking water. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
  • National Research Council [NRC]. 2001. Arsenic in drinking water: an update. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
  • National Research Council [NRC]. 2007. Toxicity testing in the 21st century: a vision and a strategy. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
  • National Research Council [NRC]. 2013. Critical aspects of the EPA’s IRIS assessment of inorganic arsenic: interim report. Committee on inorganic arsenic, board on environmental studies and toxicology, division on earth and life studies. Washington (DC): National Academies Press.
  • National Toxicology Program [NTP]. 2000. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Gallium Arsenide (CAS NO. 1303-00-0) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies).
  • National Toxicology Program [NTP]. 2011. Summary report of the National Toxicology Program and Environmental Protection Agency‐sponsored review of pathology materials from selected Ramazzini Institute rodent cancer bioassays.
  • Nearing MM, Koch I, Reimer KJ. 2014. Arsenic speciation in edible mushrooms. Environ Sci Technol. 48:14203–14210.
  • Nesnow S, Roop BC, Lambert G, Kadiiska M, Mason RP, Cullen WR, Mass MJ. 2002. DNA damage induced by methylated trivalent arsenicals is mediated by reactive oxygen species. Chem Res Toxicol. 15:1627–1634.
  • Ng JC, Seawright AA, Qi L, Garnett CM, Chiswell B, Moore MR. 1999. Tumors in mice induced by exposure to sodium arsenate in drinking water. In: Chappell WR, Abernathy CO, Calderon RL, editors. Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, p. 217–223.
  • Niedzwiecki MM, Liu X, Zhu H, Hall MN, Slavkovich V, Ilievski V, Levy D, Siddique AB, Kibriya MG, Parvez F, et al. 2018. Serum homocysteine, arsenic methylation, and arsenic-induced skin lesion incidence in Bangladesh: a one-carbon metabolism candidate gene study. Environ Int. 113:133–142.
  • Nikitin AY, Alcaraz A, Anver MR, Bronson RT, Cardiff RD, Dixon D, Fraire AE, Gabrielson EW, Gunning WT, Haines DC, et al. 2004. Classification of proliferative pulmonary lesions of the mouse: recommendations of the mouse models of human cancers consortium. Cancer Res. 64:2307–2316.
  • Nohara K, Tateishi Y, Suzuki T, Okamura K, Murai H, Takumi S, Maekawa F, Nishimura N, Kobori M, Ito T. 2012. Late-onset increases in oxidative stress and other tumorigenic activities and tumors with a Ha-ras mutation in the liver of adult male C3H mice gestationally exposed to arsenic. Toxicol Sci. 129:293–304.
  • Nunez O, Fernandez-Navarro P, Martin-Mendez I, Bel-Lan A, Locutura JF, Lopez-Abente G. 2016. Arsenic and chromium topsoil levels and cancer mortality in Spain. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 23:17664–17675.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development[OECD]. 2010. OECD guidance document n° 116 on the design and conduct of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies, supporting tg 451, 452, and 453, section 4: statistical and dose response analysis, including benchmark dose and linear extrapolation, NOAELS and NOELS, LOAELS and LOELS. Paris: OECD.
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development[OECD]. 2015. Guidance document on revisions to OECD genetic toxicology test guidelines. August 31, 2015. Paris: OECD.
  • Ott MG, Holder BB, Gordon HL. 1974. Respiratory cancer and occupational exposure to arsenicals. Arch Environ Health. 29:250–255.
  • Packianathan C, Kandavelu P, Rosen BP. 2018. The Structure of an As(III) S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase with 3-coordinately bound As(III) depicts the first step in catalysis. Biochemistry. 57:4083–4092.
  • Palmieri MA, Molinari BL. 2015. Effect of sodium arsenite on mouse skin carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol. 43:704–714.
  • Parrish A, Zheng X, Turney K, Younis H, Gandolfi A. 1999. Enhanced transcription factor DNA binding and gene expression induced by arsenite or arsenate in renal slices. Toxicol Sci. 50:98–105.
  • Petrick JS, Ayala-Fierro F, Cullen WR, Carter DE, Aposhian HV. 2000. Monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) is more toxic than arsenite in Chang human hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 163:203–207.
  • Pierce BL, Argos M, Chen Y, Melkonia S, Parvez F, Islam T, Ahmed A, Hasan R, Rathouz PJ, Ahsan H. 2011. Arsenic exposure, dietary patterns, and skin lesion risk in Bangladesh: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol. 173:345–354.
  • Pilsner JR, Liu X, Ahsa H, Ilievski V, Slavkovich V, Levy D, Factor-Litvak P, Graziano JH, Gamble MV. 2009. Folate deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia, low urinary creatinine, and hypomethylation of leukocyte DNA are risk factors for arsenic-induced skin lesions. Environ Health Perspect. 117:254–260.
  • Pinyayev TS, Kohan MJ, Herbin-Davis K, Creed JT, Thomas DJ. 2011. Preabsorptive metabolism of sodium arsenate by anaerobic microbiota of mouse cecum forms a variety of methylated and thiolated arsenicals. Chem Res Toxicol. 24:475–477.
  • Proctor DM, Suh M, Chappell G, Borghoff SJ, Thompson CM, Wiench K, Finch L, Ellis-Hutchings R. 2018. An Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) for forestomach tumors induced by non-genotoxic initiating events. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 96:30–40.
  • Qin X, Cui Y, Shen L, Sun N, Zhang Y, Li J, Xu X, Wang B, Xu X, Huo Y, Wang X. 2013. Folic acid supplementation and cancer risk: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cancer. 133:1033–1041.
  • Rager JE, Auerbach SS, Chappell GA, Martin E, Thompson CM, Fry RC. 2017. Benchmark dose modeling estimates of the concentrations of inorganic arsenic that induce changes to the neonatal transcriptome, proteome, and epigenome in a pregnancy cohort. Chem Res Toxicol. 30:1911–1920.
  • Rasheed H, Kay P, Slack R, Gong YY. 2018. The effect of association between inefficient arsenic methylation capacity and demographic characteristics on the risk of skin lesions. Toxicol Appl Pharm. 339:42–51.
  • Rea M, Gregg J, Qin Q, Phillips M, Rice R. 2003. Global alteration of gene expression in human keratinocytes by inorganic arsenic. Carcinogenesis. 24:747–756.
  • Rehman K, Naranmandura H. 2012. Arsenic metabolism and thioarsenicals. Metallomics. 4:881–892.
  • Rhomberg LR, Goodman JE, Haber LT, Dourson M, Andersen ME, Klaunig JE, Meek B, Price PS, McClellan RO, Cohen SM. 2011. Linear low-dose extrapolation for noncancer heath effects is the exception, not the rule. Crit Rev Toxicol. 41:1–21.
  • Rossman TG, Uddin AN, Burns FJ, Bosland MC. 2001. Arsenite is a cocarcinogen with solar ultraviolet radiation for mouse skin: an animal model for arsenic carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 176:64–71.
  • Saint-Jacques N, Brown P, Nauta L, Boxall J, Parker L, Dummer TJB. 2018. Estimating the risk of bladder and kidney cancer from exposure to low-levels of arsenic in drinking water, Nova Scotia, Canada. Environ Int. 110:95–104.
  • Salim EI, Wanibuchi H, Morimura K, Wei M, Mitsuhashi M, Yoshida K, Endo G, Fukushima S. 2003. Carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid in p53 heterozygous knockout and wild-type C57BL/6J mice. Carcinogenesis. 24:335–342.
  • Schabath MB, Spitz MR, Lerner SP, Pillow PC, Hernandez LM, Delclos GL, Grossman HB, Wu X. 2005. Case-control analysis of dietary folate and risk of bladder cancer. Nutr Cancer. 53:144–151.
  • Schoof RA, Yost LJ, Eickhoff J, Crecelius EA, Cragin DW, Meacher DM, Menzel DB. 1999. A market basket survey of inorganic arsenic in food. Food Chem Toxicol. 37:839–846.
  • Seed J, Carney EW, Corley RA, Crofton KM, DeSesso JM, Foster PM, Kavlock R, Kimmel G, Klaunig J, Meek ME, et al. 2005. Overview: using mode of action and life stage information to evaluate the human relevance of animal toxicity data. Crit Rev Toxicol. 35:664–672.
  • Seow WJ, Pan WC, Kile ML, Baccarelli AA, Quamruzzaman Q, Rahman M, Mahiuddin G, Mostofa G, Lin X, Christiani DC. 2012. Arsenic reduction in drinking water and improvement in skin lesions: a follow-up study in Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect. 120:1733–1738.
  • Seow WJ, Pan WC, Kile ML, Lin T, Baccarelli A, Quamruzzaman Q, Rahman M, Mostofa G, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Kibriya M, et al. 2015. A distinct and replicable squamous cell carcinoma gene INPPA5 variant modifies susceptibility of arsenic-associated skin lesions in Bangladesh. Cancer. 121:2222–2229.
  • Shain AH, Bastian BC. 2016. From melanocytes to melanomas. Nat Rev Cancer. 16:345.
  • Sharma A, Flora SJS. 2018. Nutritional management can assist a significant role in alleviation of arsenicosis. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 45:11–20.
  • Shen J, Wanibuchi H, Salim EI, Wei M, Kinoshita A, Yoshida K, Endo G, Fukushima S. 2003. Liver tumorigenicity of trimethylarsine oxide in male Fischer 344 rats-association with oxidative DNA damage and enhanced cell proliferation. Carcinogenesis. 24:1827–1835.
  • Shimizu M, Hochadel J, Fulmer B, Waalkes M. 1998. Effect of glutathione depletion and metallothionein gene expression on arsenic-induced cytotoxicity and c-myc expression in vitro. Toxicol Sci. 45:204–211.
  • Shirachi DY, Johansen MG, McGowan JP, Tu SH. 1983. Tumorigenic effect of sodium arsenite in rat kidney. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 26:413–415.
  • Simeonova PP, Wang S, Toriuma W, Kommineni V, Matheson J, Unimye N, Kayama F, Harki D, Dng M, Vallyathan V, Luster MI. 2000. Arsenic mediates cell proliferation and gene expression in the bladder epithelium: association with activating protein-1 transactivation. Cancer Res. 60:3445–3453.
  • Smeester L, Rager JE, Bailey KA, Guan X, Smith N, García-Vargas G, Del Razo L-M, Drobná Z, Kelkar H, Stýblo M, Fry RC. 2011. Epigenetic changes in individuals with arsenicosis. Chem Res Toxicol. 24:165–167.
  • Smith AH, Ercumen A, Yuan Y, Steinmaus CM. 2009. Increased lung cancer risks are similar whether arsenic is ingested or inhaled. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 19:343–348.
  • Smith AH, Marshall G, Liaw J, Yuan Y, Ferreccio C, Steinmaus C. 2012. Mortality in young adults following in utero and childhood exposure to arsenic in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect. 120:1527–1531.
  • Smith AH, Marshall G, Roh T, Ferreccio C, Liaw J, Steinmaus C. 2018. Lung, bladder, and kidney cancer mortality 40 years after arsenic exposure reduction. J Natl Cancer Inst. 110:241–249.
  • Snow ET, Sykora P, Durham TR, Klein CB. 2005. Arsenic, mode of action at biologically plausible low doses: what are the implications for low dose cancer risk? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 207:557–564.
  • Soffritti M, Belpoggi F, Degli Esposti D, Lambertini L. 2006. Results of a long-term carcinogenicity bioassay on Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to sodium arsenite administered in drinking water. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1076:578–591.
  • Sonich-Mullin C, Fielder R, Wiltse J, Baetcke K, Dempsey J, Fenner-Crisp P, Grant D, Hartley M, Knaap A, Kroese D, et al. 2001. IPCS conceptual framework for evaluating a mode of action for chemical carcinogenesis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 34:146–152.
  • Stanek EJIII, Calabrese EJ, Zorn M. 2001. Soil ingestion distributions for Monte Carlo risk assessment in children. Human Ecol Risk Assess. 7:357–368.
  • Steinmaus C, Bates MN, Yuan Y, Kalman D, Atallah R, Rey OA, Biggs ML, Hopenhayn C, Moore LE, Hoang BK, Smith AH. 2006. Arsenic methylation and bladder cancer risk in case-control studies in Argentina and the United States. J Occup Environ Med. 48:278–488.
  • Steinmaus C, Ferreccio C, Yuan Y, Acevedo J, González F, Perez L, Cortés S, Balmes JR, Liaw J, Smith AH. 2014. Elevated lung cancer in younger adults and low concentrations of arsenic in water. Am J Epidemiol. 180:1082–1087.
  • Steinmaus C, Yuan Y, Bates MN, Smith AH. 2003. Case-control study of bladder cancer and drinking water arsenic in the western United States. Am J Epidemiol.Epidemiol. 158:1193–1201.
  • Steinmaus CM, Yuan Y, Smith AH. 2005. The temporal stability of arsenic concentrations in well water in western Nevada. Environ Res. 99:164–168.
  • Steinmaus C, Ferreccio C, Acevedo J, Yuan Y, Liaw J, Duran V, Cuevas S, Garcia J, Meza R, Valdes R, et al. 2014. Increased lung and bladder cancer incidence in adults after in utero and early-life arsenic exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 23:1529–1538.
  • Steinmaus CM, Ferreccio C, Romo JA, Yuan Y, Cortes S, Marshall G, Moore LE, Balmes JR, Liaw J, Golden T, Smith AH. 2013. Drinking water arsenic in northern chile: high cancer risks 40 years after exposure cessation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 22:623–630.
  • Stengel B. 2010. Chronic kidney disease and cancer: a troubling connection. J Nephrol. 23:253–262.
  • Storer RD, French JE, Haseman J, Hajian G, LeGrand EK, Long GG, Mixson LA, Ochoa R, Sagartz JE, Soper KA. 2001. P53+/− hemizygous knockout mouse: overview of available data. Toxicologic Path. 29:30–50.
  • Strupp C, Bomann W, Cohen SM, Weber K. 2016. Relationship of metabolism and cell proliferation to the mode of action of fluensulfone-induced mouse lung tumors. II: additional mechanistic studies. Toxicol Sci. 154:296–308.
  • Sturlan S, Baumgartner M, Roth E, Bachleitner-Hofmann T. 2003. Docosahexaenoic acid enhances arsenic trioxide-mediated apoptosis in arsenic trioxide-resistant HL-60 cells. Blood. 101:4990–4997.
  • Styblo M, Del Razo LM, Vega L, Germolec DR, LeCluyse EL, Hamilton GA, Reed W, Wang C, Cullen WR, Thomas DJ. 2000. Comparative toxicity of trivalent and pentavalent inorganic and methylated arsenicals in rat and human cells. Arch Toxicol. 74:289–299.
  • Suzuki S, Arnold LL, Ohnishi T, Cohen SM. 2008. Effects of inorganic arsenic on the rat and mouse urinary bladder. Toxicol Sci. 106:350–363.
  • Suzuki S, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Chen B, Naranmandura H, Le XC, Cohen SM. 2010. Dietary administration of sodium arsenite to rats: relations between dose and urinary concentrations of methylated and thio-metabolites and effects on the rat urinary bladder epithelium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 244:99–105.
  • Suzuki S, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Cohen SM. 2009. Effects of co-administration of dietary sodium arsenite and an NADPH oxidase inhibitor on the rat bladder epithelium. Toxicology. 261:41–46.
  • Suzuki S, Cohen SM, Arnold LL, Kato H, Fuji S, Pennington KL, Nagayasu Y, Naiki-Ito A, Yamashita Y, Takahashi S. 2018. Orally administered nicotine effects on rat urinary bladder proliferation and carcinogenesis. Toxicology. 398–399:31–40.
  • Takumi S, Aoki Y, Sano T, Suzuki T, Nohmi T, Nohara K. 2014. In vivo mutagenicity of arsenite in the livers of gpt delta transgenic mice. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 760:42–47.
  • Takumi S, Okamura K, Suzuki T, Hano H, Nohara K, Yanagisawa H. 2015. (Abstract). Gestational arsenic exposure affects gene expression in the kidney and lung in the F1 and F2 mice. The Toxicologist. 422.
  • Taylor V, Li Z, Sayarath V, Palys TJ, Morse KR, Scholz-Bright RA, Karagas MR. 2017. Distinct arsenic metabolites following seaweed consumption in humans. Sci Rep. 7:3920.
  • Thomas DJ. 2010. Arsenolysis and thiol-dependent arsenate reduction. Toxicol Sci. 117:249–252.
  • Thomas DJ. 2015. The chemistry and metabolism of arsenic. In: J. C. States, editor. Arsenic: Exposure Sources, Health Risks and Mechanisms of Toxicity. New York, NY: Wiley; p. 149–201.
  • Thomas DJ, Bradham K. 2016. Role of complex organic arsenicals in food in aggregate exposure to arsenic. J Environ Sci (China). 49:86–96.
  • Thomas RS, Philbert MA, Auerbach SS, Wetmore BA, Devito MJ, Cote I, Rowlands JC, Whelan MP, Hays SM, Andersen ME, et al. 2013. Incorporating new technologies into toxicity testing and risk assessment: moving from 21st century vision to a data-driven framework. Toxicol Sci. 136:4–18.
  • Thomas DJ, Styblo M, Lin S. 2001. The cellular metabolism and systemic toxicity of arsenic. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 176:127–144.
  • Thomas RS, Wesselkamper SC, Wang NCY, Zhao QJ, Petersen DD, Lambert JC, Cote I, Yang L, Healy E, Black MB, et al. 2013. Temporal concordance between apical and transcriptional points of departure for chemical risk assessment. Toxicol Sci. 134:180–194.
  • Thompson CM, Wolf JC, McCoy A, Suh M, Proctor DM, Kirman CR, Haws LC, Harris MA. 2017. Comparison of toxicity and recovery in the duodenum of B6C3F1 mice following treatment with intestinal carcinogens captan, folpet, and hexavalent chromium. Toxicol Pathol. 45:1091–1101.
  • Tokar EJ, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Ward JM, Lunn R, Sams RL, II, Waalkes MP. 2010a. Cancer in experimental animals exposed to arsenic and arsenic compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol. 40:912–927.
  • Tokar EJ, Diwan BA, Thomas DJ, Waalkes MP. 2012. Tumors and proliferative lesions in adult offspring after maternal exposure to methylarsonous acid during gestation in CD1 mice. Arch Toxicol. 86:975–982.
  • Tokar EJ, Diwan BA, Ward JM, Delker DA, Waalkes MP. 2011. Carcinogenic effects of whole-life exposure to inorganic arsenic in CD1 mice. Toxicol Sci. 119:73–83.
  • Tollestrup K, Frost FJ, Harter LC, McMillan GP. 2003. Mortality among children residing near the American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) copper smelter in Ruston, Washington. Arch Environ Health. 58:683–691.
  • Tseng WP. 1977. Effects and dose response relationships of skin cancer and blackfoot disease with arsenic. Environ Health Perspect. 19:109–119.
  • Tseng WP, Chu HM, How SW, Fong JM, Lin CS, Yeh S. 1968. Prevalence of skin cancer in an endemic area of chronic arsenicism in Taiwan. J Natl Cancer Inst. 40:453–463.
  • Tsuji JS, Alexander DD, Perez V, Mink PJ. 2014. Arsenic exposure and bladder cancer: quantitative assessment of studies in human populations to detect risks at low doses. Toxicology. 317:17–30.
  • Tsuji JS, Benson R, Schoof RA, Hook GC. 2004. Health effect levels for risk assessment of childhood exposure to arsenic. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 39:99–110.
  • Tsuji JS, Garry MR, Perez V, Chang ET. 2015. Low-level arsenic exposure and developmental neurotoxicity in children: a systematic review and risk assessment. Toxicology. 337:91–107.
  • Tsuji JS, Perez V, Garry MR, Alexander DD. 2014. Association of low-level arsenic exposure in drinking water with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and risk assessment. Toxicology. 323:78–94.
  • Tsuji JS, Yost LJ, Barraj LM, Scrafford CG, Mink PJ. 2007. Use of background inorganic arsenic exposures to provide perspective on risk assessment results. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 48:59–68.
  • Tsuji JS, Van Kerkhove MD, Kaetzel RS, Scrafford CG, Mink PJ, Barraj LM, Crecelius EA, Goodman M. 2005. Evaluation of exposure to arsenic in residential soil. Environ Health Perspect 113:1736–1740.
  • Tynkevich E, Flamant M, Haymann JP, Metzger M, Thervet E, Boffa JJ, Vrtovsnik F, Houillier P, Froissart M, Stengel B. 2014. Decrease in urinary creatinine excretion in early stage chronic kidney disease. PLoS One. 9:e111949.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA], Science Advisory Committee [SAB]. 2011. Review Comments on EPA’s Responsiveness to SAB 2007 Recommendations for the Revision of Cancer Assessment of Inorganic Arsenic. Washington (DC): USEPA Science Advisory Committee.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 1984. Health assessment document for arsenic EPA/600/8-83/021F. Washington (DC): Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, USEPA.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 1986. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. Federal Register. 51:33992–34003.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 1988. Special report on ingested inorganic arsenic. Skin cancer; nutritional essentiality. EPA/625/3-87/013. Washington (DC): Risk Assessment Forum, USEPA.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 1994. Methods for derivation of inhalation reference concentrations and application of inhalation dosimetry EPA/600/8-90/066F. Washington (DC): Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, USEPA.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 1995. Arsenic, inorganic CASRN 7440-38-2. Integrated Risk Information System Chemical Summary. Washington (DC): National Center for Environmental Assessment. [accessed 2018 Oct 7]. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=278.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 2001. National primary drinking water regulations: arsenic and clarifications to compliance and new source contaminants monitoring. Final Rule. 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142. Fed Reg. 66:6976–7066.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 2005a. Guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment. EPA/630/P-03/001B. Washington (DC): Risk Assessment Forum, USEPA.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 2005b. Toxicological review of ingested inorganic arsenic (CAS No. 7440-38-2). In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). July. IRIS review draft for the Science Advisory Board. Washington (DC): USEPA.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 2006. Revised reregistration eligibility decision for MSMA, DSMA, CAMA, and Cacodylic Acid.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 2007. Advisory on EPA’s Assessments of Carcinogenic Effects of Organic and Inorganic Arsenic: a report of the US EPA Science Advisory Board. (EPA-SAB-07-008) http://yosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.nsf/EADABBF40DED2A0885257308006741EF/$File/sab-07-008.pdf.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 2008. Probabilistic risk assessment for children who contact CCA-treated playsets and decks. Prepared by J. Chen, N. Mottl, T. Lindheimer, N. Cook. Office of Pesticide Programs, Antimicrobials Division. Washington (DC): USEPA.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 2010. Toxicological review of inorganic arsenic (CAS No. 7440-38-2). In support of summary information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). IRIS review draft for the Science Advisory Board. Washington (DC): USEPA. http://nepis.epa.govatend.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 2018. Regional Screening levels (RSLs)—Users Guide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-users-guide.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA]. 2001. Guidance for industry statistical aspects of the design, analysis, and interpretation of chronic rodent carcinogenicity studies of pharmaceuticals. Bethesda, MD.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA]. 2013a Analytical results for arsenic in rice. Bethesda, MD.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA]. 2013b. Arsenic in juice. Bethesda, MD.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA]. 2016. Risk assessment of arsenic in rice. Bethesda, MD.
  • U.S. Public Health Service [USPHS]. 1943. Public Health Service drinking water standards. Public Health Rep. 58:69–111.
  • Valenzuela OL, Borja-Aburto VH, Garcia-Vargas GG, Cruz-Gonzalez MB, Garcia-Montalvo EA, Calderon-Aranda ES, Del Razo LM. 2005. Urinary trivalent methylated arsenic species in a population chronically exposed to inorganic arsenic. Environ Health Perspect. 113:250–254.
  • Vega L, Styblo M, Patterson R, Cullen W, Wang C, Germolec D. 2001. Differential effects of trivalent and pentavalent arsenicals on cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 172:225–232.
  • Vogt B, Rossman T. 2001. Effects of arsenite on p53, p21 and cyclin D expression in normal human fibroblasts - a possible mechanism for arsenite's comutagenicity. Mutat Res. 478:159–168.
  • Waalkes MP, Keefer LK, Diwan BA. 2000. Induction of proliferative lesions of the uterus, testes, and liver in swiss mice given repeated injections of sodium arsenate: Possible estrogenic mode of action. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 166:24–35.
  • Waalkes MP, Liu J, Germolec DR, Trempus CS, Cannon RE, Tokar EJ, Tennant RW, Ward JM, Diwan BA. 2008. Arsenic exposure in utero exacerbates skin cancer response in adulthood with contemporaneous distortion of tumor stem cell dynamics. Cancer Res. 68:8278–8285.
  • Waalkes MP, Liu J, Ward JM, Diwan BA. 2006. Enhanced urinary bladder and liver carcinogenesis in male CD1 mice exposed to transplacental inorganic arsenic and postnatal diethylstilbestrol or tamoxifen. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 215:295–305.
  • Waalkes MP, Liu J, Ward JM, Powell DA, Diwan BA. 2006. Urogenital carcinogenesis in female CD1 mice induced by in utero arsenic exposure is exacerbated by postnatal diethylstilbestrol treatment. Cancer Res. 66:1337–1345.
  • Waalkes MP, Qu W, Tokar EJ, Kissling GE, Dixon D. 2014. Lung tumors in mice induced by whole-life inorganic arsenic exposure at human-relevant doses. Arch Toxicol. 88:1–11.
  • Waalkes MP, Ward JM, Diwan BA. 2004. Induction of tumors of the liver, lung, ovary and adrenal in adult mice after brief maternal gestational exposure to inorganic arsenic: promotional effects of postnatal phorbol ester exposure on hepatic and pulmonary, but not dermal cancers. Carcinogenesis. 25:133–141.
  • Waalkes MP, Ward JM, Liu J, Diwan BA. 2003. Transplacental carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic in the drinking water: induction of hepatic, ovarian, pulmonary, and adrenal tumors in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 186:7–17.
  • Wang YX, Feng W, Zeng Q, Sun Y, Wang P, You L, Yang P, Huang Z, Yu SL, Lu WQ. 2016. Variability of metal levels in spot, first morning, and 24-hour urine samples over a 3-month period in healthy adult Chinese men. Environ Health Perspect. 124:468–476.
  • Wang A, Kligerman AD, Holladay SD, Wolf DC, Robertson JL. 2009. Arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid in drinking water did not affect DNA damage repair in urinary bladder transitional cells or micronuclei in bone marrow. Environ Mol Mutagen. 50:760–770.
  • Wang X, Mandal AK, Saito H, Pulliam JF, Lee EY, Ke ZJ, Lu J, Ding S, Li L, Shelton BJ, et al. 2012. Arsenic and chromium in drinking water promote tumorigenesis in a mouse colitis-associated colorectal cancer model and the potential mechanism is ROS-mediated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 262:11–21.
  • Wang X, Proud C. 1997. p70 S6 kinase is activated by sodium arsenite in adult rat cardiomyocytes: Roles for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and p38 MAP kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 238:207–212.
  • Wang YH, Yeh SD, Shen KH, Shen CH, Juang GD, Hsu LI, Chiou HY, Chen CJ. 2009. A significantly joint effect between arsenic and occupational exposures and risk genotypes/diplotypes of CYP2E1, GSTO1 and GSTO2 on risk of urothelial carcinoma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 241:111–118.
  • Wanibuchi H, Yamamoto S, Chen H, Yoshida K, Endo G, Hori T, Fukushima S. 1996. Promoting effects of dimethylarsinic acid on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis. 17:2435–2439.
  • Wedel WR, Muirhead DE, Arnold LL, Dodmane PR, Lele SM, Maness-Harris L, Hoyt R, Cohen SM. 2013. Urothelial cell intracytoplasmic inclusions after treatment of promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide. Toxicol Sci. 134:271–275.
  • Wei M, Arnold L, Cano M, Cohen SM. 2005. Effects of co-administration of antioxidants and arsenicals on the rat urinary bladder epithelium. Toxicol Sci. 83:237–245.
  • Wei M, Yamada T, Yamano S, Kato M, Kakehashi A, Fujioka M, Tago Y, Kitano M, Wanibuchi H. 2013. Diphenylarsinic acid, a chemical warfare-related neurotoxicant, promotes liver carcinogenesis via activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling and consequent induction of oxidative DNA damage in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 273:1–9.
  • Wei M, Wanibuchi H, Yamamoto S, Li W, Fukushima S. 1999. Urinary bladder carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid in male F344 rats. Carcinogenesis. 20:1873–1876.
  • Wijeweera J, Gandolfi A, Parrish A, Lantz R. 2001. Sodium arsenite enhances AP-1 and NFjB DNA binding and induces stress protein expression in precision-cut rat lung slices. Toxicol Sci. 61:283–294.
  • Williams JD, Jacobson EL, Kim H, Kim M, Jacobson MK. 2012. Folate in skin cancer prevention. Subcell Biochem. 56:181–197.
  • Wong G, Staplin N, Emberson J, Baigent C, Turner R, Chalmers J, Zoungas S, Pollock C, Cooper B, Harris D. 2016. Chronic kidney disease and the risk of cancer: an individual patient data meta-analysis of 32,057 participants from six prospective studies. BMC Cancer 16:488.
  • World Health Organization[WHO]. 2018. Arsenic fact sheet. Geneva: World Health Organization. [accessed Oct 6]. http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/arsenic.
  • Xu Y, Wang Y, Zheng Q, Li B, Li X, Jin Y, Lv X, Qu G, Sun G. 2008. Clinical manifestations and arsenic methylation after a rare subacute arsenic poisoning accident. Toxicol Sci. 103:278–284.
  • Xue J, Zartarian V, Wang SW, Liu SV, Georgopoulos P. 2010. Probabilistic modeling of dietary arsenic exposure and dose and evaluation with 2003-2004 NHANES data. Environ Health Perspect. 118:345–350.
  • Yager JW, Erdei E, Myers O, Siegel M, Berwick M. 2016. Arsenic and ultraviolet radiation exposure: melanoma in a New Mexico non-Hispanic white population. Environ Geochem Health. 38:897–910.
  • Yager JW, Gentry PR, Thomas RS, Pluta L, Efremenko A, Black M, Arnold LL, McKim JM, Wilga P, Gill G, et al. 2013. Evaluation of gene expression changes in human primary uroepithelial cells following 24-hr exposures to inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites. Environ Mol Mutagen. 54:82–98.
  • Yamada T, Kondo M, Miyata K, Ogata K, Kushida M, Sumida K, Kawamura S, Osimitz TG, Lake BG, Cohen SM. 2017. An evaluation of the human relevance of the lung tumors observed in female mice treated with permethrin based on mode of action. Toxicol Sci. 157:465–486.
  • Yamamoto A, Hisanaga A, Ishinishi N. 1987. Tumorigenicity of inorganic arsenic compounds following intratracheal instillations to the lungs of hamsters. Int J Cancer. 40:220–223.
  • Yamamoto S, Konishi Y, Matsuda T, Murai T, Shibata MA, Matsui-Yuasa I, Otani S, Kuroda S, Endo G, Fukushima S. 1995. Cancer induction by an organic arsenic compound, dimethylarsinic acid (cacodylic acid), in F344/DuCrj rats after pretreatment with five carcinogens. Cancer Res. 55:1271–1276.
  • Yamanaka K, Ohtsubo K, Hasegawa A, Hayashi H, Ohji H, Kanisawa M, Okada S. 1996. Exposure to dimethylarsinic acid, a main metabolite of inorganic arsenics, strongly promotes tumorigenesis initiated by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide in the lungs of mice. Carcinogenesis. 17:767–770.
  • Yamanaka K, Mizol M, Kato K, Hasegawa A, Nakano M, Okada S. 2001. Oral administration of dimethylarsinic acid, a main metabolite of inorganic arsenic, in mice promotes skin tumorigenesis initiated by dimethylbenz(a)anthracene with or without ultraviolet B as a promoter. Biol Pharm Bull. 24:510–514.
  • Yih L, Lee T. 2000. Arsenite induces p53 accumulation through an ATM-dependent pathway in human fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 60:6346–6352.
  • Yokohira M, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Suzuki S, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Herbin-Davis K, Thomas DJ, Cohen SM. 2011. Effect of sodium arsenite dose administered in the drinking water on the urinary bladder epithelium of female arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase knockout mice. Toxicol Sci. 121:257–266.
  • Zhang R, Zhang X, Wu K, Wu H, Sun Q, Hu FB, Han J, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. 2016. Rice consumption and cancer incidence in US men and women. Int J Cancer. 138:555–564.
  • Zhang Y-F, Zhou L, Zhang H-W, Hou A-J, Gao H-F, Zhou Y-H. 2014. Association between folate intake and the risk of lung cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. PLoS ONE. 9:e93465.
  • Zhang Q, Bhattacharya S, Conolly RB, Clewell HJ, Kaminski NE, Andersen ME. 2014. Molecular signaling network motifs provide a mechanistic basis for cellular threshold responses. Environ Health Perspect. 122:1261–1270.
  • Zhou X, Sun X, Cooper KL, Wang F, Liu KJ, Hudson LG. 2011. Arsenite interacts selectively with zinc finger proteins containing C3H1 or C4 motifs. J Biol Chem. 286:22855–22863.
  • Zhou Q, Xi S. 2018. A review on arsenic carcinogenesis: epidemiology, metabolism, genotoxicity and epigenetic changes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 99:78–88.