A Closer Look at Descriptive Norms and Indoor Tanning: Investigating the Intermediary Role of Positive and Negative Outcome Expectations

References

• Bagdasarov, Z., Banerjee, S., Greene, K., & Campo, S. (2008). Indoor tanning and problem behavior. Journal of American College Health, 56, 555–561. doi:10.3200/JACH.56.5.555-562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee, S. C., Greene, K., Bagdasarov, Z., & Campo, S. (2009). ‘My friends love to tan’: Examining sensation seeking and the mediating role of association with friends who use tanning beds on tanning bed use intentions. Health Education Research, 24, 989–998. doi:10.1093/her/cyp035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsari, B. E., & Carey, K. B. (1999). Understanding fraternity drinking: Five recurring themes in the literature, 1980–1998. Journal of American College Health, 48, 3037. doi:10.1080/07448489909595669
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cafri, G., Thompson, J. K., Roehrig, M., van den Berg, P., Jacobsen, P. B., & Stark, S. (2006). An investigation of appearance motives for tanning: The development and evaluation of the Physical Appearance Reasons for Tanning Scale (PARTS) and its relation to sunbathing and indoor tanning intentions. Body Image, 3, 199–209. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.05.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carcioppolo, N., Chen, Y., John, K. K., Gonzalez, A. M., King, A. J., Morgan, S. E., & Hu, S. (2017). The development and validation of the Mood-based Indoor Tanning Scale. American Journal of Health Behavior, 41, 42–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carcioppolo, N., Orrego Dunleavy, V., & Yang, Q. (2017). How do perceived descriptive norms influence indoor tanning intentions? An application of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior. Health Communication, 32, 230–239. doi:10.1080/10410236.2015.1120697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1015–1026. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, A., Peterson, J. A., Short, M. J., & Skinner, M. (2004). Youth attitudes on the use of tanning beds: A report on the results of focus groups with high school students in the KFL&A Health Unit area. Retrieved from http://www.kflapublichealth.ca/Files/Reports/Youth_attitudes_on_the_use_of_tanning_beds-2004.pdf
   Google Scholar
• DeJong, W., Schneider, S. K., Towvim, L. G., Murphy, M. J., Doerr, E. E., Simonsen, N. R., … Scribner, R. A. (2006). A multisite randomized trial of social norms marketing campaigns to reduce college student drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 67, 868–879. doi:10.15288/jsa.2006.67.868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heckman, C., Darlow, S., Cohen-Filipic, J., & Kloss, J. (2016). Mood changes after indoor tanning among college women: Associations with psychiatric/addictive symptoms. Health Psychology Research, 4, 5453. doi:10.4081/hpr.2016.5453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman, C. J, Egleston, B. L, Wilson, D. B, & Ingersoll, K. S. (2008). A preliminary investigation of the predictors of tanning dependence. American journal of health behavior, 32(5), 451-464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillhouse, J., Adler, C., Drinnon, J., & Turrisi, R. (1997). Application of Azjen’s theory of planned behavior to predict sunbathing, tanning salon use, and sunscreen use intentions and behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 365–378. doi:10.1023/A:1025517130513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillhouse, J., Turrisi, R., Holwiski, F., & McVeigh, S. (1999). An examination of psychological variables relevant to artificial tanning tendencies. Journal of Health Psychology, 4, 507–516. doi:10.1177/135910539900400405
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillhouse, J., Turrisi, R., & Shields, A. L. (2007). Patterns of indoor tanning use: Implications for clinical interventions. Archives of Dermatology, 143, 1530–1535. doi:10.1001/archderm.143.12.1530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillhouse, J. J, & Turrisi, R. (2002). Examination of the efficacy of an appearance-focused intervention to reduce uv exposure. Journal Of Behavioral Medicine, 25(4), 395-409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillhouse, J. J., Turrisi, R., & Kastner, M. (2000). Modeling tanning salon behavioral tendencies using appearance motivation, self-monitoring and the theory of planned behavior. Health Education Research, 15, 405–414. doi:10.1093/her/15.4.405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, K. M., & Aiken, L. S. (2000). A psychosocial model of sun protection and sunbathing in young women: The impact of health beliefs, attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy for sun protection. Health Psychology, 19, 469–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck, S. A., & Bunton, P. (2007, April). Does the awareness of the health risks from tanning differ in an 18–30 year-old age group compared to a 31–55 year-old age group? From the Proceedings of the 3rd Annual GRASP Symposium, Wichita State University.
   Google Scholar
• Kourosh, A. S., Harrington, C. R., & Adinoff, B. (2010). Tanning as a behavioral addiction. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 284–290. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.491883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapinski, M. K., Anderson, J., Shugart, A., & Todd, E. (2014). Social influence in child care centers: A test of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior. Health Communication, 29, 219–232. doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.738322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapinski, M. K., & Rimal, R. N. (2005). An explication of social norms. Communication Theory, 15, 127–147. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00329.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazovich, D., Vogel, R. I., Berwick, M., Weinstock, M. a., Anderson, K. E., & Warshaw, E. M. (2010). Indoor tanning and risk of melanoma: A case-control study in a highly exposed population. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 19, 1557–1568. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, M. N. (2012). Interpreting and Visualizing Regression Models Using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, T. A. (2011). Goodbye, listwise deletion: Presenting hot deck imputation as an easy and effective tool for handling missing data. Communication Methods and Measures, 5, 297–310. doi:10.1080/19312458.2011.624490
   Google Scholar
• Myrick, J. G., Noar, S. M., Kelley, D., & Zeitany, A. E. (2017). The relationships between female adolescents’ media use, indoor tanning outcome expectations, and behavioral intentions. Health Education and Behavior, 44, 403–410. doi:10.1177/1090198116667251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrick, J. G., Noar, S. M., Kelley, D., Zeitany, A. E., Morales-Pico, B. M., & Thomas, N. E. (2017). A longitudinal test of the Comprehensive Indoor Tanning Expectations Scale: The importance of affective beliefs in predicting indoor tanning behavior. Journal of Health Psychology, 22, 3–15. doi:10.1177/1359105315595116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrick, J. G., & Oliver, M. B. (2016). Laughing and crying: Mixed emotions, compassion, and the effectiveness of a YouTube PSA about skin cancer. Health Communication, 30, 820–829. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.845729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Cancer Institute. (2017). Cancer facts: Melanoma of the skin. Retrieved from https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/melan.html
   Google Scholar
• Niederdeppe, J., Frosch, D. L., & Hornik, R. C. (2008). Cancer News coverage and information seeking. Journal of Health Communication, 13, 181–199. doi:10.1080/10810730701854110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Myrick, J. G., Morales-Pico, B., & Thomas, N. E. (2014). Development and validation of the comprehensive indoor tanning expectations scale. JAMA Dermatology, 150, 512–521. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.9086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noar, S. M., Myrick, J. G., Zeitany, A., Kelley, D., Morales-Pico, B., & Thomas, N. E. (2015). Testing a social cognitive theory-based model of indoor tanning: Implications for skin cancer prevention messages. Health Communication, 30, 164–174. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.974125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poorsattar, S. P., & Hornung, R. L. (2007). UV light abuse and high-risk tanning behavior among undergraduate college students. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 56, 375–379. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.08.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, D. D. (2015). Ultra-violet indoor tanning addiction: A reinforcer pathology interpretation. Addictive Behaviors, 41, 247–251. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. (2008). Modeling the relationship between descriptive norms and behaviors: A test and extension of the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB). Health Communication, 23, 103–116. doi:10.1080/10410230801967791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., & Real, K. (2005). How behaviors are influenced by perceived norms. Communication Research, 32, 389–414. doi:10.1177/009360205275385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J. (2011). Emotional behaviors, emotivational goals, emotion strategies: Multiple levels of organization integrate variable and consistent responses. Emotion Review, 3, 434–443. doi:10.1177/1754073911410744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent, J. D., Beach, M. L., Adachi-Mejia, A. M., Gibson, J. J., Titus-Ernstoff, L. T., Carusi, C. P., … Dalton, M. A. (2005). Exposure to movie smoking: Its relation to smoking initiation among US adolescents. Pediatrics, 1183–1191. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapleton, J., Turrisi, R., & Hillhouse, J. (2008). Peer crowd identification and indoor artificial UV tanning behavioral tendencies. Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 940–945. doi:10.1177/1359105308095068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The surgeon general’s call to action to prevent skin cancer. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General.
   Google Scholar