Protein Kinases in the Regulation of Apoptosis in B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

References

• Caligaris-Cappio, F. and Hamblin, T.J. (1999) "B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a bird of a different feather", Journal of Clinical Oncology 17, 399–408. Jurlander, J. (1998) "The cellular biology of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 27, 29–52. pj Kay, N.E., Hamblin, T.J., Jelinek, D.F., Dewald, G.W., Byrd, J.C., Farag, S., Lucas, M. and Lin, T. (2002) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program), 193–213.
   Google Scholar
• Jurlander, J. (1998) �The cellular biology of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia�, Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 27, 29�52.
   Google Scholar
• Kay, N.E., Hamblin, T.J., Jelinek, D.F., Dewald, G.W., Byrd, J.C., Farag, S., Lucas, M. and Lin, T. (2002) �Chronic lymphocytic leukemia�, Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program), 193�213.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, RA. and McCubrey, J.A. (2000) "Kinases: positive and negative regulators of apoptosis", Leukemia 14, 2019–2034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Gorman, D.M. and Cotter, T.G. (2001) "Molecular signals in anti-apoptotic survival pathways", Leukemia 15, 21–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, H. and Parker, P.J. (1998) "The extended protein kinase C superfamily", Biochemical Journal 332\((Pt 2), 281–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor, T.W. (1985) "Phorbol ester-induced loss of colchicine ultrasensitivity in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia lymphocytes", Leukemia Research 9, 885–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConkey, D.J., Aguilar-Santelises, M., Hartzell, P., Eriksson, I., Mellstedt, H., Orrenius, S. and Jondal, M. (1991) "Induction of DNA fragmentation in chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia cells", Journal of Immunology 146, 1072–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, U., Zalewski, RD., Giannalds, C. and Cowled, RA. (1992) "Induction of apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and its prevention by phorbol ester", Experimental Cell Research 198, 367–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, LE., Chubb, S., Meyn, RE., Story, M., Ford, R., Hittelman, W.N. and Plunkett, W. (1993) "Induction of apoptotic cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine and 9-beta-p-arabinosy1-2-fluoroadenine", Blood 81, 143–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellosillo, B., Dalmau, M., Colomer, D. and Gil, J. (1997) "Involvement of CED-3/ICE proteases in the apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells", Blood 89, 3378–3384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitada, S., Zapata, J.M., Andreeff, M. and Reed, J.C. (1999) "Bryostatin and CD40-ligand enhance apoptosis resistance and induce expression of cell survival genes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia", British Journal of Haematology 106, 995–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitada, S., Zapata, J.M., Andreeff, M. and Reed, J.C. (2000) "Protein kinase inhibitors flavopiridol and 7-hydroxy-staurosporine down-regulate antiapoptosis proteins in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Blood 96, 393–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barra*, M., Bellosillo, B., Campas, C., Colomer, D., Pons, G. and Gil, J. (2002) "Involvement of protein kinase C and phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase pathways in the survival of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells", Blood 99, 2969–2976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganeshaguru, K., Wickremasinghe, R.G., Jones, D.T., Gordon, M., Hart, S.M., Virchis, A.E., Prentice, HG., Hoffbrand, A.V., Man, A., Champain, K., Csermak, K. and Mehta, A.B. (2002) "Actions of the selective protein kinase C inhibitor PKC412 on B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro", Haematologica 87, 167–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrd, J.C., Shinn, C., Willis, CR., Flinn, LW., Lehman, T., Sausville, E., Lucas, D. and Greyer, M.R. (2001) "UCN-01 induces cytotoxicity toward human CLL cells through a p53-independent mechanism", Experimental Hematology 29, 703–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virchis, A., Ganeshaguru, K., Hart, S., Jones, D., Fletcher, L, Wright, F., Wickremasinghe, R., Man, A., Csermak, K., Meyer, T., Fabbro, D., Champain, K., Yap, A., Prentice, H.G. and Mehta, A. (2002) "A novel treatment approach for low grade lymphoproli-ferative disorders using PKC412 (CGP41251), an inhibitor of protein kinase C", The Hematology Journal 3, 131–136.
   Google Scholar
• Ringshausen, I., Schneller, F., Bogner, C., Hipp, S., Duyster, J., Peschel, C. and Decker, T. (2002) "Constitutively activated phosphatidylinosito1-3 kinase (PI-3K) is involved in the defect of apoptosis in B-CLL: association with protein kinase C8", Blood 100, 3741–3748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Data, SR., Brunet, A. and Greenberg, ME. (1999) "Cellular survival: a play in three Alas", Genes & Development 13, 2905–2927. poj Ahmed, N.N., Grimes, H.L., Bellacosa, A., Chan, TO. and Tsichlis, RN. (1997) "Transduction of interleukin-2 antiapoptotic and proliferative signals via Ala protein kinase", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94, 3627–3632.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, N.N., Grimes, H.L., Bellacosa, A., Chan, T.O. and Tsichlis, P.N. (1997) �Transduction of interleukin-2 antiapoptotic and proliferative signals via Akt protein kinase�, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94, 3627�3632.
   Google Scholar
• Ozes, ON., Mayo, L.D., Gustin, LA., Pfeffer, SR., Pfeffer, L.M. and Donner, D.B. (1999) "NF-kappaB activation by tumour necrosis factor requires the Ala serine-threonine kinase", Nature 401, 82–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, K., Kolios, G., Westwick, J. and Ward, S.G. (1999) "Cytokine-induced apoptosis in epithelial HT-29 cells is independent of nitric oxide formation. Evidence for an interleukin-13-driven phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent survival mechanism", Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 17193–17201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickremasinghe, R.G., Ganeshaguru, K., Jones, D.T., Lindsay, C., Spanswick, V.J., Hartley, J.A., Wadhwa, M., Thorpe, R., Hoffbrand, A.V., Prentice, H.G. and Mehta, A.B. (2001) "Autologous plasma activates Akt/protein kinase B and enhances basal survival and resistance to DNA damage-induced apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells", British Journal of Haematology 114, 608–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuni, S., Contreras, B., Pérez-Chack, G., Vargas, J., Pérez-Aciego, P. and Durintez, A. (2001) "Phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase activation mediates protection from apoptosis in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Leukemia & Lymphoma 42\(Suppl. 1), 26.
   Google Scholar
• Plate, J.M.D., Naeem, V, Gregory, S. and Shofield, C.M. (2001) "Survival signals in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells that are P13-kinase dependent", Leukemia & Lymphoma 42\(Suppl. 1), 31.
   Google Scholar
• Brazil, D.P. and Hemmings, B.A. (2001) "Ten years of protein kinase B signalling: a hard Ala to follow", Trends in Biochemical Sciences 26, 657–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, D.T., Ganeshaguru, K., Anderson, R.J., Jackson, T.R., Bruckdorfer, KR., Low, S.Y., Palmqvist, L., Prentice, HG., Hoffbrand, A.V., Mehta, A.B. and Wickremasinghe, R.G. (2002) "Albumin activates the AKT signaling pathway and protects B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells from chlorambucil-and radiation-induced apoptosis", Blood, wwwhttp://www. bloodjoumal.org/cgi/reprint/2002-07-2143v1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kawauchi, K., Ogasawara, T. and Yasuyama, M. (2002) "Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase through B-cell antigen receptor in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia", International Journal of Hematology 75, 508–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Data, SR., Dudek, H., Tao, X., Masters, S., Fu, H., Gotoh, Y. and Greenberg, M.E. (1997) "Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery", Cell 91, 231–241. poj Zha, J., Harada, H., Yang, E., Jockel, J. and Korsmeyer, S.J. (1996) "Serine phosphorylation of death agonist BAD in response to survival factor results in binding to 14-3-3 not BCL-X(L)", Cell 87, 619–628.
   Google Scholar
• Zha, J., Harada, H., Yang, E., Jockel, J. and Korsmeyer, S.J. (1996) �Serine phosphorylation of death agonist BAD in response to survival factor results in binding to 14-3-3 not BCL-X(L)�, Cell 87, 619�628.
   Google Scholar
• del Peso, L., Gonzalez-Garcia, M., Page, C., Herrera, R. and Nunez, G. (1997) "Interleukin-3-induced phosphorylation of BAD through the protein kinase Ala", Science 278, 687–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardone, M.H., Roy, N., Stennicke, RR., Salvesen, G.S., Franke, T.F., Stanbridge, E., Frisch, S. and Reed, J.C. (1998) "Regulation of cell death protease caspase-9 by phosphorylation", Science 282, 1318 —1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet, A., Bonni, A., Zigmond, M.J., Lin, M.Z., Juo, P., Hu, L.S., Anderson, M.J., Arden, K.C., Blenis, J. and Greenberg, M.E. (1999) "Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor", Cell 96, 857–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitada, S., Andersen, J., Akar, S., Zapata, J.M., Takayama, S., Krajewski, S., Wang, HG., Zhang, X., Bullrich, F., Croce, CM., Rai, K., Hines, J. and Reed, J.C. (1998) "Expression of apoptosis-regulating proteins in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: correlations with In vitro and In vivo chemoresponses", Blood 91, 3379–3389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon, E.Y. and Lerner, A. (2003) "PDE4 inhibitors activate a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells that is regulated by protein phosphatase 2A", Blood, wwwhttp://www.bloodj oumal.org/cgi/reprint/2002-10-3208v1. pdf
   Google Scholar
• Plate, J. (2002) "Inhibition of P13-kinase induces apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells through caspase activation", Blood 100(11), Abstract 1482.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, D., Yang, X. and Songyang, Z. (2000) "Identification of CISK, a new member of the SGK kinase family that promotes IL-3 dependent survival", Current Biology 10, 1233–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Good, J.A., Ziegler, W.H., Parekh, D.B., Alessi, DR., Cohen, P. and Parker, P.J. (1998) "Protein kinase C isotypes controlled by phosphoinositide 3-kinase through the protein kinase PDK1", Science 281, 2042–2045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, J.A., Tsukada, N., Burger, M., Zvaifler, N.J., Dell'Aquila, M. and Kipps, T.J. (2000) "Blood-derived nurse-like cells protect chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells from spontaneous apoptosis through stromal cell-derived factor-1", Blood 96, 2655–2663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, I.M., Buhl, A.M., Klausen, R, Geisler, C.H. and Jurlander, J. (2002) "The chimeric anti-CD20 antibody rituximab induces apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells through a p38 mitogen activated protein-kinase-dependent mechanism", Blood 99, 1314–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepper, C., Thomas, A., Hoy, T., Milligan, D., Bentley, P. and Fegan, C. (2002) "The vitamin D3 analog, EB 1089, induces apoptosis via a p53-independent mechanism involving p38 MAP kinase activation and suppression of ERK activity in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro", Blood, www http://www. bloodjournal.org/cgilreprintl2002-07-1984v1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Campas, C., Lopez, J.M., Santidrián, A.F., Barragán, M., Bellosillo, B., Colomer, D. and Gil, J. (2003) "Acadesine activates AMPK and induces apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells but not in T lymphocytes", Blood, www http://www.bloodjoumal. org/cgilreprintl2002-07-2339v1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nebreda, AR. and Porras, A. (2000) "p38 MAP kinases: beyond the stress response", Trends in Biochemical Sciences 25, 257–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, AC., Touw, I. and Yoshimura, A. (2000) "The Jak-Stat pathway in normal and perturbed hematopoiesis", Blood 95, 19–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damell, J.E., Jr (1997) "STATS and gene regulation", Science 277, 1630–1635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battle, T.E. and Frank, D.A. (2002) "The role of STATs in apoptosis", Current Molecular Medicine 2, 381–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jurlander, J., Lai, C.F., Tan, J., Chou, C.C., Geisler, C.H., Schriber, J., Blumenson, L.E., Narula, S.K., Baumann, H. and Caligiuri, MA. (1997) "Characterization of interleukin-10 receptor expression on B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells", Blood 89, 4146–4152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay, N.E., Bone, ND., Pittner, B.T., Jelinek, D.F., Leland, P., Frank, D.A., Battle, T.E. and Puri, R.K. (2002) "Plasma membrance IL-4 receptors can be targeted to eliminate B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells", Blood 100(11), Abstract 2324.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, T.S., Mahajan, S. and Frank, D.A. (2000) "STAT signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of leukemias", Oncogene 19, 2496–2504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, D.A., Mahajan, S. and Ritz, J. (1997) "B lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia contain signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT3 constitutively phosphorylated on serine residues", Journal of Clinical Investigation 100, 3140–3148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, A., Kim, D.H. and Lee, R. (2000) "The cAMP signaling pathway as a therapeutic target in lymphoid malignancies", Leukemia & Lymphoma 37, 39–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mentz, F., Merle-Beral, H. and Dalloul, A.H. (1999) "Theophylline-induced B-CLL apoptosis is partly dependent on cyclic AMP production but independent of CD38 expression and endogenous IL-10 production", Leukemia 13, 78–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarfati, M., Mateo, V, Baudet, S., Rubio, M., Fernández, C., Davi, F., Binet, J-L., Delic, J. and Merle-Beral, H. (2003) "Sildenafil and vardenafil, types 5 and 6 phosphodiesterase inhibitors, induce caspase-dependent apoptosis of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells", Blood 101, 265–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon, E., Lee, R., Near, R., Weintraub, L., Wolda, S. and Lemer, A. (2002) "Inhibition of PDE3B augments PDE4 inhibitor-induced apoptosis in a subset of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Clinical Cancer Research 8, 589–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardie, D.G., Carling, D. and Carlson, M. (1998) "The AMP-activated/SNF1 protein kinase subfamily: metabolic sensors of the eukaryotic cell?", Annual Reviews in Biochemistry 67, 821–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vousden, K.H. and Lu, X. (2002) "Live or let die: the cell's response to p53", Nature Reviews in Cancer 2, 594–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durocher, D. and Jackson, S.P. (2001) "DNA-PK, ATM and ATR as sensors of DNA damage: variations on a theme?", Current Opinion in Cell Biology 13, 225–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stankovic, T., Weber, P., Stewart, G., Bedenham, T., Murray, J., Byrd, P.J., Moss, P.A. and Taylor, A.M. (1999) "Inactivation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia", The Lancet 353, 2629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullrich, F., Rasio, D., Kitada, S., Starostik, P., Kipps, T., Keating, M., Albitar, M., Reed, J.C. and Croce, CM. (1999) "ATM mutations in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Cancer Research 59, 24–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffner, C., Stilgenbauer, S., Rappold, GA., Dohner, H. and Lichter, P. (1999) "Somatic ATM mutations indicate a pathogenic role of ATM in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Blood 94, 748–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettitt, AR., Sherrington, RD., Stewart, G., Cawley, J.C., Taylor, A.M. and Stankovic, T. (2001) "p53 dysfunction in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: inactivation of ATM as an alternative to TP53 mutation", Blood 98, 814–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin, M. and Lin, A. (2002) "NF-kappaB at the crossroads of life and death", Nature Immunology 3, 221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furman, R.R., Asgary, Z., Mascarenhas, J.0., Liou, H.C. and Schattner, E.J. (2000) "Modulation of NF-kappa B activity and apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells", Journal of Immunology 164, 2200–2206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munzert, G., Kirchner, D., Stobbe, H., Bergmann, L., Schmid, R.M., Dohner, H. and Heimpel, H. (2002) "Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 gene overexpression in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: analysis of NF-kappa B/Rel- regulated inhibitors of apoptosis", Blood 100, 3749–3756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal, A., Pastore, RD., Asgary, Z., Keller, S.A., Cesarman, E., Liou, H.C. and Schattner, E.J. (2001) "Survival of leukemic B cells promoted by engagement of the antigen receptor", Blood 98, 3050–3057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, B.W., Kaur, G., Nieves-Neira, W., Taimi, M., Kohlhagen, G., Shimizu, T., Losiewicz, M.D., Pommier, Y, Sausville, E.A. and Senderowicz, A.M. (1998) "Early induction of apoptosis in hematopoietic cell lines after exposure to flavopiridol", Blood 91, 458–465.
   Google Scholar
• Byrd, J.C., Shinn, C., Waselenko, J.K., Fuchs, E.J., Lehman, TA., Nguyen, P.L., Flinn, LW., Diehl, L.F., Sausville, E. and Greyer, M.R. (1998) "Flavopiridol induces apoptosis in chronic lympho-cytic leukemia cells via activation of caspase-3 without evidence of bc1-2 modulation or dependence on functional p53", Blood 92, 3804–3816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepper, C., Thomas, A., Hoy, T., Fegan, C. and Bentley, P. (2001) "Flavopiridol circumvents Bc1-2 family mediated inhibition of apoptosis and drug resistance in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia", British Journal of Haematology 114, 70–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senderowicz, A.M. (2001) "Development of cyclin-dependent kinase modulators as novel therapeutic approaches for hematologi-cal malignancies", Leukemia 15, 1–9. poj Haanen, C. (2001) "Sulindac and its derivatives: a novel class of anticancer agents", Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs 2, 677–683.
   Google Scholar