1,088
Views
193
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Granulocytic sarcoma: 32 cases and review of the literature

, &
Pages 2527-2541 | Received 13 Jul 2006, Accepted 11 Aug 2006, Published online: 01 Jul 2009

References

  • Burns A. Observations of surgical anatomy, head and neck. Thomas Royce and co, Edinburgh 1811; 364–366
  • King A. A case of chloroma. Monthly J Med 1853; 17: 97
  • Magliocco A M, Demetrick D J, Jones A R, Kossakowska A E. Granulocytic sarcoma of the ovary. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991; 115: 830–834
  • Dock G. Chloroma and its relation of leukemia. Am J Med Sci 1893; 106: 152–157
  • Rappaport H. Tumors of the hematopoietic system. Armed Forces Inst Pathol 1966; 241–243
  • Dave F R, Olson S, Kurec A S, Eastman-Abaya R, Gottlieb A J, Mason D Y. Immunophenotyping of extramedullary myeloid tumors in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Am J Surg Pathol 1988; 12: 699–707
  • Imrie K, Kovacs M J, Selby D, Lipton J, Patterson B J, Pantalony D, et al. Isolated chloroma: the effect of early antileukemic therapy. Ann of Intern Med 1995; 123: 351–353
  • Fiegl M, Rieger C, Braess J, Haferlach T, Schnittger S, Schoch C, et al. Isolated epidural chloroma with translocation t(15:17) successfully treated with chemotherapy and all-trans-retinoic acid. Br J Haematol 2003; 122: 686–691
  • Park K U, Lee D S, Lee H S, Kim C J, Cho H I. Granulocytic sarcoma in MLL-positive infant acute myelogenous leukemia. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 2011–2016
  • Millot F, Facon T, Kerckaert J P, Fenaux P, Lai J L, Parent M, et al. Unusual recurrence of chronic myelogenous leukemia following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1991; 7: 393–395
  • Prystowsky J H, Johnson B L, Bolwell B J, Lazarus G S. Treatment of cutaneous granulocytic sarcoma in a patient with myelodysplasia. Am J Med 1989; 86: 477–480
  • Webb M, Meyer B, Jackson J M. Localized relapse of chronic myeloid leukemia post allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 1993; 84: 178–179
  • Gittin R G, Scharfman W B, Burkart P T. Granulocytic sarcoma: three unusual patients. Am J Med 1989; 87: 345–347
  • List A F, Gonzalez-Osete G, Kummet T, Doll E. Granulocytic sarcoma in myelodysplastic syndrome: clinical markers of disease acceleration. Am J Med 1991; 90: 274–276
  • Orlandi e Morra E, Lazzarino M, Castagnola C, Paulli M, Rosso R, Bernasconi C. Multiple granulocytic sarcoma during complete hematologic remission of acute nonlymphoid leukemia. Acta Haematol 1989; 81: 41–43
  • Byrd J C, Edenfield W J, Shields D J, Dawson N A. Extramedullary myeloid cell tumors in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: a clinical review. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 1800–1816
  • Swirsky D M, Li Y S, Matthews J G, Flemans R J, Rees J K, Hayhoe F G. 8:21 translocation in acute granulocytic leukemia: cytologic, cytochemical and clinical features. Br Haematol 1984; 56: 199–213
  • Tallman M S, Hakimian D, Shaw J M, Lissner G S, Russell E J. Variakojis D. Granulocytic sarcoma is associated with the 8:21 translocation in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 690–697
  • Cavdar A O, Babacan E, Gozdasoglu S, Kilicturgay K, Arcasoy A, Cin S, et al. High risk subgroup of acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) with orbito-ocular granulocytic sarcoma (OOGS) in Turkish children. Retrospective analysis of clinical, hematological, ultra structural and therapeutical findings of thirty-three OOGS. Acta Haematol 1989; 81: 80–85
  • Hicsonmez G, Cetin M, Tuncer A M, Yenicesu I, Aslan D, Ozyurek E, Unal S. Children with acute myeloblastic leukemia presenting with extramedullary infiltration: the effects of high-dose steroid treatment. Leuk Res 2004; 28: 25–34
  • Cavdar A O, Arcasoy A, Babacan E, Gozdasoglu S, Topuz U, Fraumeni J F. Ocular granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) with acute myelomonocytic leukemia in Turkish children. Cancer 1978; 41: 1606–1616
  • Tresoldi M, Onida P, Ponzoni M, Rugarli C. Primary granulocytic sarcoma presenting with bone pain and hypergammaglobulinemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 41: 689–692
  • Krause J R. Granulocytic sarcoma preceding acute leukemia: a report of six cases. Cancer 1979; 44: 1017–1021
  • Chen J, Yanuck R R, Abbondanzo S L, Chu W S, Aguilera N SI. c-kit (CD117) reactivity in extramedullary myeloid tumor/granulocytic sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001; 125: 1448–1452
  • Suh Y K, Shin H J. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of granulocytic sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 27 cases. Cancer 2000; 90: 364–372
  • Chang C C, Eshoa C, Kampalath B, Shidham V B, Perkins S. Immunophenotypic profile of myeloid cells in granulocytic sarcoma by immunohistochemistry. Am J Clin Pathol 2001; 114: 807–811
  • Paydas S, Zorludemir S, Seyrek E, Tuncer I, Tunali N. Granulocytic sarcoma. Turkish J Cancer 1993; 23: 90–96
  • Neiman R S, Barcos M, Berard C, Bonner H, Mann R, Rydell R E, Bennett J M. Granulocytic sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 61 biopsied cases. Cancer 1981; 48: 1426–1437
  • Byrd J C, Edenfield W J, Dow N S, Aylesworth C, Dawson N. Extramedullary myeloid cell tumors in myelodysplastic syndromes: not a true indication of impending acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 21: 153–159
  • Bisschop M M, Revesz T, Bierings M, van Weerden J F, van Wering E R, Hahlen K, van der Does-van en Berg A. Extramedullary infiltrates at diagnosis have no prognostic significance in children with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2001; 15: 46–49
  • Derella R, Catteau B, Segard M, Martin de Lassalle E, Fenaux P, Piette F. Cutaneous granulocytic sarcoma at the site of radiotherapy for breast carcinoma. Eur J Dermatol 2001; 11: 254–256
  • Hamilton M S, Shepherd P, Porter J, Richards J DM. Granulocytic sarcomas of small intestine and brain are associated with acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils and inversion of chromosome 16. Leuk Lymphoma 1992; 8: 409–413
  • Russel J, Giles F J, Thompson D S, Scanlon D J, Walker H, Richards J DM. Granulocytic sarcoma of small intestine proceedings acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils and inv (16). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1988; 35: 231–235
  • Khunger J M, Shama M P, Talib V H. Granulocytic sarcoma ofhumerus, an unusual association of acute myeloblastic leukemia-a case report. Indian J Microbiol 2000; 43: 475–478
  • Paydas S, Zorludemir S. Leukaemia cutis and leukaemic vasculitis. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143: 773–779
  • Meis J M, Butler J J, Osborne B M, Manning J T. Granulocytic sarcoma in non leukemic patients. Cancer 1986; 58: 2697–2709
  • Pinkus G S, Pinkus J L. Myeloperoxidase: a specific marker for myeloid cells in paraffin sections. Mod Pathol 1991; 6: 733–741
  • Brunning D B. Bone marrow. Surgical pathology. 9th ed, J Rosai, 2004; 2047–2136, Mosby
  • Disel U, Yavuz S, Paydas S, Sahin B, Zeren H. Extramedullary relapse in the pleura in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2003; 44: 189–191
  • Yavuz S, Paydas S, Disel U, Erdogan S. Ovarian granulocytic sarcoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2004; 45: 183–185
  • Paydas S, Sahin B, Hazar B, Yavuz S. Granulocytic sarcoma as the cause of giant abdominal mass: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration and review of the literature. Leuk Res 2000; 24: 267–269
  • Gonlusen G, Paydas S, Tuncer I, Sahin B, Polat A, Seyrek E. Granulocytic sarcoma mimicking Hodgkin's disease: a case report. Turk J Cancer 1996; 26: 38–41
  • Hutchinson R E, Kuree A S, Davey F R. Granulocytic sarcoma. Clin Lab Med 1990; 10: 889–890
  • Guermazi A, Quoc S N, Socie G, Briere J, Kerviler E, Solal-Celigny P. Myeloblatoma (chloroma) in leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3993–3995
  • Breccia M, Mandelli F, Petti M C, D'Andrea M, Pescarmona E, Pileri S A, et al. Clinico-pathological characteristics of myeloid sarcoma at diagnosis and during follow-up: report of 12 cases from single institution. Leuk Res 2004; 28: 1165–1169
  • Martinelli G, Ottaviani E, Testoni N, Visani G, Pagliani G, Tura S. Molecular analysis of granulocytic sarcoma: a single center experience. Haematologica 1999; 84: 380–382
  • Xavier S G, Fagundes E M, Hassan R, Bacchi C, Conchon M, Tabak D G, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma of the small intestine with CBFß/MYH11 fusion gene: report of an a leukemic case and review of the literature. Leuk Res 2003; 27: 1063–1066
  • Drinkard L C, Waggoner S, Stein R N, Byrne R A, Larson R A. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils presenting as ovarian mass: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 1995; 56: 307–311
  • Byrd J C, Weiss R B, Arthur D C, Lawrence D, Baer M R, Davey F, et al. Extramedullary leukemia adversely affects hematologic complete remission rate and overall survival in patients with t (8:21): results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 8461. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 466–475
  • Somjee S, Borker A, Gardner R, Velez M C. Multiple granulocytic sarcomas in acute myeloblastic leukemia with simultaneous occurrence of t (8:21) and trisomy 8. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 42: 1139–1144
  • Cavdar A O, Babacan E, Gozdasoglu S, Yavuz G, Unal E, Pamir A. T lymphocyte subpopulations in orbito-ocular granulocytic sarcoma (OOGS) and acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) a preliminary study. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother 1993; 10: 113–115
  • Byrd J C, Weiss R B. Recurrent granulocytic sarcoma. An unusual variation of acute myelogenous leukemia associated with 8:21 chromosomal translocation and blast expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule. Cancer 1994; 73: 2107–2112
  • Au W Y, Shek T W, Ma S K, Leung G, Ooi G C, Liang R, Kwong Y L. Meningeal granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) in essential thrombocythemia. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3996–3997
  • Chen C Y, Zimmerman R A, Faro S, Bilaiuk L T, Chou T Y, Molloy P T. Childhood leukemia: central nervous system abnormalities during and after treatment. Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 295–310
  • Doshi H M, Schochet S S, Gold M, Nugent G R. Granulocytic sarcoma presenting as an epidural mass with acute paraparesis in an aleukemic patient. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 95: 228–232
  • Chapman P, Johnson S A. Mastoid chloroma as relapse in acute myeloid leukemia. J Laryngol Otol 1980; 94: 1423–1427
  • Eser B, Cetin M, Kontas O, Unal A, Er O, Coskun H S, Altinbas M. Facial nerve paralysis and paraplegia as presenting symptoms of acute myeloid leukemia. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2001; 31: 86–88
  • Nounou R, Al-Zahrani H, Ajarim D S, Martin J, Iqbal A, Naufal R, et al. Extramedullary myeloid cell tumors localized to the mediastinum. A rare clinicopathological entity with unique karyotypic features. J Clin Pathol 2002; 55: 221–225
  • Au W Y, Ma K, Kwong Y L, Lie A K, Shek W H, Chow W C, Liang R. Acute myeloid leukemia relapsing as gynecomastia. Leuk Lymphoma 1999; 36: 191–194
  • Psiachou-Leonard E, Paterakis G, Stefanaki K, Mikraki-Christou V, Haidas S. Cerebellar granulocytic sarcoma in an infant with CD56+ acute monoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2001; 25: 1019–1021
  • Amin K S, Ehsan A, McGuff H S, Albright S C. Minimally differentiated acute myelogenous leukemia (AML-M0) granulocytic sarcoma presenting in the oral cavity. Oral Oncol 2002; 38: 516–519
  • Hon C, Shek T W, Liang R. Conjunctival chloroma (granulocytic sarcoma). The Lancet 2002; 359: 2247
  • Cankaya H, Ugras S, Dilek I. Head and neck granulocytic sarcoma with acute myeloid leukemia: three rare cases. Ear Nose Throat J 2001; 80: 228–229
  • Buckland M E, Scolyer R A, Donellan M B, Brew S, McGee-Collett M, Harper C G. Spinal chloroma presenting with triplegia in an aleukaemic patient. Pathology 2001; 33: 386–389
  • Ichikawa K, Ishizuka N, Shimamura K, Tanimoto K, Aako Y, Nagashima H, et al. Mitral valve stenosis due to primary cardiac granulocytic sarcoma relapsing 8 years after complete remission: a case report. J Cardiol 2001; 38: 219–224
  • Breccia M, D'Andrea M, Mengarelli A, Morano S G, D'Elia G M, Alimena G. Granulocytic sarcoma of the pancreas successfully treated with intensive chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. Eur J Haematol 2003; 70: 190–192
  • Dimicoli S, Feugier P, Delaby P, Cannard L, Bland V, Witz F, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma of the pancreas without extra-pancreatic location. Presse Med 2002; 22: 1024–1026
  • Thalhammer F, Gisslinger H, Chott A, Haas O, Etele-Hainz A, Helbich T, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma of the prostate as the first manifestation of acute myelogenous leukemia. Ann Hematol 1994; 68: 97–99
  • Aki H, Baslar Z, Uygun N, Ozguroglu M, Tuzuner N. Primary granulocytic sarcoma of the urinary bladder: case report and review of the literature. Urology 2002; 60: 345–347
  • D'Alteroche L, Mor C, Durand V, De Muret A, Benbouker L, Colombat P, Danquechin Dorval E. Gastric granulocytic sarcoma revealed by a massive digestive hemorrhage. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1999; 23: 779–782
  • Hishima T, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Shiozawa Y, Funata Y, Sakamaki H, Koike M. Granulocytic sarcoma of the thymus in a nonleukaemic patient. Wirchows Arch 1999; 435: 447–451
  • Dabbagh V, Browne G, Parapia L A, Price J J, Batman P A. Granulocytic sarcoma of the rectum: a rare complication of myelodysplasia. J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 865–866
  • Sreejith G, Gangadharan V P, Elizabeth K A, Preetha S, Chithrathara K. Primary granulocytic sarcoma of the ovary. Am J Clin Oncol 2000; 23: 239–240
  • Tillawi I S, Variakojis D. Refractory right ventricular failure due to granulocytic sarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990; 114: 983–985
  • Horny H P, Kaiserling E, Sillaber C, Walchshofer M S, Valent P. Bone marrow mastocytosis associated with an undifferentiated extramedullary tumor of hemopoietic origin. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997; 121: 423–426
  • Oliva E, Ferry J A, Young R H, Prat J, Srgley J R, Scully R E. Granulocytic sarcoma of the female genital tract: a clinicopathologic study of 11 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1997; 21: 1156–1165
  • Glaser C, Michelon B, Peltier J Y, Duboucher C, Berneim A, Perie G. Pre-leukemic granulocytic sarcoma of the uterus. Report of a case. Ann Pathol 1998; 18: 187–191
  • Vottero G, Devouassoux G, Lantuejoul S, Pison C, Brambilla E, Brambilla C. Pleural granulocytic sarcoma. Apropos of a case and review of the literature. Rev Mal Respir 1998; 15: 300–302
  • Orts M, Ribera J M, Calatrava A, Larrouse E, Catalan R, Navarro J T, et al. Pseudotumorous cardiac infiltration in a patient with acute monoblastic leukemia. Med Clin 1996; 106: 545–547
  • Foucar K, Foucar E, Willman C, Horvath A, Gerety R L. Nonleukemic granulocytic sarcoma of the heart: report of a fatal case. Am J Hematol 1987; 25: 325–332
  • Jankovic M, Bonacina E, Masera G, Uderzo C, Gali M A, Ottaviani V, et al. Cardiac relapses in myeloid leukemia: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1987; 4: 237–245
  • Frohna B J, Quint D J. Granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) causing spinal cord compression. Neuroradiology 1993; 35: 509–511
  • Novick S L, Nicol T L, Fishman E K. Granulocytic sarcoma of the sacrum: initial manifestation of leukemia. Skeletal Radiol 1998; 27: 112–114
  • Almadori G, Del Ninno M, Cadoni G, Di Mario A, Ottaviani F. Facial nerv paralysis in acute otomastoiditis as presenting symptom of FAB M2 (t 8:21) relapse. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1996; 36: 45–52
  • Parke K, Hardjasudarma M, McClellan R, Fowler M, Milner J. MR features of an intracerebellar chloroma. Am J Neuroradiol 1996; 17: 1592–1594
  • Sandhu G S, Gonzalez-Gacia J, Elexpuru-Camiruaga J A. Granulocytic sarcoma presenting as caudae equina syndrome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1998; 100: 205–208
  • Matsueda K, Yamamot H, Doi I. An autopsy case of granulocytic sarcoma of the porta hepatis causing obstructive jaundice. J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 428–433
  • Rotter A J, O'Donnel M R, Radia D R, Marx H F. Peribiliary chloroma: a rare cause of jaundice after bone marrow transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992; 15: 1255–1256
  • Kinahan J, Sullivan L D, Nantel S, Rowley A, Vickars L. Retroperitoneal chloroma presenting with uremia, bilateral ureteral obstruction and encasement of the great vessels. J Urol 1996; 155: 1388
  • Corpechot C, Lemann M, Brocheriou I, Marietta X, Bonnet J, Daniel M T, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma of the jejunum: a rare cause of small bowel obstruction. Am J Gastoenterol 1998; 93: 2586–2588
  • Dingerkus H, Voller H, Albrecht A, Hennig L, Stein H, Schroder R. Mediastinal chloroma with superior vena cava syndrome. Am Heart J 1994; 127: 465–468
  • Quintas-Cardama A, Fraga M, Antunez J, Forteza J. Primary extramedullary myeloid tumor of the breast: a case report and review of the literature. Ann Hematol 2003; 82: 431–434
  • Breccia M, Petti M C, Fraternali-Orciani G, Monarca B, Latagliata R, D'Elia G M, et al. Granulocytic sarcoma with breast and skin presentation: a report of a case successfully treated by local radiation and systemic chemotherapy. Acta Haematol 2000; 104: 34–37
  • Ngu I W, Sinclair E C, Greenway S, Greenberg M L. Unusual presentation of granulocytic sarcoma in the breast: a case report and review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol 2001; 24: 53–57
  • Quitt M, Elmalach I, Dar H, Agahia E. Isolated chloroma of breast preceding acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 1997; 11: 1995–1996
  • Proulx G M, McCarthy P. Epidural chloroma of the lower spinal canal. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 3201–3202
  • Doval D C, Rao C R, Misra S, Devi L, Srinivas V, Chandrashekar M, Bapsy P P. Isolated granulocytic sarcoma of the breast. Ann Oncol 1996; 7: 424–425
  • Menasce L P, Banerjee S S, Beckett E, Haris M. Extra-medullary myeloid tumor (granulocytic sarcoma) is often misdiagnosed: a study of 26 cases. Histopathology 1999; 34: 391–398
  • Barloon T J, Young D C, Bass S H. Multicentric granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) of the breast. Mammographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 161: 363–364
  • Bekassy A N, Hermans J, Gorin N C, Gratwohl A. Granulocytic sarcoma after allogeneic bone marrow trasplantation: a retrospective European multicenter survey. Acute and chronic leukemia working parties of the European Group for blood and marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 17: 801–808
  • Koc Y, Miller K B, Schenkein D P, Daoust P, Sprague K, Berkman E. Extramedullary tumors of myeloid blasts in adults as a pattern of relapse following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Cancer 1999; 85: 608–615
  • Au W Y, Chan A C, Lie A K, So J, Liang R, Kwong Y L. Isolated extramedullary relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998; 22: 99–102
  • Liu H W, Wong K L, Chan T Y, Lau C C, Liang R. Superior vena cava syndrome: rare presenting feature of acute myeloid leukemia. Acta Haematol 1991; 79: 213–216
  • Ravandi-Kashani F, Estey E, Cortes J, Medeiros L J, Giles F J. Granulocytic sarcoma of the pancreas: a report of two cases and literature review. Clin Lab Haematol 1999; 21: 219–224
  • Yamauchi K, Yasuda M. Comparison n treatments of nonleukemic granulocytic sarcoma-report of two cases and review of 72 cases in the literature. Cancer 2002; 94: 1739–1746
  • Roberts W, Bodey G P, Wertlake P T. The heart in acute leukemia: a study of 420 autopsy cases. Am J Cardiol 1968; 21: 388–412
  • Shaffer D W, Burris H A, O'Rourke T J. Testicular relapse in adult acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 1992; 70: 1541–1544
  • McIlwain L, Sokol L, Mocinski L C, Saba H I. Acute myeloid leukemia mimicking primary testicular neoplasm. Presentation o a case with review of literature. Eur J Haematol 2003; 70: 242–245
  • Kawashima H, Sakamoto W, Nishijima T, Hanada M, Mori K, Maekawa M. Granulocytic sarcoma of testis preceding acute myelocytic leukemia. Urol Int 1988; 43: 310–312
  • Economopoulos T, Alexopoulos C, Anagnostu D, Stathakis N, Constantinidou M, Papageorgiou E. Primary granulocytic sarcoma of the testis. Leukemia 1994; 8: 199–200
  • Saxena A, Saidman B, Greenwald D, Wasik M A. Testicular extramedullary myeloid cell tumor in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996; 120: 389–392
  • Bertrand G, Verriele V, Lombard M, Pein F, Pabot Du Chetalerd P. Granulocytic sarcoma of testis without hematological manifestations. Ann Urol 1997; 31: 103–106
  • Ferry J A, Srigley J R, Young R H. Granulocytic sarcoma of the testis: a report of two cases of a neoplasm prone to misinterpretation. Mod Pathol 1997; 10: 320–325
  • Wiernik P H, De Bellis R, Muxi P, Dutcher J P. Extramedullary acute promyelocytic leukemia. Cancer 1996; 78: 2510–2514
  • Marchetti M, Falanga A, Giovanelli S, Oldani E, Barbui T. All-trans-retinoic acid increases adhesion to endothelium of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line NB4. Br J Haematol 1996; 93: 360–366
  • Au W Y, Chan G CF, Chim C S, Shek T W, Ooi G C, Ho W K, Kwong Y L. External auditory canal tumor: a rare chloroma in acute promyelocytic leukemia with a complete response to arsenic trioxide. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3993–3995
  • Lee J J, Kim H J, Kook H, Chung I J, Seo J S, Seo K S, Hwang T J. Granulocytic sarcoma as isolated extramedullary relapse after donor lymphocyte infusion in a patient with CML who relapsed after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a case report. J Korean Med Sci 1998; 13: 434–436
  • Szomor A, Passweg J R, Tichelli A, Hoffmann T. Myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome relapsing as granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Ann Hematol 1997; 5: 239–241
  • Mortimer J, Blinder M, Schulman S, Appelbaum F R, Buckner C D, Clift R A, et al. Relapse of acute leukemia after marrow transplantation: natural history and results of subsequent therapy. J Clin Oncol 1989; 70: 50–57
  • Martel C L, Reddy S K, Greco C M, Tuscano J M, Richman C M, Wun T. Isolated cavernous sinus extramedullary relapse of chronic myelogenous leukemia following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Ann Hematol 2002; 81: 108–110
  • Bashey A, Shepherd S, Frankel W, Wang-Rodriguez J, Cahil T, Chamberlain M, et al. Induction of molecular remission by donor peripheral blood leukocyte therapy in patients relapsing with extramedullary blastic phase chronic myeloid leukemia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Oncol Rep 1998; 5: 281–285
  • Lee K H, Lee J H, Choi S J, Lee J H, Kim S, Seol M, et al. Bone marrow vs extramedullary relapse of acute leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: risk factors and clinical course. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 32: 835–842
  • Preudhomme C, Wattel E, Lai J L, Henic N, Meyer L, Noel M P, et al. Good predictive value of combined cytogenetic and molecular remission and molecular follow up in chronic myelogenous leukemia after non T cell depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a report on 38 consecutive cases. Leuk Lymphoma 1995; 18: 265–271
  • Kottaridis P D, Ketley N, Peggs K, Chackraverty R, Ralleigh G, Shaw P, et al. An unusual case of intrapulmonary granulocytic sarcoma presenting as interstitial pneumonitis following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia and responding to donor lymphoyte infusion. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 24: 807–809
  • Rosenthal S, Canellos G P, Devita V T, Jr, Gralnick H R. Characteristics of blast crisis in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Blood 1977; 49: 705–714
  • Traweek S T, Arber D A, Rappaport H, Brynes R K. Extramedullary myeloid tumor. An immunohistochemical and morphologic study of 28 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1993; 17: 1011–1019
  • Roth M J, Medeiros L J, Elenitoba-Johnson K, Kuchnio M, Jaffe E S, Stetler-Stevenson M. Extramedullary myeloid cell tumors. An immunohistochemical study of 29 cases using routinely fixed and processed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1995; 119: 790–798
  • Ansari-Lari M A, Yang C F, Tinawi-Aljundi R, Cooper L, Long P, Allan R H, et al. FLT-3 mutations in myeloid sarcoma. Br J Haeamtol 2004; 126: 785–791
  • Hudock J, Chatten J, Miettinen M. Immunohistochemical evaluation of myeloid leukemia infiltrates (granulocytic sarcomas) in formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 102: 55–60
  • Beswick S J, Jones E L, Mahendra P, Marsden J R. Chloroma (aleukemic leukemia cutis) initially diagnosed as cutaneous lymphoma. Clin Exper Dermatol 2002; 27: 272–274
  • Strauchen J A, Gordon R E. Crystalline inclusions in granulocytic sarcoma. Report of 2 cases and ultra structural studies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002; 126: 85–86
  • Patriarca F, Speretto A, Skert C, Damiani D, Prosdocimo S, Fanin R. Successful treatment of hematological and extramedullary relapse of MLL-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia after bone marrow transplantation using donor leukocyte infusion. Ann Hematol 2004; 83: 667–669
  • Reinhardt D, Pekrun A, Lakomek M, Zimmermann M, Ritter J, Creutzig U. Primary myelosarcomas are associated with a high rate of relapse: report on 34 children from the acute myeloid leukemia-Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster studies. Br J Haematol 2000; 110: 863–866
  • Hicsonmez G, Gurgey A, Zamani V P, Yetgin S, Altay C, Ozsoylu S. Poor prognosis in children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in Turkey. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1988; 10: 268–272
  • Hicsonmez G, Cetin M, Yenicesu I, Olcay L, Koc A, Aktas D, et al. Evaluation of children with myelodysplastic syndrome: importance of extramedullary disease a presenting symptom. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 42: 665–674

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.