1,708
Views
97
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

The late adverse events of rituximab therapy – rare but there!

, , , &
Pages 1083-1095 | Received 19 Mar 2009, Accepted 29 Mar 2009, Published online: 21 Jul 2009

References

  • Johnson P, Glennie M. The mechanisms of action of rituximab in the elimination of tumor cells. Semin Oncol 2003; 30: 3–8
  • van Oers M H, Klasa R, Marcus R E, et al. Rituximab maintenance improves clinical outcome of relapsed/resistant follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients both with and without rituximab during induction: results of a prospective randomized phase 3 intergroup trial. Blood 2006; 108: 3295–3301
  • Vidal L, Gafter-Gvili A, Leibovici L, et al. Rituximab maintenance for the treatment of patients with follicular lymphoma – systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101: 248–255
  • Winkler U, Jensen M, Manzke O, Schulz H, Diehl V, Engert A. Cytokine-release syndrome in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and high lymphocyte counts after treatment with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Blood 1999; 94: 2217–2224
  • Harbour R, Miller J. A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ 2001; 323: 334–336
  • McLaughlin P, Linkm B K. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2825–2833
  • Dunleavy K, Hakim F, Kim H K. B-cell recovery following rituximab-based therapy is associated with perturbations in stromal derived factor-1 and granulocyte homeostasis. Blood 2005; 106: 795–802
  • Nitta E, Izutsu K, Sato T, et al. A high incidence of late-onset neutropenia following rituximab-containing chemotherapy as a primary treatment of CD20-positive B-cell lymphoma: a single-institution study. Ann Oncol 2007; 18: 364–369
  • Cattaneo C, Spedini P, Casari S, et al. Delayed-onset peripheral blood cytopenia after rituximab: frequency and risk factor assessment in a consecutive series of 77 treatments. Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47: 1013–1017
  • Lemieux B, Tartas S, Traulle C, et al. Rituximab-related late-onset neutropenia after autologous stem cell transplantation for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33: 921–923
  • Andersohn F, Konzen C, Garbe E. Systematic review: agranulocytosis induced by nonchemotherapy drugs. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 657–665
  • Rios-Fernández R, Gutierrez-Salmerón M T, Callejas-Rubio J L, Fernández-Pugnaire M, Ortego-Centeno N. Late-onset neutropenia following rituximab treatment in patients with autoimmune diseases. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157: 1271–1273
  • Horwitz S M, Negrin R S, Blume K G, et al. Rituximab as adjuvant to high-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2004; 103: 777–783
  • Cairoli R, Grillo G, Tedeschi A, D'Avanzo G, Marenco P, Morra E. High incidence of neutropenia in patients treated with rituximab after autologous stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 2004; 89: 361–363
  • Fukuno K, Tsurumi H, Ando N, et al. Late-onset neutropenia in patients treated with rituximab for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2006; 84: 242–247
  • Tesfa D, Gelius T, Sander B, et al. Late-onset neutropenia associated with rituximab therapy: evidence for a maturation arrest at the (pro)myelocyte stage of granulopoiesis. Med Oncol 2008; 25: 374–379
  • Voog E, Morschhauser F, Solal-Celigny P. Neutropenia in patients treated with rituximab. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2691–2694
  • Ueda Y, Kondo M, Kelsoe G. Inflammation and the reciprocal production of granulocytes and lymphocytes in bone marrow. J Exp Med 2005; 201: 1771–1780
  • Terrier B IM, Tourneur L, Louache F, et al. Late-onset neutropenia following rituximab results from a hematopoietic lineage competition due to an excessive BAFF-induced B-cell recovery. Haematologica 2007; 92: e20–e23
  • Papadaki T, Stamatopoulos K, Stavroyianni N, Paterakis G, Phisphis M, Stefanoudaki-Sofianatou K. Evidence for T-large granular lymphocyte-mediated neutropenia in Rituximab-treated lymphoma patients: report of two cases. Leuk Res 2002; 26: 597–600
  • Ram R, Bonstein L, Gafter-Gvili A, Ben-Bassat I, Shpilberg O, Raanani P. Rituximab-associated acute thrombocytopenia: an under-diagnosed phenomenon. Am J Hematol 2009; 84: 247–250
  • Ghielmini M, Schmitz S F, Cogliatti S, et al. Effect of single-agent rituximab given at the standard schedule or as prolonged treatment in patients with mantle cell lymphoma: a study of the Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK). J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 705–711
  • Rao A, Kelly M, Musselman M, et al. Safety, efficacy, and immune reconstitution after rituximab therapy in pediatric patients with chronic or refractory hematologic autoimmune cytopenias. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 50: 822–825
  • Friedrichs B, Tiemann M, Salwender H, Verpoort K, Wenger M K, Schmitz N. The effects of rituximab treatment during pregnancy on a neonate. Haematologica 2006; 91: 1426–1427
  • Rey J, Coso D, Roger V, et al. Rituximab combined with chemotherapy for lymphoma during pregnancy. Leuk Res 2009; 33: 8–9
  • Shortt J, Spencer A. Adjuvant rituximab causes prolonged hypogammaglobulinaemia following autologous stem cell transplant for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38: 433–436
  • Copelan E, Pohlman B, Rybicki L, et al. A randomized trial of etoposide and G-CSF with or without rituximab for PBSC mobilization in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 43: 101–105
  • Filanovsky K, Shvidel L, Shtalrid M, Haran M, Duek A, Berrebi A. Predictive factors to hypogammaglobulinemia and non-neutropenic infection complications after rituximab/chemotherapy treatment. Blood 2007; 110, Abstract 1288
  • Ghobrial I M FR, Greipp P R, Blood E, Rue M, Vesole D H, Gertz M A. Initial immunoglobulin M ‘flare’ after rituximab therapy in patients diagnosed with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study. Cancer 2004; 101: 2593–2598
  • Dimopoulos M A, Zervas C, Zomas A, et al. Treatment of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia with rituximab. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 2327–2333
  • Izzedine H, Bourry E, Amrouche L, et al. Immunoglobulin M ‘Flare’ after rituximab-associated acute tubular necrosis in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Int J Hematol 2009; 89: 218–222
  • Noronha V, Fynan T M, Duffy T. Flare in neuropathy following rituximab therapy for Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: e3
  • Buda-Okreglak E M, Drabick J J, Delaney N R. Proinflammatory syndrome mimicking acute rheumatoid arthritis in a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia treated with rituximab. Ann Hematol 2004; 83: 117–119
  • Kandula P, Kouides P A. Rituximab-induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis: a case report. Arch Dermatol 2006; 142: 246–247
  • Dass S, Vital E M, Emery P. Development of psoriasis after B cell depletion with rituximab. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56: 2715–2718
  • Mehsen N, Yvon C M, Richez C, Schaeverbeke T. Serum sickness following a first rituximab infusion with no recurrence after the second one. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008; 26: 967
  • Disperati P, Hicks L K, Buckstein R. Rituximab-induced serum sickness in a patient with follicular lymphoma. Leuk Lymohoma 2007; 48: 1633–1635
  • Finger E, Scheinberg M. Development of serum sickness-like symptoms after rituximab infusion in two patients with severe hypergammaglobulinemia. J Clin Rheumatol 2007; 13: 94–95
  • Schutgens R E. Rituximab-induced serum sickness. Br J Haematol 2006; 135: 147
  • Hellerstedt B, Ahmed A. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction or serum sickness after rituximab treatment. Ann Oncol 2003; 14: 1792
  • Herishanu Y. Rituximab-induced serum sickness. Am J Hematol 2002; 70: 329
  • D'Arcy C A, Mannik M. Serum sickness secondary to treatment with the murine-human chimeric antibody IDEC-C2B8 (rituximab). Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 1717–1718
  • Kimby E. Tolerability and safety of rituximab (MabThera). Cancer Treat Rev 2005; 31: 456–473
  • Cornely O A, Heidecke C N, Karthaus M. Opportunistic infections (OI) following monoclonal antibody treatment. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts) 2005; 23: 2562
  • Rafailidis P I, Kakisi O K, Vardakas K, Falagas M E. Infectious complications of monoclonal antibodies used in cancer therapy: a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials. Cancer 2007; 109: 2182–2189
  • Kebriaei P, Saliba R M, Ma C, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after rituximab-containing myeloablative preparative regimen for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38: 203–209
  • Neumann F, Harmsen S, Martin S, et al. Rituximab long-term maintenance therapy after autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Hematol 2006; 85: 530–534
  • Aksoy S, Dizdar O, Hayran M, Harputluoglu H. Infectious complications of rituximab in patients with lymphoma during maintenance therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 4: 1–9
  • Aksoy S, Harputluoglu H, Kilickap S, et al. Rituximab-related viral infections in lymphoma patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 48: 1307–1312
  • Isobe Y, Sugimoto K, Shiraki Y, Nishitani M, Koike K, Oshimi K. Successful high-titer immunoglobulin therapy for persistent parvovirus B19 infection in a lymphoma patient treated with rituximab-combined chemotherapy. Am J Hematol 2004; 77: 370–373
  • Mawhorter S D, Sierk A, Staugaitis S M, et al. Fatal West Nile Virus infection after rituximab/fludarabine–induced remission for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2005; 6: 248–250
  • Quartier P, Tournilhac O, Archimbaud C, et al. Enteroviral meningoencephalitis after anti-CD20 (rituximab) treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: e47–e49
  • Archimbaud C, Bailly J L, Chambon M, Tournilhac O, Travade P, Peigue-Lafeuille H. Molecular evidence of persistent echovirus 13 meningoencephalitis in a patient with relapsed lymphoma after an outbreak of meningitis in 2000. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 4605–4610
  • Spina M, Jaeger U, Sparano J A, et al. Rituximab plus infusional cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide in HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: pooled results from 3 phase 2 trials. Blood 2005; 105: 1891–1897
  • Kaplan L D, Lee J Y, Ambinder R F, et al. Rituximab does not improve clinical outcome in a randomized phase 3 trial of CHOP with or without rituximab in patients with HIV-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma: AIDS-Malignancies Consortium Trial 010. Blood 2005; 106: 1538–1543
  • Gérard L, Bérezné A, Galicier L, et al. Prospective study of rituximab in chemotherapy-dependent human immunodeficiency virus associated multicentric Castleman's disease: ANRS 117 CastlemaB Trial. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 3350–3356
  • Stebbing J, Gazzard B, Newsom-Davis T, et al. Nadir B cell counts are significantly correlated with the risk of Kaposi's sarcoma. Int J Cancer 2004; 108: 473–474
  • Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J, et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 235–242
  • Kanbayashi Y, Nomura K, Fujimoto Y, et al. Risk factors for infection in haematology patients treated with rituximab. Eur J Haematol 2009; 82: 26–30
  • Salliot C, Dougados M, Gossec L. Risk of serious infections during rituximab, abatacept and anakinra treatments for rheumatoid arthritis: meta-analyses of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68: 25–32
  • Iguchi T, Yokoyama K, Mitsuishi M, Chen C K, Ikeda Y, Okamoto S. Pulmonary tuberculosis and adenovirus-hemorrhagic cystitis after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for follicular lymphoma. Rinsho Ketsueki 2005; 46: 1049–1054
  • Lin P C, Hsiao L T, Poh S B, et al. Higher fungal infection rate in elderly patients (more than 80 years old) suffering from diffuse large B cell lymphoma and treated with rituximab plus CHOP. Ann Hematol 2007; 86: 95–100
  • Pfreundschuh M, Trümper L, Osterborg A, et al. CHOP-like chemotherapy plus rituximab versus CHOP-like chemotherapy alone in young patients with good-prognosis diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma: a randomised controlled trial by the MabThera International Trial (MInT) Group. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 379–391
  • Chang H, Yeh H C, Su Y C, Lee M H. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma receiving chemotherapy containing rituximab. J Chin Med Assoc 2008; 71: 579–582
  • Ennishi D, Terui Y, Yokoyama M, et al. Increased incidence of interstitial pneumonia by CHOP combined with rituximab. Int J Hematol 2008; 87: 393–397
  • Venhuizen A C, Hustinx W N, van Houte A J, Veth G, van der Griend R. Three cases of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) during first-line treatment with rituximab in combination with CHOP-14 for aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 2008; 80: 275–276
  • Kolstad A, Holte H, Fosså A, Lauritzsen G F, Gaustad P, Torfoss D. Pneumonia jirovecii in B-cell lymphoma patients treated with the rituximab-CHOEP-14 regimen. Haematologica 2007; 92: 139–140
  • Brusamolino E, Rusconi C, Montalbetti L, et al. Dose-dense R-CHOP-14 supported by pegfilgrastim in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a phase II study of feasibility and toxicity. Haematologica 2006; 91: 496–502
  • Lund F E, Schuer K, Hollifield M, Randall T D, Garvy B A. Clearance of Pneumocystis carinii in mice is dependent on B cells but not on P carinii-specific antibody. J Immunol 2003; 171: 1423–1430
  • Krause P J, Gewurz B E, Hill D, et al. Persistent and relapsing babesiosis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 370–376
  • Cheson B D. Monoclonal antibody therapy for B-cell malignancies. Semin Oncol 2006; 33: S2–S14
  • Berger J R, Concha M. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: the evolution of a disease once considered rare. J Neurovirol 1995; 1: 5–18
  • Major E O, Amemiya K, Tornatore C S, Houff S A, Berger J R. Pathogenesis and molecular biology of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, the JC virus-induced demyelinating disease of the human brain. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992; 5: 49–73
  • Dubois V, Dutronc H, Lafon M E, et al. Latency and reactivation of JC virus in peripheral blood of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 2288–2292
  • Elphick G F, Querbes W, Jordan J A, et al. The human polyomavirus, JCV, uses serotonin receptors to infect cells. Science 2004; 306: 1380–1383
  • Cinque P, Bossolasco S, Lundkvist A. Molecular analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in viral diseases of the central nervous system. J Clin Virol 2003; 26: 1–28
  • Hou J, Major E O. The efficacy of nucleoside analogs against JC virus multiplication in a persistently infected human fetal brain cell line. J Neurovirol 1998; 4: 451–456
  • Carson K R, Evens A M, Richey E A, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy following rituximab therapy in HIV negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Event and Reports (RADAR) project. Blood Mar 5, 2009, [Epub ahead of print]
  • Aksamit A J. Treatment of non-AIDS progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with cytosine arabinoside. J Neurovirol 2001; 7: 386–390
  • Vulliemoz S, Lurati-Ruiz F, Borruat F X, et al. Favourable outcome of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in two patients with dermatomyositis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 1079–1082
  • Marra C M, Rajicic N, Barker D E, et al. A pilot study of cidofovir for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in AIDS. AIDS 2002; 16: 1791–1797
  • García-Suárez J, de Miguel D, Krsnik I, Bañas H, Arribas I, Burgaleta C. Changes in the natural history of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-negative lymphoproliferative disorders: impact of novel therapies. Am J Hematol 2005; 80: 271–281
  • Goldberg S L, Pecora A L, Alter R S, et al. Unusual viral infections (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and cytomegalovirus disease) after high-dose chemotherapy with autologous blood stem cell rescue and peritransplantation rituximab. Blood 2002; 99: 1486–1488
  • Eisenberg R, Looney R J. The therapeutic potential of anti-CD20 “what do B-cells do?”. Clin Immunol 2005; 117: 207–213
  • Hopfinger G, Plessl A, Grisold W, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab in a patient with relapsed follicular lymphoma and low IgG levels and a low CD4+ lymphocyte count. Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 49: 2367–2369
  • Iyer A, Mathur R, Deepak B V, Sinard J. Fatal adenoviral hepatitis after rituximab therapy. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130: 1557–1560
  • Lalazar G, Rund D, Shouval D. Screening, prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis B reactivation in patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 2007; 136: 699–712
  • Tsutsumi Y, Kanamori H, Mori A, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus with rituximab. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2005; 4: 599–608
  • Garcia-Rodriguez M J, Canales M A, Hernandez-Maraver D, Hernandez-Navarro F. Late reactivation of resolved hepatitis B virus infection: an increasing complication post rituximab-based regimens treatment?. Am J Hematol 2008; 83: 673–675
  • Dervite I, Hober D, Morel P. Acute hepatitis B in a patient with antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen who was receiving rituximab. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 68–69
  • Westhoff T H, Jochimsen F, Schmittel A, et al. Fatal hepatitis B virus reactivation by an escape mutant following rituximab therapy. Blood 2003; 102: 1930
  • Tsutsumi Y, Tanaka J, Kawamura T, et al. Possible efficacy of lamivudine treatment to prevent hepatitis B virus reactivation due to rituximab therapy in a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Hematol 2004; 83: 58–60
  • Law J K, Ho J K, Hoskins P J, Erb S R, Steinbrecher U P, Yoshida E M. Fatal reactivation of hepatitis B post-chemotherapy for lymphoma in a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative, hepatitis B core antibody-positive patient: potential implications for future prophylaxis recommendations. Leuk Lymphoma 2005; 46: 1085–1089
  • Sarrecchia C, Cappelli A, Aiello P. HBV reactivation with fatal fulminating hepatitis during rituximab treatment in a subject negative for HBsAg and positive for HBsAb and HBcAb. J Infect Chemother 2005; 11: 189–191
  • Niscola P, Del Principe M I, Maurillo L, et al. Fulminant B hepatitis in a surface antigen-negative patient with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia after rituximab therapy. Leukemia 2005; 19: 1840–1841
  • Targhetta C, Cabras M G, Mamusa A M, Mascia G, Angelucci E. Hepatitis B virus-related liver disease in isolated anti-hepatitis B-core positive lymphoma patients receiving chemo- or chemo-immune therapy. Haematologica 2008; 93: 951–952
  • Yeo W, Chan T C, Leung N W, et al. Hepatitis B virus reactivation in lymphoma patients with prior resolved hepatitis B undergoing anticancer therapy with or without rituximab. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 605–611
  • Kami M, Hamaki T, Murashige N, et al. Safety of rituximab in lymphoma patients with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection. Hematol J 2003; 4: 159–162
  • Wang F, Xu R H, Luo H Y, et al. Clinical and prognostic analysis of hepatitis B virus infection in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer 2008; 8: 115
  • Racanelli V, Manigold T. Presentation of HCV antigens to naive CD8+ T cells: why the where, when, what and how are important for virus control and infection outcome. Clin Immunol 2007; 124: 5–12
  • Lazdina U, Alheim M, Nyström J, et al. Priming of cytotoxic T cell responses to exogenous hepatitis B virus core antigen is B cell dependent. J Gen Virol 2003; 84: 139–146
  • Miyagawa M, Minami M, Fujii K, et al. Molecular characterization of a variant virus that caused de novo hepatitis B without elevation of hepatitis B surface antigen after chemotherapy with rituximab. J Med Virol 2008; 80: 2069–2078
  • Kohrt H E, Ouyang D L, Keeffe E B. Antiviral prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced reactivation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Liver Dis 2007; 11: 965–991
  • He Y F, Li Y H, Wang F H, et al. The effectiveness of lamivudine in preventing hepatitis B viral reactivation in rituximab-containing regimen for lymphoma. Ann Hematol 2008; 87: 481–485
  • Chtioui H, Millius C, Lammle B, Lauterburg B H. Concomitant treatment with lamivudine renders cladribine inactive by inhibition of its phosphorylation. Br J Haematol 2009; 144: 136–137
  • Aksoy S, Abali H, Kilickap S, Erman M, Kars A. Accelerated hepatitis C virus replication with rituximab treatment in a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patient. Clin Lab Haematol 2006; 28: 211–214
  • Hsieh C Y, Huang H H, Lin C Y, et al. Rituximab-induced hepatitis C virus reactivation after spontaneous remission in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 2584–2586
  • Lake-Bakaar G, Dustin L, McKeating J, Newton K, Freeman V, Frost S D. Hepatitis C virus and alanine aminotransferase kinetics following B-lymphocyte depletion with rituximab: evidence for a significant role of humoral immunity in the control of viremia in chronic HCV liver disease. Blood 2007; 109: 845–846
  • Ennishi D, Terui Y, Yokoyama M, et al. Monitoring serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in patients with HCV-infected CD20-positive B-cell lymphoma undergoing rituximab combination chemotherapy. Am J Hematol 2008; 83: 59–62
  • Tsutsumi Y, Ichiki K, Shiratori S, et al. Changes in hepatitis C virus antibody titer and viral RNA load in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients after rituximab chemotherapy. Int J Lab Hematol Feb 21, 2008, [Epub ahead of print]
  • Visco C, Arcaini L, Brusamolino E, et al. Distinctive natural history in hepatitis C virus positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: analysis of 156 patients from northern Italy. Ann Oncol 2006; 17: 1434–1440
  • Sansonno D, Tucci F A, Montrone M, et al. B-cell depletion in the treatment of mixed cryoglobulinemia. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39: S116–S121
  • Dizdar O, Tapan U, Aksoy S, Harputluoglu H, Kilickap S, Barista I. Liver dysfunction after chemotherapy in lymphoma patients infected with hepatitis C. Eur J Haematol 2008; 80: 381–385
  • Dammacco F, Sansonno D, Piccoli C, Racanelli V, D'Amore F P, Lauletta G. The lymphoid system in hepatitis C virus infection: autoimmunity, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and Overt B-cell malignancy. Semin Liver Dis 2000; 20: 143–157
  • Cerny A, Chisari F V. Pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C: immunological features of hepatic injury and viral persistence. Hepatology 1999; 30: 595–601
  • Hsu Y C, Liao W C, Wang H P, Yao M, Lin J T. Catastrophic gastrointestinal manifestations of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41: 238–241
  • Kollmar O, Becker S, Schilling M K, Maurer C A. Intestinal lymphoma perforations as a consequence of highly effective anti-CD20 antibody therapy. Transplantation 2002; 73: 669–670
  • Kassam S, Goldstone A. Rituximab does not increase the complication rate, particularly perforation, when added to chemotherapy for patients with primary B-cell lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Blood 2005; 106, Abstract 4742
  • Biehn S E, Kirk D, Rivera M P, Martinez A E, Khandani A H, Orlowski R Z. Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia after rituximab therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2006; 24: 234–237
  • Alexandrescu D T, Dutcher J P, O'Boyle K, Albulak M, Oiseth S, Wiernik P H. Fatal intra-alveolar hemorrhage after rituximab in a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2004; 45: 2321–2325
  • Lazarevic V L, Liljeholm M, Forsberg K, Söderberg S, Wahlin A. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab (FCR) induced pulmonary hypertension in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 49: 1209–1211
  • Herishanu Y, Polliack A, Leider-Trejo L, Grieff Y, Metser U, Naparstek E. Fatal interstitial pneumonitis related to rituximab-containing regimen. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2006; 6: 407–409
  • Heresi G A, Farver C F, Stoller J K. Interstitial pneumonitis and alveolar hemorrhage complicating use of rituximab: case report and review of the literature. Respiration 2008; 76: 449–453
  • Burton C, Kaczmarski R, Jan-Mohamed R. Interstitial pneumonitis related to rituximab therapy. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2690–2691
  • Liu X, Hong X N, Gu Y J, Wang B Y, Luo Z G, Cao J. Interstitial pneumonitis during rituximab-containing chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2008; 49: 1778–1783
  • Wagner S A, Mehta A C, Laber D A. Rituximab-induced interstitial lung disease. Am J Hematol 2007; 82: 916–919
  • González V, Salgueiro E, Jimeno F J, Hidalgo A, Rubio T, Manso G. Post-marketing safety of antineoplasic monoclonal antibodies: rituximab and trastuzumab. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2008; 17: 714–721
  • Selenko N, Maidic O, Draxier S, et al. CD20 antibody (C2B8)-induced apoptosis of lymphoma cells promotes phagocytosis by dendritic cells and cross-priming of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Leukemia 2001; 15: 1619–1626
  • Ai L, Ren H, Shi Y, Dong Y. Enhancement of anti-lymphoma immuno-effects mediated by dendritic cells pulsed with heat-stressed and rituximab-coated CD20+ lymphoma cells. Int J Hematol 2008; 87: 459–466
  • Alho H S, Maasilta P K, Harjula A L, Hämmäinen P, Salminen J, Salminen U S. Tumor necrosis factor-α in a porcine bronchial model of obliterative bronchiolitis. Transplantation 2003; 76: 516–523

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.