373
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Adolescents’ Responses to Cereal Ads: An Assessment of Weight and Gender

, &

References

  • Abromovitz, B., & Birch, L. (2000). Five-year-old girls’ ideas about dieting are predicted by their mothers’ dieting. Journal of the American Dieticians Association, 100(10), 1157–1163. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00339-4
  • Agante, L. (2014). Cereal and children: A study of their lifetime relation. Nova School of Business and Economics. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8ca7/ac8351ffee73937ec7f6a6efbee106bdff6a.pdf
  • Andrews, J. C., Burton, S., & Kees, J. (2011). Is simpler always better? Consumer evaluations of front-of-package nutrition symbols. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 30, 175–190. doi:10.1509/jppm.30.2.175
  • Baddely, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. (2009). Memory. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Bandura, A. (1988). Organizational applications of social cognitive theory. Australian Journal of Management, 13, 275–302. doi:10.1177/031289628801300210
  • Bartlett, F. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Boysen, G. A., & Vogel, D. L. (2008). Education and mental health stigma: The effects of attribution, biased assimilation, and attitude polarization. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27(5), 447–470. doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.5.447
  • Bucher, T., Collins, C., Diem, S., & Siegrist, M. (2016). Adolescents’ perception of the healthiness of snacks. Food Quality & Preference, 50, 94–101. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.02.001
  • Burmeister, J. M., Zbur, S., & Musher-Eizenman, D. (2016). Active versus inactive portrayals of children with obesity. Stigma Health, 1, 101–108. doi:10.1037/sah0000016
  • Castonguay, J. (2019). Sugar and sports: Age differences in children’s responses to a high sugar cereal advertisement portraying physical activities. Communication Research, 46(5), 579–595. doi:10.1177/0093650215587357
  • Castonguay, J., & Bakir, A. (2019). You eat “like a girl”: Gender differences in content and effects of food advertising depicting sports. Journal of Food Product Marketing, 25(3), 233–256. doi:10.1080/10454446.2018.1524807
  • Centers for Disease Control and Protection. (2019). BMI percentile calculator for children and teens. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/bmi/calculator.html
  • Chandon, P., & Wansink, B. (2007). The biasing health halos of fast-food restaurant health claims: Lower calorie estimates and high side-dish consumption intentions. Journal of Consumer Research, 34, 301–314. doi:10.1086/519499
  • Chernev, A. &., & Gal, D. (2010). categorization effects in value judgments: Averaging bias in evaluating combinations of vices and virtues. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(4), 738–747. doi:10.1509/jmkr.47.4.738
  • Cherry, K., & Gans, S. (2019). The role of a schema in psychology. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-schema-2795873
  • Cinelli, M, & Yang, L. (2016). The role of implicit theories in evaluations of ‘plus-size’ advertising. Journal of Advertising, 45(4), 472–481. doi:10.1080/00913367.2016.1230838
  • Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975). A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review, 82(6), 407–428. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407
  • Damiano, S., Paxton, S., Wertheim, E., McLean, S., & Gregg, K. (2015). Dietary restraint of 5 year old girls: Associations with internalization of the thin ideal and maternal, media, and peer influences. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48(8), 1166–1169. doi:10.1002/eat.22432
  • Dion, J., Blackburn, M., Auclair, J., Laberge, L., Veillette, S., Gaudreault, M., … Touchette, É. (2015). Development and aetiology of body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 20(2), 151–166. doi:10.1080/02673843.2014.985320
  • Dohnt, H., & Tiggemann, M. (2006). Body image concerns in young girls: The role of peers and media prior to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 135–145. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9020-7
  • Durante, F., Fasolo, M., Mari, S., & Mazzola, A. (2014). Children’s attitudes and stereotype content toward thin, average-weight and overweight peers. Sage Open, 1–11. doi:10.1177/2158244014534697
  • Ebneter, D., Latner, J., & Nigg, C. (2013). Is less always more? The effects of low-fat labeling and caloric information on food intake, calorie estimates, taste preference, and health attributions. Appetite, 68, 92–97. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.023
  • Ekbote, V., Shimpi, A., Rairikar, A., Shyam, A., & Sancheti, P. (2017). Perception of body image to fat content in adolescent girls and boys. Indian Journal of Youth and Adolescent Health, 4(2), 30–33.
  • Environmental Working Group. (2014). How much is too much? Retrieved from https://static.ewg.org/reports/2014/children_at_risk/pdf/too_much_of_a_good_thing.pdf?_ga=2.117088582.114317932.1533737494-1062840009.1533737494
  • Eyal, K., & Te’eni-Harari, T. (2016). High on attractiveness, low on nutrition: An over-time comparison of advertising food products on Israeli television. Health Communication, 31(8), 988–997. doi:10.1080/10410236.2015.1026431
  • Federal Trade Commission. (2012). FTC releases follow-up study detailing promotional activities, expenditures, and nutritional profiles of food marketed to children and adolescents. Retrieved from https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2012/12/ftc-releases-follow-study-detailing-promotional-activities
  • Feick, L., & Higie, R. (1992). The effetcs of preference heterogeneity and source characteristics on ad processing and judgments about endorsers. Journal of Advertising, 21(2), 9–24. doi:10.1080/00913367.1992.10673364
  • Flegal, K. M., Kruszon-Moran, D., Carroll, M. D., Fryar, C. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2016). Trends in obesity Among adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. Journal of the American Medical Association, 315(21), 2284–2291. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.6458
  • Fouts, G., & Burggraf, K. (2000). Television situation comedies: Female weight, male negative comments, and audience reactions. Sex Roles, 42(9–10), 925–932. doi:10.1023/A:1007054618340
  • Franzoi, S. L., & Herzog, M. E. (1986). The body esteem scale: A convergent and discriminant validity study. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50(1), 24–31. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_4
  • Gibson, R., & Zillmann, D. (2000). Reading between the photographs: The influence of incidental pictorial information on issue perception. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(2), 355–366. doi:10.1177/107769900007700209
  • Hales, C., Carroll, M., Frayar, C., & Ogden, C. (2017). Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2015–2016. NCHS Data Brief No. 288. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db288.pdf
  • Hansson, L. M., Karnehed, N., Tynelius, P., & Rasmussen, F. (2009). Prejudice against obesity among 10-year-olds: A nationwide population-based study. Acta Pediatrica, 98, 1176–1182. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01305.x
  • Harriger, J., & Thompson, J. (2012). Psychological consequences of obesity: Weight bias and body image in overweight and obese youth. International Review of Psychiatry, 24(3), 247–253. doi:10.3109/09540261.2012.678817
  • Harris, J., Haraghey, K., Lodolce, M., & Semenza, N. (2018). Teaching children about good health? Halo effects in child-directed advertisements for unhealthy food. Pediatric Obesity, 13, 256–264. doi:10.1111/ijpo.12257
  • Harrison, K. (2005). Is “fat free” good for me? A panel study of television viewing and children’s nutritional knowledge and reasoning. Health Communication, 17, 117–132. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc1702_1
  • Harrison, S., Rowlinson, M., & Hill, A. J. (2016). “No fat friend of mine”: Young children’s responses to overweight and disability. Body Image, 18, 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.05.002
  • Haynes, A, Kersbergen, I, Sutin, A, Daly, M, & Robinson, E. (2017). A systematic review of the relationship between weight status perceptions and weight loss attempts, strategies, behaviours and outcomes. Obesity Reviews, 19,(3): 347–363.
  • Herbozo, S., Tantleff-Dunn, S., Gokee-Larose, J., & Thompson, J. K. (2004). Beauty and thinness messages in children’s media: A content analysis. Eating Disorders, 12(1), 21–34. doi:10.1080/10640260490267742
  • Hobbs, R., Broder, S., Pope, H., & Rowe, J. (2006). How adolescent girls interpret weight-loss advertising. Health Education Research, 21(5), 719–730. doi:10.1093/her/cyl077
  • Hoffner, C., & Buchanan, M. (2005). Young adults’ wishful identification with television characters: The role of perceived similarity and character attributes. Media Psychology, 7(4), 325–351. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0704_2
  • Hoplamazian, G., & Appiah, O. (2013). Viewer responses to character race and social status in advertising: Blacks see color, whites see class. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 34(1), 57–76. doi:10.1080/10641734.2013.754709
  • Institute of Medicine. (2006). Food marketing to children and youth: Threat or opportunity? Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  • Institute of Medicine. (2010). Front of package nutrition rating system and symbols. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  • Karsay, K., & Schmuck, D. (2017). “Weak, sad, and lazy fatties”: Adolescents’ explicit and implicit weight bias following exposure to weight loss reality tv shows. Media Psychology, 22(1), 60–81. doi:10.1080/15213269.2017.1396903
  • Kater, K. J., Rohwer, J., & Londre, K. (2002). Evaluation of an upper elementary school program to prevent body image, eating, and weight concerns. The Journal of School Health, 72(5), 199–204. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2002.tb06546.x
  • Kaur, A., Scarborough, P., & Rayner, M. (2017). A systematic review, and meta-analyses, of the impact of health-related claims on dietary choices. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14, 93–110. doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0548-1
  • Keating, C., Stephens, J., Thomas, N., Castle, D., & Rossell, S. (2016). Gender differences in weight-related and non-weight-related appearance concerns in a community sample. Australian Journal of Psychology, 68(1), 11–19. doi:10.1111/ajpy.2016.68.issue-1
  • Khan, H, Lee, R, & Lockshin, L. (2015). Australasian Marketing Journal (Amj), 23(3), 218–226. doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2015.07.001
  • Kim, H, Ahn, J, & Lee, D. (2016). Thin female characters in children’s television commercials: a content analysis of gender stereotype. American Communication Journal, 18(2), 27–44.
  • Kornilaki, E. (2015). Obesity bias in children: The role of actual and perceived body size. Infant and Child Development, 24(4), 365–378. doi:10.1002/icd.v24.4
  • Kraig, K. A., & Keel, P. K. (2001). Weight-bases stigmatization in children. International Journal of Obesity, 25, 1661–1666. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801813
  • Kunkel, D., Castonguay, J., Wright, P., & McKinley, C. (2014). Solution or smokescreen? Evaluating industry self-regulation of televised food marketing to children. Communication Law and Policy, 19, 263–292. doi:10.1080/10811680.2014.919797
  • Lapierre, M., Vaala, S., & Linebarger, D. (2011). Influence of licensed spokescharacters and health cues on children’s ratings of cereal taste. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 165, 229–234. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.300
  • Latner, J., & Stunkard, A. J. (2003). Getting worse: The stigmatization of obese children. Obesity Research, 11(3), 452–456. doi:10.1038/oby.2003.61
  • Lee, J., Shimizu, M., Kniffin, K., & Wansink, B. (2013). You taste what you see: Do organic labels bias taste perceptions? Food Quality and Preference, 29, 33–39. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.01.010
  • Lenhart, C. M., Daly, B. P., & Eichen, D. M. (2011). Is accuracy of weight perception associated with health risk behaviors in a diverse sample of obese adolescents? The Journal of School Nursing : the Official Publication of the National Association of School Nurses, 27(6), 416–423. doi:10.1177/1059840511423381
  • Lim, Y., & An, S. (2018). Effects of attributions and social media exposure on obesity stigma among Korean adolescents. Social Behavior & Personality, 46(12), 2049–2061. doi:10.2224/sbp.7260
  • Lima, M., Ares, G., & Deliza, R. (2018). How do front of pack nutrition labels affect healthfulness perception of foods targeted at children? Insights from Brazilian children and parents. Food Quality and Preference, 64, 111–119. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.10.003
  • Mckelle, E. (2015). 9 body positive social media campaigns that are changing how we perceive beauty both in and outside the fashion world. Bustle. Retrieved from https://www.bustle.com/articles/75539-9-body-positive-social-media-campaigns-that-are-changing-how-we-perceive-beauty-both-in-and
  • Mendelson, B., Mendelson, M., & White, D. (1997). Body esteem scale for adolescents and adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76(1), 90–106. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7601_6
  • Middleman, A., Vazquez, I., & Durant, R. (1998). Eating patterns, physical activity, and attempts to change weight among adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health : Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 22(1), 37–42. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00162-6
  • Moore, E., & Lutz, R. (2000). Children, advertising and product experiences: A multimethod inquiry. Journal of Consumer Research, 27, 31–38. doi:10.1086/314307
  • Muris, P., Meesters, C., van de Blom, W., & Mayer, B. (2005). Biological, psychological, and sociocultural correlates of body change strategies and eating problems in adolescent boys and girls. Eating Behaviors, 6(1), 11–22. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2004.03.002
  • Ogden, C., Carroll, M., Fryar, C., & Flegal, K. (2015). Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2011–2014. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
  • Ogden, C,, Fryar, C, & Flegal, K. (2014). Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: united states, 2011-2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
  • Paxton, S. J., Norris, M., Wertheim, E. H., Durkin, S. J., & Anderson, J. (2005). Body dissatisfaction, dating, and importance of thinness to attractiveness in adolescent girls. Sex Roles, 53(9–10), 663–675. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-7732-5
  • Pearl, R., & Lebowitz, M. (2014). Beyond personal responsibility: Effects of causal attributions for overweight and obesity on weight-related beliefs, stigma, and policy support. Psychology and Health, 29(10), 1176–1191. doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.916807
  • Penny, H., & Haddock, G. (2007). Anti-fat prejudice among children: The ‘mere proximity’ effect in 5–10 year olds. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(4), 678–683. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.07.002
  • Powell, L. M., Schermbeck, R. M., Szczypka, G., Chaloupka, F. J., & Braunschweig, C. L. (2011). Trends in nutritional content of food advertisements seen by children in the United States. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 165(12), 1078–1086. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.131
  • Powell, L. M., Szczypka, G., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2007). Adolescent exposure to food advertising on television. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(4, Suppl.), S251–S256. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.009
  • Puhl, R., & Heuer, C. (2010). Obesity stigma: Important considerations for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 100(6), 1019–1028. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.159491
  • Puhl, R. M., Wall, M. M., Chen, C., Bryn, A. S., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2017). Experiences of weight teasing in adolescence and weight-related outcomes in adulthood: A 15-year longitudinal study. Preventive Medicine, 100, 173–179. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.023
  • Raghunathan, R., Naylor, R., & Hoyer, W. (2006). The unhealthy=tasty intuition and its effects on taste inferences, enjoyment, and choice of food products. Journal of Marketing, 70, 170–184. doi:10.1509/jmkg.70.4.170
  • Rangan, A. M., Kwan, J., Flood, V. M., Louie, J. C., & Gill, T. P. (2011). Changes in ‘extra’ food intake among Australian children between 1995 and 2007. Obesity Research in Clinical Practice, 5(1), e1–e78. doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2010.12.001
  • Roedder, D. L., Sternthal, B., & Calder, B. J. (1983). Attitude-behavior consistency in children’s responses to television advertising. Journal of Marketing Research, 20(4), 337–349. doi:10.1177/002224378302000401
  • Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity. (2018). Food marketing. Retrieved from http://www.uconnruddcenter.org/food-marketing
  • Ruffman, T., O’Brien, K., Taumoepeau, M., Latner, J. D., & Hunter, J. A. (2016). Toddlers’ bias to look at average versus obese figures relates to maternal anti-fat prejudice. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 142, 195–202. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.10.008
  • Schuldt, J., Muller, D., & Schwarz, N. (2012). The “fair trade” effect: Health halos from social ethics claims. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(5), 581–589. doi:10.1177/1948550611431643
  • Schwartz, M. B., Vartanian, L. R., Nosek, B. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2006). The influence of one’s own body weight on implicit and explicit anti-fat bias. Obesity, 14(3), 440–447. doi:10.1038/oby.2006.58
  • Signorielli, N. (2001). Television’s gender role images and contribution to stereotyping. In D. G. Singer & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of children and the media (pp. 341–358). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Signorielli, N., & Lears, M. (1992). Television and children’s conceptions of nutrition: Unhealthy messages. Health Communication, 4, 245–257. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc0404_1
  • Signorielli, N., & Staples, J. (1997). Television and children’s conceptions of nutrition. Health Communication, 9, 289–301. doi:10.1207/s15327027hc0904_1
  • Smith, R., Kelly, B., Yeatman, H., & Boyland, E. (2019). Food marketing influences children’s attitudes, preferences and consumption: A systematic critical review. Nutrients, 11(4), 875–889. doi:10.3390/nu11040875
  • Solbes, I., & Enesco, I. (2010). Explicit and implicit anti-fat attitudes in children and their relationship with their body images. Obesity Facts, 3, 23–32. doi:10.1159/000280417
  • Strauss, R. S., & Pollack, H. A. (2003). Social marginalization of overweight children. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 157(8), 746–752. doi:10.1001/archpedi.157.8.746
  • Stunkard, A., Sorenson, T., & Schlusinger, F. (1983). Use of the Danish Adoltion Register for the study of obesity and thinness. Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, 60, 115–120.
  • Swinburn, B. A., & Silva-Sanigorski, A. (2010). Where to from here for preventing childhood obesity: An international perspective. Obesity, 18(1), S4–S7. doi:10.1038/oby.2009.424
  • Tadena, N. (2014). Cheerios is king of commercial spending among cereal brands. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://blogs.wsj.com/cmo/2014/07/17/cheerios-is-king-of-commercial-spending-among-cereal-brands/
  • Te’eni Harari, T., & Eyal, K. (2015). Liking them thin: Adolescents favorite television characters and body image. Journal of Health Communication, 20(5), 607–715. doi:10.1080/10810730.2015.1012241
  • Teachman, B. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2001). Implicit anti-fat bias among health professionals: Is anyone immune? International Journal of Obesity, 25, 1525–1531. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801745
  • Thai, C., Serrano, K., Yaroch, A., Nebeling, L., & Oh, A. (2017). Perceptions of food advertising and association with consumption of energy-dense nutrient-poor foods among adolescents in the United States: Results from a national survey. Journal of Health Communication, 22(8), 638–646. doi:10.1080/10810730.2017.1339145
  • Verbeke, W., Scholderer, J., & Lahteenmaki, L. (2009). Consumer appeal of nutrition and health claims in three existing product concepts. Appetite, 52(3), 684–692. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.03.007
  • Wang, S., Brownell, K., & Wadden, T. (2004). The influence of the stigma of obesity on overweight individuals. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 28(10), 1333–1337. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802730
  • Wardle, J., Volz, C., & Golding, C. (1995). Social variation in attitudes to obesity in children. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 19, 562–569.
  • Williams, P. (2005). Consumer understanding and use of health claims for foods. Nutrition Science and Policy, 63, 256–264.
  • Wong, V. (2014), General Mills has plans to spark a breakfast cereal revival. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-07-09/general-mills-plans-to-invest-in-cereal-despite-slow-sales
  • Wood, K., Becker, J., & Thompson, K. (1996). Body image dissatisfaction in preadolescent children. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 17(1), 85–100. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(96)90007-6
  • World Health Organization. (2018a). Obesity. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/
  • World Health Organization. (2018b). 66th world health assembly. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/2013/wha66/en/
  • Worobey, J., & Worobey, H. (2014). Body-size stigmatization by preschool girls: In a doll’s world, it is good to be “Barbie”. Body Image, 11(2), 171–174. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.12.001
  • Young, R., Subramanian, R., & Hinnant, A. (2016). Stigmatizing images in obesity health campaign messages and healthy behavioral intentions. Health Education & Behavior, 43(4), 412–419. doi:10.1177/1090198115604624
  • Zhara Media Group. (2017). What influence do kids have on family spending? Retrieved from https://www.zahramediagroup.com/influence-kids-family-spending/
  • Zimmer-Gembeck, M., Webb, H., Farrell, L., & Waters, A. (2018). Girls’ and boys’ trajectories of appearance anxiety from age 10 to 15 years are associated with earlier maturation and appearance-related teasing. Developmental Psychopathology, 30(1), 337–350. doi:10.1017/S0954579417000657
  • Zizza, C., Siega-Riz, A. M., & Popkin, B. M. (2001). Significant increase in young adults snacking between 1977–1978 and 1994–1996 represent a cause for concern. Preventive Medicine, 32, 303–310. doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0817

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.