The State of Crisis Communication in Contemporary Nonprofit Literature

References

• Ali, H. M., & Malaco, O. H. (2022). Public health intervention: Exploring crisis communication elements in media reports on COVID-19 in Bangladesh. SEARCH Journal of Media and Communication Research, 14(1), 33–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Khrabsheh, A. A. (2018). Impact of strategic planning on crisis management in the profit and non-profit sector in Jordan. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(5), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, M. W., & Caillouet, R. H. (1994). Legitimation endeavors: Impression management strategies used by an organization in crisis. Communications Monographs, 61(1), 44–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759409376322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, S. K., & Cheng, I. H. (2010). Crisis communication research in public relations journals: Tracking research trends over thirty years. In W. T. Coombs & S. J. Holladay (Eds.), The handbook of crisis communication (pp. 65–90). Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Arik, M., Clark, L. A., & Raffo, D. M. (2016). Strategic responses of non-profit organizations to the economic crisis. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 15(1), 48–70.
   Google Scholar
• Avner, M. A., & Associates. (2016). Advocacy, lobbying, and social change. In O. R. David (Ed.), The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership and management (pp. 396–426). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Azevedo, L. (2022). Nonprofit organizations and crises. In Crisis communication planning and strategies for nonprofit leaders (pp. 1–12). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003147480-1.
   Google Scholar
• Azevedo, L., Haupt, B., & Markoski, T. D. (2022). Operational challenges in a US nonprofit network amid COVID-19: Lessons from a food network in Virginia. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 33(2), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.21540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, A. (2018). An experimental study of voluntary nonprofit accountability and effects on public trust, reputation, perceived quality, and donation behavior. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47(3), 562–582. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764018756200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, A., Boenigk, S., & Willems, J. (2020). In nonprofits we trust? A large-scale study on the public’s trust in nonprofit organizations. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 32(2), 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2019.1707744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, W. L. (1995). Sears’ repair of its auto service image: Image restoration discourse in the corporate sector. Communication Studies, 46(1–2), 89–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510979509368441
   Google Scholar
• Benoit, W. L. (2005). Image restoration theory. In R. L. Heath (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Public Relations: Volume 1 (pp. 407–410). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Brengarth, L. B., & Mujkic, E. (2016). WEB 2.0: How social media applications leverage nonprofit responses during a wildfire crisis. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 589–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, R., & Owens, T. (2010). Promoting transparency in the NGO sector: Examining the availability and reliability of self-reported data. World Development, 38(9), 1263–1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.12.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett, J. J. (1998). A strategic approach to managing crises. Public Relations Review, 24(4), 475–488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, E. D. (2002). Public expectations and nonprofit sector realities: A growing divide with disastrous consequences. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31(3), 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764002313007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caruana, A. (1997). Corporate reputation: concept and measurement. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 6(2), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610429710175646
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho, A. O., Rodrigues, L. L., & Branco, M. C. (2017). Factors influencing voluntary disclosure in the annual reports of Portuguese foundations. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28(5), 2278–2311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9883-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, C. M., Hornsey, M. J., & Gillespie, N. (2021). No global crisis of trust: A longitudinal and multinational examination of public trust in nonprofits. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50(2), 441–457. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764020962221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, C. M., Hornsey, M. J., Gillespie, N., & Lockey, S. (2022). Nonprofit scandals: A systematic review and conceptual framework. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 52(1_suppl), 278S–312S. https://doi.org/10.1177/08997640221129541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. T. (2014). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing, and responding. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (1996). Communication and attributions in a crisis: An experimental study in crisis communication. Journal of Public Relations Research, 8(4), 279–295.
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (2002). Helping crisis managers protect reputational assets: Initial tests of the situational crisis communication theory. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(2), 165–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/089331802237233
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, W. T., & Holladay, S. J. (Eds.). (2011). The handbook of crisis communication (Vol. 22). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, T., & Schmidt, L. (2000). An empirical analysis of image restoration: Texaco’s racism crisis. Journal of Public Relations Research, 12(2), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1202_2
   Google Scholar
• Dethier, F., Delcourt, C., & Willems, J. (2023). Transparency of nonprofit organizations: An integrative framework and research agenda. Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing, 28(4), e1725. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.1725
   Google Scholar
• Dicke, L. A., & Ott, J. S. (Eds.). (2023). Understanding nonprofit organizations: Governance, leadership, and management. Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, M. (2018). Lessons for crisis communication on social media: A systematic review of what research tells the practice. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 12(5), 526–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2018.1510405
   Google Scholar
• Frandsen, F., & Johansen, W. (2018). Voices in conflict? The crisis communication of meta-organizations. Management Communication Quarterly, 32(1), 90–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318917705734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, R. P., & La Sala, A. (2021). Crisis communication preparedness practices among US charitable organizations: Results from a national survey. SAGE Open, 11(2), 21582440211014516. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211014516
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, R. P., & Rice, R. E. (2022). Nonprofit organization communication, crisis planning, and strategic responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing, 27(3), e1750. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.1750
   Google Scholar
• Gaskin, K. (1999). Blurred vision: Public trust in charities. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 4(2), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.66
   Google Scholar
• Gilstrap, C. A., Gilstrap, C. M., Holderby, K. N., & Valera, K. M. (2016). Sensegiving, leadership, and nonprofit crises: How nonprofit leaders make and give sense to organizational crisis. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 27(6), 2787–2806. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9648-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurman, T. A., & Ellenberger, N. (2015). Reaching the global community during disasters: Findings from a content analysis of the organizational use of Twitter after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Journal of Health Communication, 20(6), 687–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haupt, B., & Azevedo, L. (2021). Crisis communication planning and nonprofit organizations. Disaster Prevention & Management: An International Journal, 30(20), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-06-2020-0197
   Google Scholar
• Haupt, B., & Azevedo, L. (2023). Crisis communication planning and strategies for nonprofit leaders. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hearit, K. M. (1994). Apologies and public relations crises at Chrysler, Toshiba, and Volvo. Public Relations Review, 20(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/0363-8111(94)90053-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman, R. (1990). Methodological issues in studying the effectiveness of nongovernmental and nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 19(3), 293–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/089976409001900309
   Google Scholar
• Hong, L. (2012, August). Public crisis management of nonprofit organizations. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Public Management (ICPM-2012), Kunming, China (pp. 243–247). Atlantis Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hou, J., Zhang, C., & Guo, H. (2019). How nonprofits can recover from crisis events? The trust recovery from the perspective of causal attributions. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 31(1), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-019-00176-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, J., Zhang, C., & Guo, H. (2020). How nonprofits can recover from crisis events? The trust recovery from the perspective of causal attributions. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 31(1), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-019-00176-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey, A. J. (2021). Strategic international crisis communication: The influence of crisis response strategy and language choice in non-profits’ crisis communication responses on Dutch stakeholders’ affective perceptions and behavioural intentions. Retreived from https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/handle/123456789/11621
   Google Scholar
• Ice, R. (1991). Corporate publics and rhetorical strategies: The case of Union Carbide’s Bhopal crisis. Management Communication Quarterly, 4(3), 341–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318991004003004
   Google Scholar
• Johansen, W., Aggerholm, H. K., & Frandsen, F. (2012). Entering new territory: A study of internal crisis management and crisis communication in organizations. Public Relations Review, 38(2), 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapucu, N. (2006). Interagency communication networks during emergencies: Boundary spanners in multiagency coordination. The American Review of Public Administration, 36(2), 207–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074005280605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapucu, N. (2007). Non‐profit response to catastrophic disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 16(4), 551–561. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560710817039
   Google Scholar
• Kapucu, N., & Garayev, V. (2011). Collaborative decision-making in emergency and disaster management. International Journal of Public Administration, 34(6), 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2011.561477
   Google Scholar
• Kinsky, E. S., Drumheller, K., & Gerlich, R. N. (2014). Weathering the storm: Best practices for nonprofits in crisis. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 19(4), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.1502
   Google Scholar
• Kinzey, R. E. (2013). Promoting nonprofit organizations: A reputation management approach. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. Y., & Rim, H. (2017). Company–nonprofit partnerships, negative spillover, and response strategies. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 11(3), 194–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2017.1320558
   Google Scholar
• Liu, B. F., Fowler, B. M., Roberts, H. A., & Herovic, E. (2018). Keeping hospitals operating during disasters through crisis communication preparedness. Public Relations Review, 44(4), 585–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B. F., Jin, Y., & Austin, L. (2023). Digital crisis communication theory: Current landscape and future trajectories. In C. H. Botan & E. J. Sommerfeldt (Eds.), Public relations theory III (pp. 191–212). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003141396-14
   Google Scholar
• Liu, B. F., Jin, Y., Briones, R., & Kuch, B. (2012). Managing turbulence in the blogosphere: Evaluating the blog-mediated crisis communication model with the American Red Cross. Journal of Public Relations Research, 24(4), 353–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2012.689901
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden, S., Janoske, M., & Briones, R. L. (2016). The double-edged crisis: Invisible Children’s social media response to the kony 2012 campaign. Public Relations Review, 42(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mano, R. S. (2010). Organizational crisis, adaptation, and innovation in Israel’s nonprofit organizations: A learning approach. Administration in Social Work, 34(4), 344–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/03643107.2010.500985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMullin, C., & Raggo, P. (2020). Leadership and governance in times of crisis: A balancing act for nonprofit boards. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 49(6), 1182–1190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764020964582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morehouse, J., & Austin, L. L. (2022). The impact of religion in situational crisis communication theory: An examination of religious rhetoric and religiosity. Journal of Media & Religion, 21(2), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348423.2022.2059327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muralidharan, S., Rasmussen, L., Patterson, D., & Shin, J. H. (2011). Hope for Haiti: An analysis of Facebook and Twitter usage during the earthquake relief efforts. Public Relations Review, 37(2), 175–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazione, S., & Perrault, E. K. (2019). An empirical test of image restoration theory and best practice suggestions within the context of social mediated crisis communication. Corporate Reputation Review, 22(4), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-019-00064-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson, E. K. (2014). Crisis communication in public organisations: Dimensions of crisis communication revisited. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 22(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswald, J. (1996). Human resources, scientists, and internal reputation: The role of climate and job satisfaction. Human Relations, 49(3), 269–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679604900301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozanne, L. K., Ballantine, P. W., & Mitchell, T. (2020). Investigating the methods and effectiveness of crisis communication. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 32(4), 379–405.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padanyi, P., & Gainer, B. (2003). Peer reputation in the nonprofit sector: Its role in nonprofit sector management. Corporate Reputation Review, 6(3), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.crr.1540204
   Google Scholar
• Reid, W., & Turbide, J. (2012). Board/staff relationships in a growth crisis: Implications for nonprofit governance. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 41(1), 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764011398296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, P. W., & Dowling, G. R. (2002). Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 23(12), 1077–1093. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, H. (1990). Dimensions of institutional ethics: A framework for interpreting the ethical context of the nonprofit sector. In D. L. Gies, J. S. Ott, & J. M. Shafritz (Eds.), The nonprofit organization: Essential readings (pp. 211–216). Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggiero, A., & Vos, M. (2013). Terrorism communication: Characteristics and emerging perspectives in the scientific literature 2002–2011. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 21(3), 153–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field Methods, 15(1), 85–109.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, M. R., Laureano, R. M., & Moro, S. (2020). Unveiling research trends for organizational reputation in the nonprofit sector. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 31(1), 56–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-018-00055-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, L., & Lopes, L. (2021). The level of preparedness and response of nonprofit organizations in a pandemic crisis: An exploratory qualitative research. Journal of Administrative Sciences and Technology, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.5171/2021.472658
   Google Scholar
• Sarstedt, M., & Schloderer, M. P. (2010). Developing a measurement approach for reputation of non‐profit organizations. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 15(3), 276–299. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.389
   Google Scholar
• Schaefer, Z. A., & Lynch, O. H. (2015). Negotiating organizational future: Symbolic struggles in a fiscal crisis. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 4(3), 281–305. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOE-07-2014-0017
   Google Scholar
• Schloderer, M. P., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2014). The relevance of reputation in the nonprofit sector: The moderating effect of socio‐demographic characteristics. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 19(2), 110–126.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, A., & Pforr, F. (2011). The crisis communication preparedness of nonprofit organizations: The case of German interest groups. Public Relations Review, 37(1), 68–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2010.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger, M. W. (2006). Best practices in crisis communication: An expert panel process. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 34(3), 232–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo, J. (2020). Resource dependence patterns, goal change, and social value in nonprofit organizations: Does goal change matter in nonprofit management? International Review of Administrative Sciences, 86(2), 368–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852318778782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherry, E., & Shilbury, D. (2007). Impact of social expectations on ethical governance of sport organisations. Annals of Leisure Research, 10(3–4), 413–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2007.9686774
   Google Scholar
• Sisco, H. F. (2012a). The ACORN story: An analysis of crisis response strategies in a nonprofit organization. Public Relations Review, 38(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisco, H. F. (2012b). Nonprofit in crisis: An examination of the applicability of situational crisis communication theory. Journal of Public Relations Research, 24(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2011.582207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisco, H. F., Collins, E. L., & Zoch, L. M. (2010). Through the looking glass: A decade of Red Cross crisis response and situational crisis communication theory. Public Relations Review, 36(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.08.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisco, H. F., Pressgrove, G., & Collins, E. L. (2013). Paralleling the practice: An analysis of the scholarly literature in nonprofit public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 25(4), 282–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2013.806869
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slappendel, C. (1996). Perspectives on innovation in organizations. Organization Studies, 17(1), 107–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069601700105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terry, G., Hayfield, N., Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic Analysis. In C. Willig & Stainton-Rogers (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology (2nd ed., pp. 17–37). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Tremblay‐Boire, J., Prakash, A., & Gugerty, M. K. (2016). Regulation by reputation: Monitoring and sanctioning in nonprofit accountability clubs. Public Administration Review, 76(5), 712–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tully, M., Dalrymple, K. E., & Young, R. (2019). Contextualizing nonprofits’ use of links on twitter during the West African Ebola virus epidemic. Communication Studies, 70(3), 313–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulmer, R. R., Seeger, M. W., & Sellnow, T. L. (2007). Post-crisis communication and renewal: Expanding the parameters of post-crisis discourse. Public Relations Review, 33(2), 130–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2006.11.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veil, S. R. & Husted, R. A. (2012). Best practices as an assessment for crisis communication. Journal of Communication Management, 16(2), 131–145.
   Google Scholar
• Volunteerhub. (2019). Online reputation management tips nonprofits should follow. Retrieved October 12, 2019, from https://www.volunteerhub.com/blog/online-reputation-management-tips/
   Google Scholar
• Waters, R. D. (2011). Increasing fundraising efficiency through evaluation: Applying communication theory to the nonprofit organization—Donor relationship. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(3), 458–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764009354322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, R. D., & Tindall, N. T. (2011). Exploring the impact of American news coverage on crisis fundraising: Using media theory to explicate a new model of fundraising communication. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 23(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2010.494875
   Google Scholar
• Willems, J., Jegers, M., & Faulk, L. (2016). Organizational effectiveness reputation in the nonprofit sector. Public Performance & Management Review, 39(2), 454–475. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2015.1108802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, T. (2012). Managing a nonprofit organization: Updated twenty-first-century edition. Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Wukich, C., & Steinberg, A. (2013). Nonprofit and public sector participation in self‐organizing information networks: Twitter hashtag and trending topic use during disasters. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 4(2), 83–109. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12036
   Google Scholar
• Yeo, J., Knox, C. C., & Jung, K. (2018). Unveiling cultures in emergency response communication networks on social media: Following the 2016 Louisiana floods. Quality & Quantity, 52(2), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0595-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuan, X., Ren, Z., Liu, Z., Li, W., & Sun, B. (2021). Repairing charity trust in times of accidental crisis: The role of crisis history and crisis response strategy. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 2147–2156. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S341650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar