Effects of different levels of dietary black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and their combination on productive traits, selected blood constituents, microbiota and immunity of broilers

References

• Dibner JJ, Richards JD. Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poult Sci. 2005;84(4):634–643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer MW. The looming threat of factory-farm superbugs. Sci Am. 2016;315(6):70–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillings MD. Evolutionary consequences of antibiotic use for the resistome, mobilome and microbial pangenome. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teuber M. Veterinary use and antibiotic resistance. Curr Opin Microb. 2001;4(5):493–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hume ME. Historic perspective: Prebiotics, probiotics, and other alternatives to antibiotics. Poult Sci. 2011;90(11):2663–2669.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kamel C. Natural plant extracts: classical remedies bring modern animal production solutions. In: Brufau J., ed. Feed Manufacturing in the Mediterranean Region. Improving Safety: From Feed to Food. Zaragoza: CIHEAM, 2001: 31–38.
   Google Scholar
• Mountzouris KC, Paraskevas V, Fegeros K. Phytogenic compounds in broiler nutrition. In Steiner T, ed. Phytogenics in Animal Nutrition. Natural Concepts to Optimize Gut Health and Performance. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press, 2009: 97–110.
   Google Scholar
• Windisch W, Rohrer E, Schedle K. 2009. Phytogenic feed additives to young piglets and poultry: mechanisms and application. In Steiner T, ed. Phytogenics in Animal Nutrition. Natural Concepts to Optimize Gut Health and Performance. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press, 19–38.
   Google Scholar
• Aziz Mousavi SMA, Seidavi A, Dabashbeiki M, et al. Effect of a symbiotic (Biomin®IMBO) on growth performance traits of broiler chickens. Eur Poultry Sci. 2015;79.
   Google Scholar
• Allen HK, Levine UY, Looft T, Bandrick M, Casey TA. Treatment, promotion, commotion: antibiotic alternatives in food-producing animals. Trends Microbiol. 2013;21(3):114–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grashorn MA. Use of phytobiotics in broiler nutrition – an alternative to infeed antibiotics? J Anim Feed Sci. 2010;19(3):338–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidavi AR, Laudadio V, Khazaei R, Puvača N, Selvaggi M, Tufarelli V. Feeding of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and its effects on poultry production and health. World's. Poultry Sci J. 2020;76(2):346–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Das SS, Singh G, Schuff C, de Lampasona MP, Catalán CAN. Composition, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and oleoresins obtained from black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.). Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:918209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alemi M, Sabouni F, Sanjarian F, Haghbeen K, Ansari S. Anti-inflammatory effect of seeds and callus of Nigella sativa L. extracts on mix glial cells with regard to their thymoquinone content. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2013;14(1):160–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Muffarej SI. Immune-responsiveness and performance of broiler chickens fed black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) powder. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2014;13(1):75–80.
   Google Scholar
• Kazeem MI, Clavell Davies T. Antidiabetic functional foods as sources of insluin secreting, insulin sensitizing and insulin mimetic agents. J Func Foods. 2016;20:122–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramadan MF. Nutritional value, functional properties and nutraceutical applications of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.): an overview. Int J Food Sci Tech. 2007;42(10):1208–1218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadi MY, Mohammed GJ, Hameed IH. Analysis of bioactive chemical compounds of Nigella sativa using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Phytother. 2016;8(2):8–24.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Saleh IA, Billedo G, El-Doush II. Levels of selenium, DL-α-tocopherol, DL-γ-tocopherol, all-trans-retinol, thymoquinone and thymol in different brands of Nigella sativa seeds. J Food Comp Anal. 2006;19(2–3):167–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nergiz C, Ötleş S. Chemical composition of Nigella sativa L. seeds. Food Chem. 1993;48(3):259–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wani SA, Kumar P. Fenugreek: A review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2018;17(2):97–106.
   Google Scholar
• Balaraman R, Dangwal S, Mohan M. Antihypertensive effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds in experimentally-induced hypertension in rats. Pharm Biol. 2006;44(8):568–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng R. A review of the hypoglycemic effects of five commonly used herbal supplements. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric. 2012;4(1):50–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauvaire Y, Ribes G, Baccou JC, Loubatieres-Mariani MM. Implication of steroid saponins and sapogenins in the hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek. Lipids. 1991;26(3):191–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bin-Hafeez B, Haque R, Parvez S, Pandey S, Sayeed I, Raisuddin S. Immunomodulatory effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) extract in mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2003;3(2):257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandegary A, Pournamdari M, Sharififar F, Pournourmohammadi S, Fardiar R, Shooli S. Alkaloid and flavonoid rich fractions of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) with antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012;50(7):2503–2507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subhashini N, Thangathirupath A, Lavanya N. Antioxidant activity of Trigonella foenumgraecum using various in vitro and ex vivo models. Int J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci. 2011;3(2):96–102.
   Google Scholar
• Moniruzzaman Shahinuzzaman Haque A, Khatun R, Yaakob Z. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oil from Trigonella foenum-graecum. Asian Pac. J Trop Biomed. 2015;5(12):1033–1036.
   Google Scholar
• Guler T, Dalkilic B, Ertas ON, Ciftci M. The effect of dietary black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa L.) on the performance of broilers. Asian Australas J Anim Sci. 2006;19(3):425–430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeid JM, Mohamed AB, Al-Baddy MA. Effect of garlic powder (Allium sativum) and black seed (Nigella sativa) on broiler growth performance and intestinal morphology. Iran J Appl Anim Sci. 2013;3(1):185–188.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Beitawi NA, El-Ghousein SS, Nofal AH. Replacing bacitracin methylene disalicylate by crushed Nigella sativa seeds in broiler rations and its effects on growth, blood constituents and immunity. Livest Sci. 2009;125(2–3):304–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan SH, Ansari J, Haq AU, Abbas G. Black cumin seeds as phytogenic product in broiler diets and its effects on performance, blood constituents, immunity and caecal microbial population. Ital J Anim Sci. 2012;11(4):e77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Patra AK, Mandal GP, Debnath BC. Carcass characteristics, chemical and fatty acid composition and oxidative stability of meat from broiler chickens fed black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2018;102(3):769–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farivar F, Torbatinejad NM, Jafari Ahangari Y, Hasani S, Gharebash AM, Mohajer M. In vitro evaluation of alfalfa substitution with fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graegum) hay in a high concentrate ration. Iran J Appl Anim Sci. 2014;4(2):291–296.
   Google Scholar
• Khan FU, Durrani FR, Sultan A, Khan RU, Naz S. Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed extract on visceral organs of broiler chicks. ARPN J Agric Biol Sci. 2009;4:58–60.
   Google Scholar
• Mamoun T, Mukhtar MA, Tabidi MH. Effect of fenugreek seed powder on the performance, carcass characteristics and some blood serum attributes. Adv Res Agric Vet Sci. 2014;1(1):6–11.
   Google Scholar
• Abdel-Rahman HA, Fathallah SI, Helal MA, Nafeaa AA, Zahran IS. Effect of turmeric (Curcuma Longa), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and/or bioflavanoid supplementation to the broiler chicks diet and drinking water on the growth performance and intestinal morphometric parameters. Global Veterinaria. 2014;12(5):627–635.
   Google Scholar
• Jahanpour H, Seidavi A, Qotbi AAA, et al. Effects of the level and duration of feeding restriction on carcass components of broilers. Arch Anim Breed. 2015;58(1):99–105.
   Google Scholar
• Aviagen. 2014. Ross 308 broiler: Nutrition specifications.
   Google Scholar
• Nahavandinejad M, Seidavi A, Asadpour L, Payan-Carreira R. Blood biochemical parameters of broilers fed differently thermal processed soybean meal. Rev MVZ Córdoba. 2014;19(3):4301–4315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pourhossein Z, Qotbi AAA, Seidavi A, Laudadio V, Centoducati G, Tufarelli V. Effect of different levels of dietary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract on humoral immune system responses in broiler chickens. Anim Sci J. 2015;86(1):105–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies J, Davies D. Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010;74(3):417–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelband H, Miller-Petrie M, Pant S, et al. The state of the world’s antibiotics 2015. Centre for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, Washington, D.C., 84pp; 2015. https://cddep.org/sites/default/files/swa_2015_final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson TP, Bu DP, Carrique-Mas J, et al. Antibiotic resistance: mitigation opportunities in livestock sector development. Animal. 2017;11(1):1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aalipour F, Mirlohi M, Jalali M. Determination of antibiotic consumption index for animal originated foods produced in animal husbandry in Iran, 2010. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2014;12(1):42.
   Google Scholar
• Boka J, Mahdavi AH, Samie AH, Jahanian R. Effect of different levels of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) on performance, intestinal Escherichia coli colonization and jejunal morphology in laying hens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2014;98(2):373–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrani FR, Chand N, Zaka K, Sultan A, Khattak FM, Durrani Z. Effect of different levels of feed added black seed (Nigella sativa L.) on the performance of broiler chicks. Pak J Biol Sci. 2007;10(22):4164–4167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghasemi HA, Kasani N, Taherpour K. Effects of black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.), a probiotic, a prebiotic and a symbiotic on growth performance, immune response and blood characteristics of male broilers. Livest Sci. 2014;164:128–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Patra AK, Mandal GP, Samanta I, Pradhan S. Effect of black cumin seeds on growth performance, nutrient utilization, immunity, gut health and nitrogen excretion in broiler chickens. J Sci Food Agric. 2017;97(11):3742–3751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh PK, Kumar A. Effect of dietary black cumin (nigella sativa) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood biochemical profile and carcass traits in broiler chickens. Anim Nutr Feed Tech. 2018;18(3):409–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toghyani M, Toghyani M, Gheisari A, Ghalamkari G, Mohammadrezaei M. Growth performance, serum biochemistry and blood hematology of broiler chicks fed different levels of black seed (Nigella sativa) and peppermint (Mentha piperita). Livest Sci. 2010;129(1–3):173–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duru M, Erdoğan Z, Duru A, Küçükgül A, et al. Effect of seed powder of a herbal legume fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) on growth performance, body components, digestive parts, and blood parameters of broiler chicks. Pakistan J Zool. 2013;45(4):1007–1014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toaha SM, Mollah BR, Ahammad MU. Use of dietary fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed for the production of safer broiler lean meat. Res Agric Livest Fish. 2016;3(2):305–314.
   Google Scholar
• Weerasingha AS, Atapattu NSBM. Effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) seed powder on growth performance, visceral organ weight, serum cholesterol levels and nitrogen retention of broiler chicken. Trop Agric Res. 2015;24(3):289–295.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt E. Production of essential oils. In: Hüsnü K., Başer C. and Buchbauer G, eds. Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology and Applications. Boca Raton, FloridaCRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2010: 949.
   Google Scholar
• Brenes A, Roura E. Essential oils in poultry nutrition: main effects and modes of action. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2010;158(1–2):1–14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamroz D, Wertelecki T, Houszka M, Kamel C. Influence of diet type on the inclusion of plant origin active substances on morphological and histochemical characteristics of the stomach and jejunum walls in chicken. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2006;90(5–6):255–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benhaddou-Andaloussi A, Martineau LC, Vallerand D, et al. Multiple molecular targets underlie the antidiabetic effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in skeletal muscle, adipocyte and liver cells. Diabet Obesity Metab. 2010;12(2):148–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakley BB, Lillehoj HS, Kogut MH, et al. The chicken gastrointestinal microbiome. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2014;360(2):100–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar