1,162
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
EMPIRICAL PAPERS

Observer-based and computerized measures of the patient’s mentalization in psychotherapy: A scoping review

ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 419-433 | Received 02 Dec 2022, Accepted 14 Jun 2023, Published online: 25 Jun 2023

References

  • Allen, J. G., Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. W. (2008). Mentalizing in clinical practice. American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Andreas, S., Plümer, P., Reichholf, K., Dehoust, M., Schulz, H., Müllauer, P., Rudden, M. G., Senft, B., Gaugeler, R., & Hayden, M. (2021). Psychometric evaluation of the German version of the brief reflective functioning interview. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12360
  • Babl, A., Berger, T., Decurtins, H., Gross, I., Frey, T., Caspar, F., & Taubner, S. (2022). A longitudinal analysis of reflective functioning and its association with psychotherapy outcome in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 69(3), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000587
  • Barber, J. P., Milrod, B., Gallop, R., Solomonov, N., Rudden, M. G., McCarthy, K. S., & Chambless, D. L. (2020). Processes of therapeutic change: Results from the cornell-penn study of psychotherapies for panic disorder. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 67(2), 222–231. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000417
  • Barten-Hohn, J. (2019). Strukturelle Veränderungen in Psychoanalysen aus bindungstheoretischer Sicht: Bindung, Mentalisierung und therapeutische Allianz [Dissertation]. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München. https://doi.org/10.5282/edoc.24850.
  • Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2004). Psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Mentalization-based treatment. Oxford medical publications. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198527664.001.0001.
  • Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2013). Mentalization-based treatment. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 33(6), 595–613. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2013.835170
  • Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2016). What is mentalizing? In A. Bateman & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Mentalization-Based treatment for personality disorders (pp. 3–38). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199680375.003.0001.
  • Bateman, A., Fonagy, P., & Campbell, C. (2019). Borderline personality disorder. In A. Bateman & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice (pp. 323–334). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
  • Bernbach, E. (2001). Reflective functioning and the therapeutic relationship: Understanding change in brief relational therapy [Dissertation]. City University of New York.
  • Blatt, S. J., Wein, S. J., Chevron, E., & Quinlan, D. M. (1979). Parental representations and depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88(4), 388–397. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.88.4.388
  • Boldrini, T., Nazzaro, M. P., Damiani, R., Genova, F., Gazzillo, F., & Lingiardi, V. (2018). Mentalization as a predictor of psychoanalytic outcome: An empirical study of transcribed psychoanalytic sessions through the lenses of a computerized text analysis measure of reflective functioning. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 35(2), 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/pap0000154
  • Bouchard, M.-A., Target, M., Lecours, S., Fonagy, P., Tremblay, L.-M., Schachter, A., & Stein, H. (2008). Mentalization in adult attachment narratives: Reflective functioning, mental states, and affect elaboration compared. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(1), 47–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.25.1.47
  • Bressi, C., Fronza, S., Minacapelli, E., Nocito, E. P., Dipasquale, E., Magri, L., Lionetti, F., & Barone, L. (2017). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy with mentalization-based techniques in major depressive disorder patients: Relationship among alexithymia, reflective functioning, and outcome variables - A pilot study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 90(3), 299–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12110
  • Brockmann, J., Kirsch, H., Dembler, K., König, D., Vries, I. de, Wancke, C.-U., & Zabolitzki, M. (2017). sss‘Mr K’ – A successful case of analytic oriented therapy documented empirically: the role of the therapeutic relationship and reflexive self-awareness. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 31(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/02668734.2016.1264454
  • Bryant, E. A. (2020). Reflective functioning and treatment alliance as treatment outcome predictors of psychoanalysis [Dissertation]. Xavier University.
  • Carrera, S., Pandolfi, G., Cappelletti, J. Y., Padoani, W., & Salcuni, S. (2018). Oriented mentalization-based treatment for borderline personality disorder patients: Preliminary results at Camposampiero Mental Health Center. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 21(3), 336. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2018.336
  • Choi-Kain, L., & Gunderson, J. G. (2008). Mentalization: Ontogeny, assessment, and application in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(9), 1127–1135. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081360
  • Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587.
  • Compare, A., Maxwell, H., Brugnera, A., Zarbo, C., Dalle Grave, R., & Tasca, G. A. (2018). Change in attachment dimensions and reflective functioning following Emotionally Focused Group Therapy for binge eating disorder. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 68(3), 385–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.2018.1429928
  • Danback, K. F. (2006). The therapeutic interaction and how it effects mentalization [Dissertation]. Adelphi University, Garden City.
  • Daudert, E. (2001). Selbstreflexivität, Bindung und Psychopathologie: Zusammenhänge bei stationären Gruppenpsychotherapie-Patienten. Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2000. Studienreihe psychologische Forschungsergebnisse: Vol. 82. Kovač.
  • de la Cerda, C., & Dagnino, P. (2021). In-session reflective functioning: Relationship with the presence and depth of work on conflict or personality functioning. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.725739
  • de la Cerda, C., Tomicic, A., Pérez, J. C., Martínez, C., & Morán, J. (2019). Mentalizing in psychotherapy: Patients’ and therapists’ reflective functioning during the psychotherapeutic process. Studies in Psychology, 40(2), 396–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02109395.2019.1583469
  • DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986). Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 7(3), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2
  • Diamond, D., Clarkin, J., Levine, H., Levy, K., Foelsch, P., & Yeomans, F. (1999). Borderline conditions and attachment: A preliminary report. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19(5), 831–884. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351699909534278
  • Diamond, D., Stovall-McClough, C., Clarkin, J. F., & Levy, K. N. (2003). Patient-therapist attachment in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 67(3), 227–259. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.67.3.227.23433
  • Dimitrijević, A., Hanak, N., Altaras Dimitrijević, A., & Jolić Marjanović, Z. (2018). The Mentalization Scale (MentS): A self-report measure for the assessment of mentalizing capacity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(3), 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1310730
  • Ekeblad, A., Falkenström, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2016). Reflective functioning as predictor of working alliance and outcome in the treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(1), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000055
  • Ekeblad, A., Holmqvist, R., Andersson, G., & Falkenström, F. (2023). Change in reflective functioning in interpersonal psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for major depressive disorder. Psychotherapy Research, 33(3), 342–349. http://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2022.2109443
  • Ensink, K., Normandin, L., Plamondon, A., Berthelot, N., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Intergenerational pathways from reflective functioning to infant attachment through parenting. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 48(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000030
  • Fertuck, E. A., Mergenthaler, E., Target, M., Levy, K. N., & Clarkin, J. F. (2012). Development and criterion validity of a computerized text analysis measure of reflective functioning. Psychotherapy Research, 22(3), 298–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2011.650654
  • Fischer-Kern, M., Buchheim, A., Hörz, S., Schuster, P., Doering, S., Kapusta, N. D., Taubner, S., Tmej, A., Rentrop, M., Buchheim, P., & Fonagy, P. (2010). The relationship between personality organization, reflective functioning, and psychiatric classification in borderline personality disorder. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 27(4), 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020862
  • Fischer-Kern, M., Doering, S., Taubner, S., Hörz, S., Zimmermann, J., Rentrop, M., Schuster, P., Buchheim, P., & Buchheim, A. (2015). Transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder: Change in reflective function. British Journal of Psychiatry, 207(2), 173–174. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.143842
  • Fischer-Kern, M., & Tmej, A. (2019). Mentalization and depression: Theoretical concepts, treatment approaches and empirical studies - an overview. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 65(2), 162–177. https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2019.65.2.162
  • Fonagy, P. (1991). Thinking about thinking: Some clinical and theoretical considerations in the treatment of a borderline patient. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 72, 639–656.
  • Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. (2019). Introduction. In A. Bateman & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice (pp. 3–20). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
  • Fonagy, P., & Bateman, A. W. (2007). Mentalizing and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Mental Health, 16(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638230601182045
  • Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. Other Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429471643.
  • Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., Target, M., & Gerber, A. (1996). The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.1.22
  • Fonagy, P., & Luyten, P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 21(4), 1355–1381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990198
  • Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., Moulton-Perkins, A., Lee, Y.-W., Warren, F., Howard, S., Ghinai, R., Fearon, P., & Lowyck, B. (2016). Development and validation of a self-report measure of mentalizing: The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire. PloS One, 11(7), e0158678. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158678
  • Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Steele, H., Moran, G. S., & Higgitt, A. C. (1991). The capacity for understanding mental states: The reflective self in parent and child and its significance for security of attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 12(3), https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0355(199123)12:3<201::AID-IMHJ2280120307>3.0.CO;2-7
  • Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1998). Reflective-Functioning manual, version 5, for application to adult attachment interview. University College London.
  • Gagliardini, G., & Colli, A. (2019). Assessing mentalization: Development and preliminary validation of the modes of mentalization scale. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 36(3), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/pap0000222
  • Gagliardini, G., Gatti, L., & Colli, A. (2020a). Further data on the reliability of the mentalization imbalances scale and of the modes of mentalization scale. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 23(1), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2020.450
  • Gagliardini, G., Gullo, S., Caverzasi, E., Boldrini, A., Blasi, S., & Colli, A. (2018). Assessing mentalization in psychotherapy: First validation of the mentalization imbalances scale. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 21(3), 339. https://doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2018.339
  • Georg, A., Kress, S., & Taubner, S. (2019). Strengthening mentalizing in a depressed mother of an infant with sleep disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 859–873. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22762
  • George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). Adult Attachment Interview protocol [Unpublished manuscript]. University of California at Berkeley.
  • Goldstein, R. E. (2015). Promoting reflection in psychotherapy: Patient attachment, patient and trainee therapist reflective functioning, affective word use, and symptom change in psychodynamic therapy sessions [Dissertation]. Long Island University.
  • Gori, A., Arcioni, A., Topino, E., Craparo, G., & Lauro Grotto, R. (2021). Development of a new measure for assessing mentalizing: The Multidimensional Mentalizing Questionnaire (MMQ). Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11(4), 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11040305
  • Gullestad, F. S., Johansen, M. S., Høglend, P., Karterud, S., & Wilberg, T. (2013). Mentalization as a moderator of treatment effects: Findings from a randomized clinical trial for personality disorders. Psychotherapy Research, 23(6), 674–689. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.684103
  • Gullestad, F. S., & Wilberg, T. (2011). Change in reflective functioning during psychotherapy-A single-case study. Psychotherapy Research, 21(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2010.525759
  • Hausberg, M. C., Schulz, H., Piegler, T., Happach, C. G., Klöpper, M., Brütt, A. L., Sammet, I., & Andreas, S. (2012). Is a self-rated instrument appropriate to assess mentalization in patients with mental disorders? Development and first validation of the Mentalization Questionnaire (MZQ). Psychotherapy Research, 22(6), 699–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2012.709325
  • Hörz-Sagstetter, S., Mertens, W., Isphording, S., Buchheim, A., & Taubner, S. (2015). Changes in reflective functioning during psychoanalytic psychotherapies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 63(3), 481–509. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003065115591977
  • Janusz, B., Dejko-Wańczyk, K., & Taubner, S. (2020). Mentalizing in parents after traumatic loss. Analysis of couple counseling. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 48(2), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2019.1695235
  • Josephs, L., Anderson, E., Bernard, A., Fatzer, K., & Streich, J. (2004). Assessing progress in analysis interminable. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 52(4), 1185–1214. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651040520041301
  • Kalleklev, J., & Karterud, S. (2018). A comparative study of a mentalization-based versus a psychodynamic group therapy session. Group Analysis, 51(1), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0533316417750987
  • Karlsson, R., & Kermott, A. (2006). Reflective-functioning during the process in brief psychotherapies. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.43.1.65
  • Katznelson, H. (2014). Reflective functioning: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.003
  • Katznelson, H., Falkenström, F., Daniel, S. I. F., Lunn, S., Folke, S., Pedersen, S. H., & Poulsen, S. (2020). Reflective functioning, psychotherapeutic alliance, and outcome in two psychotherapies for bulimia nervosa. Psychotherapy, 57(2), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000245
  • Kemps, S. J. L. M., & Kooiman, C. G. (2015). Het meten van mentaliseren; een poging met de Reflective Functioning Rating Scale [Measuring mentalization: An attempt using the Reflective Functioning Rating Scale]. Tijdschrift Voor Psychiatrie, 57(9), 645–655.
  • Kivity, Y., Levy, K. N., Kelly, K. M., & Clarkin, J. F. (2021). In-session reflective functioning in psychotherapies for borderline personality disorder: The emotion regulatory role of reflective functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 89(9), 751–761. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000674
  • Klasen, J., Nolte, T., Möller, H., & Taubner, S. (2019). Aversive Kindheitserfahrungen, Bindungsrepräsentationen und Mentalisierungsfähigkeit von Psychotherapeuten in Ausbildung [Adverse childhood experiences, attachment representations and mentalizing capacity of psychotherapists in training]. Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 65(4), 353–371. https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2019.65.4.353
  • Kornhas, L. A., Schröder-Pfeifer, P., Georg, A., Zettl, M., & Taubner, S. (2020). Prozess des Mentalisierens in einer mentalisierungsbasierten Langzeittherapie für Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörungen. Psychotherapeut, 65(5), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-020-00451-9
  • Kuipers, G. S., & Bekker, M. H. J. (2012). Attachment, mentalization and eating disorders: A review of studies using the Adult Attachment Interview. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 326–336. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520478
  • Kuipers, G. S., van Loenhout, Z., van der Ark, L. A., & Bekker, M. H. J. (2016). Attachment insecurity, mentalization and their relation to symptoms in eating disorder patients. Attachment & Human Development, 18(3), 250–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2015.1136660
  • Kuipers, G. S., van Loenhout, Z., van der Ark, L. A., & Bekker, M. H. J. (2018). Is reduction of symptoms in eating disorder patients after 1 year of treatment related to attachment security and mentalization? Eating Disorders, 26(3), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2017.1384916
  • Levy, K. N., Meehan, K. B., Kelly, K. M., Reynoso, J. S., Weber, M., Clarkin, J. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2006). Change in attachment patterns and reflective function in a randomized control trial of transference-focused psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 1027–1040. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.6.1027
  • Lüdemann, J., Rabung, S., & Andreas, S. (2021). Systematic review on mentalization as key factor in psychotherapy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17)), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179161
  • Luyten, P., Campbell, C., Allison, E., & Fonagy, P. (2020). The mentalizing approach to psychopathology: State of the art and future directions. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 297–325. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-071919-015355
  • Luyten, P., Malcorps, S., Fonagy, P., & Ensink, K. (2019). Assessment of mentalizing. In A. Bateman & P. Fonagy (Eds.), Handbook of mentalizing in mental health practice (pp. 37–62). American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
  • Markin, R. D., & McCarthy, K. S. (2020). The process and outcome of psychodynamic psychotherapy for pregnancy after loss: A case study analysis. Psychotherapy, 57(2), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000249
  • Maxwell, H., Tasca, G. A., Grenon, R., Faye, M., Ritchie, K., Bissada, H., & Balfour, L. (2018b). Change in attachment dimensions in women with binge-eating disorder following Group Psychodynamic Interpersonal Psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 28(6), 887–901. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2017.1278804
  • Meehan, K. B., Levy, K. N., Reynoso, J. S., Hill, L. L., & Clarkin, J. F. (2009). Measuring reflective function with a multidimensional rating scale: Comparison with scoring reflective function on the AAI. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 57(1), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651090570011008
  • Milrod, B., Keefe, J. R., Choo, T.-H., Arnon, S., Such, S., Lowell, A., Neria, Y., & Markowitz, J. C. (2020). Separation anxiety in PTSD: A pilot study of mechanisms in patients undergoing IPT. Depression and Anxiety, 37(4), 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23003
  • Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
  • Möller, C., Karlgren, L., Sandell, A., Falkenström, F., & Philips, B. (2017). Mentalization-based therapy adherence and competence stimulates in-session mentalization in psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder with co-morbid substance dependence. Psychotherapy Research, 27(6), 749–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1158433
  • Müller, S., Wendt, L. P., & Zimmermann, J. (2021). Development and validation of the Certainty About Mental States Questionnaire (CAMSQ): A self-report measure of mentalizing oneself and others. Assessment. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911211061280.
  • Nazzaro, M. P., Boldrini, T., Tanzilli, A., Muzi, L., Giovanardi, G., & Lingiardi, V. (2017). Does reflective functioning mediate the relationship between attachment and personality? Psychiatry Research, 256, 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.045
  • Origlieri, A. (2017). Reflective functioning in patient and therapist: Implications for the process of change in Brief Relational Therapy [Dissertation]. The New School.
  • Peters, M. D. J., Godfrey, C., McInerney, P., Munn, Z., Tricco, A. C., & Khalil, H. (2020). Chapter 11: Scoping reviews (2020 version). In E. Aromataris & Z. Munn (Eds.), Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer's Manual. JBI. https://reviewersmanual.joannabriggs.org/
  • Philips, B., Wennberg, P., Konradsson, P., & Franck, J. (2018). Mentalization-based treatment for concurrent borderline personality disorder and substance use disorder: A randomized controlled feasibility study. European Addiction Research, 24(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000485564
  • Rizzo, J. (2006). Exploring the effects of the severity and constructive/destructive qualities of superego anxiety on mentalization in analytic and psychotherapy narrative [Dissertation]. Adelphi University, Garden City.
  • Rudden, M. G., Milrod, B., Aronson, A., & Target, M. (2008). Reflective functioning in panic disorder disorder patients: Clinical observations and research design. In F. N. Busch (Ed.), Psychoanalytic inquiry book series: no. 29. Mentalization: Theoretical considerations, research findings, and clinical implications (pp. 185–205). Analytic Press.
  • Rudden, M. G., Milrod, B., Meehan, K. B., & Falkenström, F. (2009). Symptom-specific reflective functioning: Incorporating psychoanalytic measures into clinical trials. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 57(6), 1473–1478. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651090570060804
  • Rudden, M. G., Milrod, B., & Target, M. (2005). The brief reflective functioning interview. Weill Cornell Medical College.
  • Rudden, M. G., Milrod, B., Target, M., Ackerman, S., & Graf, E. (2006). Reflective functioning in panic disorder patients: A pilot study. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 54(4), 1339–1343. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651060540040109
  • Rutimann, D. D., & Meehan, K. B. (2012). Validity of a brief interview for assessing reflective function. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 60(3), 577–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003065112445616
  • Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., & Procacci, M. (2007). Understanding minds: Different functions and different disorders? The contribution of psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy Research, 17(1), 106–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300500536953
  • Sharp, C., & Kalpakci, A. (2015). Mentalization in borderline personality disorder: From bench to bedside. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 6(4), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000106
  • Solbakken, O. A., Hansen, R. S., & Monsen, J. T. (2011). Affect integration and reflective function: Clarification of central conceptual issues. Psychotherapy Research, 21(4), 482–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2011.583696
  • Steele, H., Steele, M., & Fonagy, P. (1996). Associations among attachment classifications of mothers, fathers, and their infants. Child Development, 67(2), 541–555. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131831
  • Steele, H., Steele, M., & Murphy, A. (2009). Use of the adult attachment interview to measure process and change in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 19(6), 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503300802609698
  • Szecsödy, I. (2008). A single-case study on the process and outcome of psychoanalysis. The Scandinavian Psychoanalytic Review, 31(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/01062301.2008.10592838
  • Talia, A., Miller-Bottome, M., Katznelson, H., Pedersen, S. H., Steele, H., Schröder, P., Origlieri, A., Scharff, F. B., Giovanardi, G., Andersson, M., Lingiardi, V., Safran, J. D., Lunn, S., Poulsen, S., & Taubner, S. (2019). Mentalizing in the presence of another: Measuring reflective functioning and attachment in the therapy process. Psychotherapy Research, 29(5), 652–665. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2017.1417651
  • Taubner, S., Hörz, S., Fischer-Kern, M., Doering, S., Buchheim, A., & Zimmermann, J. (2013). Internal structure of the reflective functioning scale. Psychological Assessment, 25(1), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029138
  • Taubner, S., Schulze, C. I., Kessler, H., Buchheim, A., Kächele, H., & Staun, L. (2015). Veränderungen der mentalisierten Affektivität nach 24 Monaten analytischer Psychotherapie bei Patienten mit chronischer Depression. Psychotherapie Forum, 20(1-2), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00729-015-0032-9
  • Taubner, S., & Sevecke, K. (2015). Kernmodell der mentalisierungsbasierten therapie. Psychotherapeut, 60(2), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-015-0012-0
  • Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., & Hempel, S. (2018). Prisma extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Annals of Internal Medicine, 169(7), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850
  • Vermote, R. (2005). Touching inner change: Psychoanalytically informed hospitalization-based treatment of personality disorders: A process-outcome study [Dissertation]. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
  • Vermote, R., Lowyck, B., Luyten, P., Vertommen, H., Corveleyn, J., Verhaest, Y., Stroobants, R., Vandeneede, B., Vansteelandt, K., & Peuskens, J. (2010). Process and outcome in psychodynamic hospitalization-based treatment for patients with a personality disorder. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 198(2), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181cc0d59
  • Ward, A., Ramsay, R., Turnball, S., Steele, M., Steele, H., & Treasure, J. (2001). Attachment in anorexia nervosa: A transgenerational perspective. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74(4), 497–505. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711201161145
  • Zeeck, A., Taubner, S., Gablonski, T. C., Lau, I., Zipfel, S., Herzog, W., Wild, B., Friederich, H. C., Resmark, G., Giel, K., & Teufel, M. (2022). In-session-reflective-functioning in anorexia nervosa: An analysis of psychotherapeutic sessions of the ANTOP study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article no. 814441. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.814441