558
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Does progressive nuclear staining with hemalum (alum hematoxylin) involve DNA, and what is the nature of the dye-chromatin complex?

ORCID Icon

References

  • Alliey N, Biron F, Venturini-Soriano M, Berthon G (1995) A reinvestigation of aluminum-phosphate equilibria under physiological conditions. Preliminary results. J. Inorg. Biochem. 59: 241.
  • Arshid FM, Desai JN, Duff DJ, Giles CH, Jain SK, MacNeal IR (1954a) A study of certain natural dyes. I. The adsorption of brazilwood and logwood colouring matters by fibres. J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 70: 392–401.
  • Arshid FM, Connelly RF, Desai JN, Fulton RG, Giles C, Kefalas JC (1954b) A study of certain natural dyes. II. The structure of the metallic lakes of brazilwood and logwood colouring matters. J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 70: 402–412.
  • Baker JR (1960) Experiments on the action of mordants. 1. ‘Single-bath’ mordant dyeing. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 101: 255–272.
  • Baker JR (1962) Experiments on the action of mordants. 2. Aluminium-haematein. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 103: 493–517.
  • Bettinger C, Zimmermann HW (1991a) New investigations on hematoxylin, hematein, and haematein-aluminium complexes. 1. Spectroscopic and physico-chemical properties of hematoxylin and hematein. Histochemistry 95: 279–288.
  • Bettinger C, Zimmermann HW (1991b) New investigations on hematoxylin, hematein, and hematein-aluminium complexes. 2. Hematein-aluminium complexes and hemalum staining. Histochemistry 96: 215–228.
  • Bevilacqua PC, Brown TS, Nakano S, Yajima R (2004) Catalytic roles for proton transfer and protonation in ribozymes. Biopolymers 73: 90–109.
  • Blackburn GM, Gait MJ, Loakes D, Williams DM (2006) Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology. 3rd ed., Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. pp. 295–340.
  • Bradley DF, Wolf MK (1959) Aggregation of dyes bound to polyanions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 45: 944–952.
  • CFSPH (2005) Center for Food Security and Public Health. Sarcocystosis. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/sarcocystosis.pdf ( Accessed 29 July 2016).
  • City of London (2015) Water Sampling Summary. https://www.london.ca/residents/Water/Water-System/Pages/Summary-and-Annual-Reports.aspx/( Accessed 1 August 2016)
  • Clark G (1969) Neuron staining by basic dyes versus basic metal-dye complexes: differences shown by histochemical blocking reactions. Stain Technol. 44: 15–20.
  • Clark G, Ed. (1981) Staining Procedures. 4th ed., Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. pp. 212–213.
  • Clark PG (1954) A comparison of decalcifying methods. Am. J .Clin. Pathol. 24: 1113–1116.
  • Cook DJ (2006) Cellular Pathology. 2nd ed., Scion Publishing, Bloxham, UK. pp. 79–81.
  • Cooksey C (2010) Hematoxylin and related compounds: An annotated bibliography concerning their origin, properties, chemistry and certain applications. Biotech. & Histochem. 85: 65–82.
  • Culling CFA (1974) Handbook of Histopathological and Histochemical Techniques. 3rd ed., Butterworths, London. pp. 305.
  • Dapson RW (2005) Dye-tissue interactions: mechanisms, quantification and bonding parameters for dyes used in biological staining. Biotech. & Histochem. 80: 49–72.
  • Dapson R, Horobin RW, Kiernan JA (2010) Hematoxylin shortages: their causes and duration, and other dyes that can replace hemalum in routine hematoxylin and eosin staining. Biotech. & Histochem. 85: 55–63.
  • Dean JA (1973) Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry. 11th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. Section 5, p. 7.
  • Dean JA, Eds (1997) Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry. 15th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Del Castillo P, Horobin RW, Blazquez-Castro A, Stockert JC (2010) Binding of cationic dyes to DNA: Distinguishing intercalation and groove binding mechanisms using simple experimental and numerical models. Biotech. & Histochem. 85: 247–256.
  • Drury RAB, Wallington EA (1967) Carleton’s Histological Technique. 4th ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford. pp. 129–130.
  • Dyrssen D, Haraldsson C, Nyberg E, Wedborg M (1987) Complexation of aluminum with DNA. J. Inorg. Biochem. 29: 67–75.
  • Fisher ER, Lillie RD (1954) The effect of methylation on basophilia. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 2: 81–87.
  • Giles CH (1975) Dye-fibre bonds and their investigation. Ch. 2 In: Bird CL, Boston WS, Eds. The Theory of Coloration of Textiles. Dyers’ Company Publication Trust, Bradford. pp. 41–110.
  • Gill GW (2010) Gill hematoxylins: first person account. Biotech. & Histochem. 85: 7–18.
  • Gill GW, Frost JK, Miller KA (1974) A new formula for a half-oxidized hematoxylin solution that neither overstains nor requires differentiation. Acta Cytol. 18: 300–311.
  • Gray P (1954) The Microtomist’s Formulary and Guide. Blakiston, New York. pp. 515–517.
  • Gray P, Pickle FM, Maser MD, Hayweiser LJ (1956) Oxazine dyes. 1. Celestine blue B with iron as a nuclear stain. Stain Technol 31: 141–150.
  • Haddad A (1968) Critical study of ribonucleic acid staining by gallocyanin-chromalum. Acta Anat. 70: 260–287.
  • Hadi AG, Humedy EH, Saddam NS, Abd-Alameer FS (2016) Spectrophotometric study of complex formation between hematoxylin and Al3+ and Fe3+ ions. Internat. J. Pharm. Tech. Res. 9: 292–298.
  • Henwood AF (2017) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of mucins of the gastrointestinal tract. J. Histotechnol. 40: 21–24.
  • Horobin RW (1981) Selective coloration of biological material. Rev. Prog. Color 11: 101–111.
  • Horobin RW (1982) Histochemistry: An Explanatory Outline of Histochemistry and Biophysical Staining. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. p. 251.
  • Hunter T (2012) Why nature chose phosphate to modify proteins. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B 367: 2513–2516.
  • Ihmels H, Otto D (2005) Intercalation of organic dye molecules into double-stranded DNA–general principles and recent developments. Top. Curr. Chem. 258: 161–204.
  • Imes NK, Sanders DC, Crane CR, Clark G (1969) Assaying actual hematein content of commercial hematoxylins and hemateins. Stain Technol. 44: 167–172.
  • James J, Tas J (1984) Histochemical Protein Staining Methods. Royal Microscopical Society Microscopy Handbooks 04. Oxford University Press, Oxford. p. 12.
  • Kiernan JA (2015) Histological and Histochemical Methods: Theory and Practice. 5th ed., Scion, Banbury, UK. pp. 39, 219–221, 258–262.
  • Koziolkiewicz M, Wilk A (1993) Oligodeoxynucleotide phosphotriesters. In: Agrawal S, Ed. Protocols for Oligonucleotides and Analogs. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. pp. 207–224.
  • Kuehl L, Childers TJ, McCauley RM (1986) The occurrence of extended acidic sequences in nonhistone chromosomal proteins. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 248: 272–281.
  • Kuijpers WHA, Huskens J, Koole LH, Van Boeckel CAA (1990) Synthesis of well-defined phosphate-methylated DNA fragments: the application of potassium carbonate in methanol as deprotecting agent. Nucl. Acids Res. 18: 5197–5205.
  • Lalor GC, Martin SL (1959) Studies on haematoxylin and haematein, the colouring principle of logwood. I. Absorption spectra of pure compounds in various solvents and a spectrophotometric method of analysis for haematoxylin and haematein. J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 75: 513–517.
  • Laskey AM (1950) A modification of Mayer’s mucihematein technic. Stain Technol. 25: 33–34.
  • Levine ND (1940) The determination of apparent isoelectric points of cell structures by staining at controlled reactions. Stain Technol. 15: 91–112.
  • Li HJ, Crothers DM (1969) Relaxation studies of the proflavine-DNA complex: the kinetics of an intercalation reaction. J. Mol. Biol. 39: 461–477.
  • Lillie RD, Fullmer HM (1976) Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry. 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. pp. 532–533.
  • Lillie RD, Pizzolato P, Donaldson PT (1974) The Clara hematoxylin reaction. Acta Histochem. 49: 204–219.
  • Lillie RD, Donaldson PT, Pizzolato P (1976a) The effect of graded 60C nitric acid extraction and of deoxyribonuclease digestion on nuclear staining by metachrome mordant dye metal salt mixtures. Histochemistry 46: 297–306.
  • Lillie RD, Pizzolato P, Donaldson PT (1976b) Nuclear stains with soluble metachrome metal mordant lake dyes. The effect of chemical endgroup blocking reactions and the artificial introduction of acid groups into tissues. Histochemistry 49: 23–35.
  • Llewellyn BD (2009) Nuclear staining with alum-hematoxylin. Biotech. & Histochem. 84: 159–177.
  • Lyon H (1991) Theory and Strategy in Histochemistry. A Guide to the Selection and Understanding of Techniques. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 374, 406–407.
  • MacGillivray AJ, Cameron A, Krauze RJ, Rickwood D, Paul J (1972) The non-histone proteins of chromatin. Their isolation and composition in a number of tissues. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 277: 384–402.
  • Marshall PN, Horobin RW (1972) The oxidation products of haematoxylin and their role in biological staining. Histochem. J. 4: 493–503.
  • Marshall PN, Horobin RW (1973) The mechanism of action of “mordant” dyes–a study using preformed metal complexes. Histochemie 35: 361–371.
  • Marshall PN, Horobin RW (1974) A simple assay procedure for mixtures of hematoxylin and hematein. Stain Technol. 49: 137–142.
  • Nathan MJ, Gray P (1961) Oxazine dyes. IV. Simultaneous nuclear and double-contrast cytoplasmic staining from a single solution. Stain Technol. 36: 237–239.
  • Pearse AGE (1980–1985) Histochemistry, Theoretical and Applied. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Preparative and Optical Technology. pp. 294–295. Vol. 2. Analytical Technique. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh. pp. 526–528.
  • Pischinger A (1926) Die Lage des isoelektrischen Punktes histologischer Elemente als Ursache ihrer verschiedenen Färbbarkeit. Z. Zellforsch. 3: 169–197.
  • Pizzolato P, Lillie RD (1967) Metal salts-hematoxylin staining of skin keratohyalin granules. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 15: 104–110.
  • Prento P (1980) The effect of histochemical methylation on the phosphate groups of nucleic acids: interpretation of the absence of nuclear basophilia. Histochem. J. 12: 661–668.
  • Prento P, Schulte E (1991) Staining involving metal complex dyes. Ch. 7. In: Lyon H, Ed. Theory and Strategy in Histochemistry. Springer Verlag, Berlin. pp. 107–119.
  • Puchtler H, Meloan SN, Waldrop FS (1986) Application of current chemical concepts to metal-hematein and -brazilein stains. Histochemistry 85: 353–364.
  • Schulte EKW, Fink DK (1995) Hematoxylin staining in quantitative DNA cytometry: an image analysis study. Anal. Cell. Pathol 9: 257–268.
  • Smith AA (2010) Hematein chelates of unusual metal ions for tinctorial histochemistry. Biotech. & Histochem. 85: 43–54.
  • Sobell HM, Tsai CC, Jain SC, Gilbert SG (1977) Visualization of drug-nucleic acid interactions at atomic resolution. III. Unifying structural concepts in understanding drug-DNA interactions and their broader implications in understanding protein-DNA interactions. J. Molec. Biol. 144: 333–365.
  • Sokolova R, Degano I, Hromodova M, Bulickova J, Gal M, Valasek M (2010) Oxidation pathways of natural dye hematoxylin in aqueous solution. Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun. 75: 1097–1114.
  • Terner JY (1964) Histochemical alkylation: a study of methyl iodide and its effect on tissues. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 12: 504–511.
  • Thaplyal P, Bevilacqua PC (2014) Experimental approaches for measuring pKa’s in RNA and DNA. Ch. 9. In: Burke-Aguero DH, Ed. Riboswitch Discovery and Function. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA. pp. 189–219.
  • Tuite E, Kelly JM (1995) The interaction of methylene blue, azure B, and thionine with DNA: formation of complexes with polynucleotides and mononucleotides as model systems. Biopolymers 35: 419–433.
  • Wainwright M (2002) The use of dyes and fluorochromes as indicators. Ch. 8. In: Horobin RW, Kiernan JA, Eds. Conn’s Biological Stains. 10th ed., BIOS, Oxford. pp. 89–99.
  • Walz FG, Terenna B, Rolince D (1975) Equilibrium studies on neutral red-DNA binding. Biopolymers 14: 825–837.
  • Wemmer DE (1999) Ligands recognizing the minor groove of DNA: development and applications. Biopolymers 52: 197–211.
  • Wigglesworth VB (1952) The role of iron in histological staining. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 93: 105–118.
  • Wu J, Du F, Zhang P, Khan IA, Chen J, Liang Y (2005) Thermodynamics of the interaction of aluminum ions with DNA: implications for the biological function of aluminum. J. Inorg. Biochem. 99: 1145–1154.
  • Zimmermann HW (1986) Physicochemical and cytochemical investigations on the binding of ethidium and acridine dyes to DNA and to organelles in living cells. Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed. Engl. 25: 115–130.
  • Zollinger H (2003) Color Chemistry. Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments. 3rd ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.