Predictors of Depressive Symptomatology in Family Caregivers of Women With Substance Use Disorders or Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Disorders

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . ( 1994 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , (4th ed.) . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. E. , Ishler , K. , Katz , S. , & Johnson , P. ( 2007 ). Predictors of burden in families of women with substance disorders or co-occurring substance and mental disorders . Social Work Practice in the Addictions , 7 ( 1/2 ), 25 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. E. , Milligan , E. , Putnam , P. , & Song , L. ( 1994 ). Predictors of burden among lower socioeconomic status caregivers of persons with chronic mental illness . Community Mental Health Journal , 30 ( 5 ), 473 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. E. , Robinson , E. M. , & Kennedy , M. ( 2000 ). A review of empirical studies of interventions for families of persons with mental illness . In J. Morrisey (Ed.), Research in community mental health (Vol. 11 , pp. 87 – 130 ). Greenwich , CT : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. E. , Sales , E. , & Schulz , R. (1991). Family Caregiver Applications Series: Vol. 1. Family caregiving in chronic illness: Alzheimer's disease, cancer, heart disease, mental illness, and stroke . Newbury Park , CA : Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. E. , & Schulz , R. ( 1999 ). Caregiving and caregiver intervention in aging and mental illness . Family Relations , 48 , 345 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. E. , Song , L. , & Milligan , S. E. ( 1995 ). A comparative analysis of family caregivers' perceived relationships with mental health professionals . Psychiatric Services , 46 ( 5 ), 477 – 482 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biegel , D. E. , Tracy , E. M. , & Corvo , K. N. ( 1994 ). Strengthening social networks: Intervention strategies for mental health case managers . Health and Social Work , 19 , 206 – 216 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady , K. T. , & Randall , C. L. ( 1999 ). Gender differences in substance use disorders . Addictive Disorders , 22 ( 2 ), 241 – 253 .
   Google Scholar
• Brook , R. H. , Ware , J. E. , Jr. , Davies-Avery , A. , Stewart , A. L. , Donald , C. A. , et al. . ( 1979 ). Overview of adult health measures fielded in Rand's health insurance study . Medical Care , 17 ( 7 Suppl. ), 1 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Cavaiola , A. A. ( 2000 ). In search of a new metaphor for the impact of drug abuse on families . Family Therapy , 27 ( 2 ), 81 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Chander , G. , & McCaul , M. E. ( 2003 ). Co-occurring psychiatric disorders in women with addictions . Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America , 30 , 469 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , K. , Stephens , M. A. , & Townsend , A. ( 1998 ). Mastery in women's multiple roles and well-being: Adult daughters providing care to impaired parents . Health Psychology , 17 , 163 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , R. E. ( 1996 ). Family support for persons with dual disorder . New Directions for Mental Health Services , 70 , 65 – 78 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark , R. E. ( 2001 ). Family support and substance use outcomes for persons with mental illness and substance use disorders . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 27 ( 1 ), 93 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , R. E. , & Drake , R. E. ( 1994 ). Expenditure of time and money by families of people with severe mental illness and substance use disorder . Community Mental Health Journal , 30 ( 2 ), 145 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. , Mermelstein , R. , Kamarck , T. , & Hoberman , H. ( 1985 ). Measuring the functional components of social support . In I. G. Sarason , & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and applications (pp. 73 – 94 ). The Hague : Martinus Nijhoff .
   Google Scholar
• Covinsky , K. E. , Newcomer , R. , Fox , P. , Wood , J. , Sands , L. , et al. . ( 2003 ). Patient and caregiver characteristics associated with depression in caregivers of patients with dementia . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 18 , 1006 – 1014 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuffel , B. J. ( 1996 ). Comorbid substance use disorder: Prevalence, patterns of use, and course . New Directions for Mental Health Services , 70 , 93 – 105 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis , D. , & DiNitto , D. M. ( 1998 ). Gender and drugs: Fact, fiction and unanswered questions . In C. McNeece & D. M. DiNitto (Eds.), Chemical dependency: A systems approach (pp. 406 – 442 ). Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• DiNitto , D. M. , Webb , D. K. , & Rubin , A. (2002). Gender differences in dully-diagnosed clients receiving chemical dependency treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 34, 105–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake , R. E. , Rosenberg , S. D. , & Mueser , K. T. ( 1996 ). Assessing substance use disorder in persons with severe mental illness . New Directions in Mental Health Services , 70 , 3 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drake , R. E. , & Wallach , M. A. ( 2000 ). Dual diagnosis: 15 years of progress . Psychiatric Services , 51 ( 9 ), 1126 – 1129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fals-Stewart , W. , O'Farrell , T. J. , & Birchler , G. R. ( 2003 ). Family therapy techniques . In F. Rotgers , J. Morgenstern , & S. T. Walters (Eds.), Treating substance abuse: Theory and technique (pp. 140 – 165 ). New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fals-Stewart , W. , O'Farrell , T. J. , Birchler , G. R. , Cordova , J. , & Kelley , M. L. ( 2005 ). Behavioral couples therapy for alcoholism and drug abuse: Where we've been, where we are, and where we're going . Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy , 19 , 229 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein , N. , Duncan , S. A. , Derman , L. , & Smeltz , J. ( 1990 ). Getting sober, getting well: A treatment guide for caregivers who work with women . Cambridge , MA : Women's Alcoholism Program/Cambridge and Somerville Program of Alcoholism Rehabilitation, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Franks , D. D. ( 1990 ). Economic contribution of families caring for persons with severe and persistent mental illness . Administration and Policy in Mental Health , 18 , 9 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , E. M. ( 1993 ). Substance abuse treatment: Continuum of care in services to families . In E. M. Freeman (Ed.), Substance abuse treatment: A family systems perspective (pp. 1 – 20 ). Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• George , L. ( 1980 ). Role transitions in later life . Monterey , CA : Brooks/Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Goossens , P. , Van Wijngaarden , B. , Knoppert-Van Der Klein , E. , & Van Achterberg , T. ( 2008 ). Family caregiving in bipolar disorder: Caregiver consequences, caregiver coping styles, and caregiver distress . International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 54 ( 4 ), 303 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havassy , B. E. , Hall , S. M. , & Tschann , J. M. ( 1987 ). Social support and relapse to tobacco alcohol, and opiates: Preliminary findings . (NIDA Research Monograph 76; Problems of drug dependence) . Rockville , MD : United States Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Heath , A. W. , & Stanton , M. D. ( 1998 ). Family-based treatment: Stages and outcomes . In R. J. Frances & S. I. Miller (Eds.), Clinical textbook of addictive disorders ( , 2nd ed. , pp. 496 – 520 ). New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Helzer , J. E. , Robins , L. N. , & McEvoy , L. T. ( 1985 ). A comparison of clinical and diagnostic interview schedule diagnoses . Archives of General Psychiatry , 42 , 657 – 666 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House , J. ( 1986 ). Americans' changing lives: Wave 1 (Survey study report) . Ann Arbor , MI : Survey Research Center, University of Michigan (Producer) , Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (Distributor) .
   Google Scholar
• Huba , G. J. , & Melchior , L. A. (1995). Staff of The Measurement Group, and HRSA/HAB's SPNS Cooperative Agreement Steering Committee. Module 26A: CES-D Form (Interview) . Culver City , CA : The Measurement Group. Available at www.TheMeasurementGroup.com .
   Google Scholar
• Joe , G. W. , Broome , K. M. , Rowan-Szal , G. A. , & Simpson , D. D. ( 2002 ). Measuring patient attributes and engagement in treatment . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 22 , 183 – 196 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , A. C. , Bernardy , N. C. , & Hauner , K. ( 2003 ). Stressful events, personality, and mood disturbance: Gender differences in alcoholics and problem drinkers . Addiction Behaviors , 28 ( 1 ), 171 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• Koffinke , C. ( 1991 ). Family recovery issues and treatment resources . In D. C. Daley & M. S. Raskin (Eds.), Treating the chemically dependent and their families (pp. 195 – 216 ). Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lantz , P. M. , House , J. S. , Mero , R. P. , & Williams , D. R. ( 2005 ). Stress, life events, and socioeconomic disparities in health: Results from the Americans' changing lives study . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 46 ( 3 ), 274 – 288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefley , H. ( 1996 ). Family Caregiver Applications Series: Vol. 7. Family caregiving for adults with mental illness . Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald , J. G. ( 1987 ). Predictors of treatment outcome for alcoholic women . International Journal of the Addictions , 22 , 235 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magliano , L. , Fadden , G. , Economou , M. , Held , T. , Xavier , M. , et al. . ( 2000 ). Family burden and coping strategies in schizophrenia: 1-Year follow-up data from the BIOMEDI study . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 35 ( 3 ), 109 – 115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majer , J. M. , Jason , L. A. , Ferrari , J. R. , Venable , L. B. , & Olson , B. D. ( 2002 ). Social support and self-efficacy for abstinence: Is peer identification an issue? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 23 , 209 – 215 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrady , B. S. , Epstein , E. E. , & Sell , R. D. ( 2003 ). Theoretical bases of family approaches to substance abuse treatment . In F. Rotgers , J. Morgenstern & S. T. Walters (Eds.), Treating substance abuse: Theory and technique (pp. 113 – 139 ). New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Merikangas , K. R. , & Stevens , D. E. ( 1998 ). Substance abuse among women: Familial factors and co-morbidity . In C. E. Wetherington & A. B. Roman (Eds.), Drug addiction research and the health of women (pp. 245 – 269 ) Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse .
   Google Scholar
• Moos , R. H. , Finney , J. W. , & Cronkite , R. C. ( 1990 ). Alcoholism treatment: Context, process, and outcome . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moos , R. H. , Finney , J. W. , & Gamble , W. ( 1982 ). The process of recovery from alcoholism: Comparing spouses of alcoholic patients and matched community controls . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 43 , 888 – 909 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin , R. C. , & Seidman , E. ( 1986 ). A social network approach and the revolving door patient . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 12 ( 2 ), 262 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Mueser , K. T. , Noordsy , D. L. , Drake , R. , & Fox , L. ( 2003 ). Integrated treatment for dual disorders: A guide to effective practice . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Neundorfer , M. , McClendon , M. , Smyth , K. , Stuckey , J. , Strauss , M. E. , & Patterson , M. ( 2001 ). A longitudinal study of the relationship between levels of depression among persons with Alzheimer's disease and levels of depression among their family caregivers . Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 56B ( 5 ), 301 – 313 .
   Google Scholar
• Newmann , J. P. , & Sallmann , J. (2004). Women, trauma histories, and co-occurring disorders: Assessing the scope of the problem. Social Service Review , 78, 466–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Dell , K. J. , Turner , N. H. , & Weaver , G. D. ( 1998 ). Women in recovery from drug misuse: An exploratory study of their social networks and social support . Substance Use and Misuse , 33 ( 8 ), 1721 – 1734 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ory , M. , Yee , J. , Tennstedt , S. , & Schulz , R. ( 2000 ). The extent and impact of dementia care: Unique challenges experienced by family caregivers . In R. Schulz (Ed.), Handbook on dementia caregiving: Evidence-based interventions for family caregivers (pp. 1 – 32 ). New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Pearlin , L. I. , Mullan , J. T. , Semple , S. J. , & Skaff , M. N. ( 1990 ). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures . Gerontologist , 30 ( 5 ), 583 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provencher , H. , Perreault , M. , St-Onge , M. , & Rousseau , M. ( 2003 ). Predictors of psychological distress in family caregivers of persons with psychiatric disabilities . Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing , 10 ( 5 ), 592 – 607 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radloff , L. S. ( 1977 ). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population . Applied Psychological Measurement , 1 , 385 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed , B. J. , & Mowbray , C. T. ( 1999 ). Mental illness and substance abuse: Implications for women health and health care access . Journal of American Medical Women Association , 54 ( 2 ), 71 – 78 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robins , L. N. , Cottler , L. B. , Bucholz , K. K. , Compton , W. M. , North , C. S. , & Rourke , K. M. ( 1999 ). Diagnostic interview schedule for DSM IV . St. Louis , MO : Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry .
   Google Scholar
• Robins , L. N. , Helzer , J. E. , Croughan , J. , & Ratcliff , K. ( 1981 ). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics and validity . Archives of General Psychiatry , 38 , 381 – 389 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sannibale , C. , & Hall , W. ( 2001 ). Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders . Drug and Alcohol Review , 20 , 369 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders , J. C. ( 2003 ). Families living with severe mental illness: A literature review . Issues in Mental Health Nursing , 24 , 175 – 198 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savage , A. , & Russell , L. A. ( 2005 ). Tangled in a web of affiliation: Social support networks of dually diagnosed women who are trauma survivors . Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research , 32 , 199 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz , R. , & Williamson , G. M. ( 1991 ). A 2-year longitudinal study of depression among Alzheimer's caregivers . Psychology and Aging , 6 ( 4 ), 569 – 578 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shua-Haim , J. , Haim , T. , Shi , Y. , Kuo , Y. , & Smith , J. ( 2001 ). Depression among Alzheimer's caregivers: Identifying risk factors . American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias , 16 ( 6 ), 353 – 359 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silver , T. ( 1999 ). Families of persons with mental illness and substance abuse related disorders: Considerations for service delivery . Administration and Policy in Mental Health , 26 ( 5 ), 361 – 367 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Song , L. , Biegel , D. E. , & Milligan , S. E. ( 1997 ). Predictors of depressive symptomatology among lower social class caregivers of persons with chronic mental illness . Community Mental Health Journal , 33 ( 4 ), 269 – 286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate , S. R. , Brown , S. A. , Unrod , M. , & Ramo , D. E. (2004). Context of relapse for substance-dependent adults with and without comorbid psychiatric disorders. Addictive Behaviors , 29, 1707–1724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessler , R. , & Gamache , G. ( 1995 ). Toolkit for evaluating family experiences with severe mental illness . Cambridge , MA : The Evaluation Center at Human Services Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Tracy , E. M. , & Biegel , D. E. ( 2006 ). Personal social networks and dual disorders: A Literature review and implications for practice and future research . Journal of Dual Diagnosis , 2 ( 2 ), 59 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Tracy , E. M. , Catalano , R. F. , Whittaker , J. K. , & Fine , D. ( 1990 ). Reliability and social network data [Research note] . Social Work Research & Abstracts , 26 , 33 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Tracy , E. M. , & Whittaker , J. K. ( 1990 ). The social network map: Assessing social support in clinical social work practice . Families in Society , 71 ( 8 ), 461 – 470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• University of Akron, Institute for Health and Social Policy . ( 2001 ). The Clinical Intake Assessment Interview-Cleveland (CIAI-C) . Akron , OH : University of Akron .
   Google Scholar
• Velleman , R. ( 1996 ). Alcohol and drug problems in parents: An overview of the impact on children and the implications for practice . In M. Goepfert , J. Webster , & M. V. Seeman (Eds.), Parental psychiatric disorder: Distressed parents and their families (pp. 233 – 243 ). Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Waite , A. , Bebbington , P. , Skelton-Robinson , M. , & Orrell , M. ( 2004 ). Social factors and depression in carers of people with dementia . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 19 , 582 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , R. D. , Martinez-Raga , J. , Griffin , M. L. , Greenfield , S. F. , & Hufford , C. ( 1997 ). Gender differences in cocaine dependent patients: A 6 month follow-up study . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 44 , 35 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen , W. , & Lundeen , S. ( 2006 ). The association between meaning of caregiving, perceived social support and level of depression of Taiwanese caregivers of mentally ill patients . The International Journal of Psychiatric Nursing Research , 12 ( 1 ), 1378 – 1392 .
   Google Scholar