Lack of Hippocampal Volume Change in Long-term Heavy Cannabis Users

REFERENCES

• Block RI, Ghoneim MM. Effects of chronic marijuana use on human cognition. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1993;110:219–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope HG, Jr., Yurgelun-Todd D. The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students. JAMA. 1996;275:521–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ameri A. The effects of cannabinoids on the brain. Prog Neurobiol. 1999;58:315–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell AM, Evans M, Thomson JL, Williams MJ. Cerebral atrophy in young cannabis smokers. Lancet. 1971;2:1219–1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Co BT, Goodwin DW, Gado M, Mikhael M, Hill SY. Absence of cerebral atrophy in chronic cannabis users: evaluation by computerized transaxial tomography. JAMA. 1977;237:1229–1230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehnle J, Mendelson JH, Davis KR, New PF. Computed tomographic examination of heavy marijuana smokers. JAMA. 1977;237:1231–1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block RI, O'Leary DS, Ehrhardt JC, , et al. Effects of frequent marijuana use on brain tissue volume and composition. Neuroreport. 2000;11:491–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson W, Mathew R, Turkington T, Hawk T, Coleman RE, Provenzale J. Brain morphological changes and early marijuana use: a magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography study. J Addict Dis. 2000;19:1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herkenham M, Lynn AB, Little MD, , et al. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1990;87:1932–1936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mailleux P, Parmentier M, Vanderhaeghen JJ. Distribution of cannabinoid receptor messenger RNA in the human brain: an in situ hybridization histochemistry with oligonucleotides. Neurosci Lett. 1992;143:200–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrendero F, Sepe N, Ramos JA, Di Marzo V, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ. Analysis of cannabinoid receptor binding and mRNA expression and endogenous cannabinoid contents in the developing rat brain during late gestation and early postnatal period. Synapse. 1999;33:181–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkrantz H, Braude M. Comparative Chronic Toxicities of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol administered Orally or by Inhalation in the Rat. New York: Raven; 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Scallet AC, Uemura E, Andrews A, , et al. Morphometric studies of the rat hippocampus following chronic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Brain Res. 1987;436:193–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landfield PW, Cadwallader LB, Vinsant S. Quantitative changes in hippocampal structure following long-term exposure to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: possible mediation by glucocorticoid systems. Brain Res. 1988;443:47–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawston J, Borella A, Robinson JK, Whitaker-Azmitia PM. Changes in hippocampal morphology following chronic treatment with the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2. Brain Res. 2000;877:407–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiglick A, Kalant H. Behavioral effects of prolonged administration of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1983;80:325–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampson RE, Deadwyler SA. Role of cannabinoid receptors in memory storage. Neurobiol Dis. 1998;5:474–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope HG, Jr.,Gruber AJ, Hudson JI, Huestis MA, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:909–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed., Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Kikinis R, Shenton ME, Gerig G, , et al. Routine quantitative analysis of brain and cerebrospinal fluid spaces with MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1992;2:619–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber AJ, Pope HG, Hudson JI, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Attributes of long-term heavy cannabis users: a case-control study. Psychol Med. 2003;33:1415–1422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich H, Rinn T, Kunert HJ, , et al. Specific attentional dysfunction in adults following early start of cannabis use. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999;142:295–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope HG, Gruber AJ, Hudson JI, Cohane G, Huestis MA, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Early-onset cannabis use and cognitive deficits: what is the nature of the association? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;69:303–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope HG, Gruber AJ, Hudson JI, Huestis MA, Yurgelun-Todd DA. Cognitive measures in long-term cannabis users. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42:42S–47S.
   Google Scholar
• Schuff N, Amend DL, Knowlton R, Norman D, Fein G, Weiner MW. Age-related metabolite changes and volume loss in the hippocampus by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Neurobiol Aging. 1999;20:279–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan EV, Marsh L, Mathalon DH, Lim KO, Pfefferbaum A. Anterior hippocampal volume deficits in nonamnesic, aging chronic alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995;19:110–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benwell ME, Balfour DJ, Anderson JM. Evidence that tobacco smoking increases the density of (-)-[3H]nicotine binding sites in human brain. J Neurochem. 1988;50:1243–1247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breese CR, Marks MJ, Logel J, , et al. Effect of smoking history on [3H]nicotine binding in human postmortem brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997;282:7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agartz I, Momenan R, Rawlings RR, Kerich MJ, Hommer DW. Hippocampal volume in patients with alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:356–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison ER, Haaga J, Richards T. Self-reported drug use data: what do they reveal? Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1993;19:423–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown J, Kranzler HR, Del Boca FK. Self-reports by alcohol and drug abuse inpatients: factors affecting reliability and validity. Br J Addict. 1992;87:1013–1024.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rouse B, Kozel N, Richards L.. Self-report Methods of Estimating Drug: Use Meeting Current Challenges to Validity. NIDA Research Monograph. vol. 57. Washington, DC. Government Printing Office; 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Beyer JL, Krishnan KR. Volumetric brain imaging findings in mood disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2002;4:89–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar