Cognitive, imaging, and psychiatric changes associated with chronic toluene use: case report and literature review

References

• Wu LT, Howard MO. Psychiatric disorders in inhalant users: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88(2–3):146–55. doi:10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2006.10.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard MO, Bowen SE, Garland EL, Perron BE, Vaughn MG. Inhalant use and inhalant use disorders in the United States. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2011;6(1):18–31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22003419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cruz SL, Bowen SE. The last two decades on preclinical and clinical research on inhalant effects. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2021;87:106999. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Understanding Adolescent Inhalant Use. [Accessed 2022 November 21]. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_3095/ShortReport-3095.html.
   Google Scholar
• Howard MO, Cottler LB, Compton WM, Ben-Abdallah A. Diagnostic concordance of DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, and ICD-10 inhalant use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001;61(3):223–8. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00151-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland EL, Howard MO. Volatile substance misuse: clinical considerations, neuropsychopharmacology and potential role of pharmacotherapy in management. CNS Drugs. 2012;26(11):927–35. doi:10.1007/S40263-012-0001-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen J, O'Brien C, Schapp S. Adolescent inhalant use prevention, assessment, and treatment: a literature synthesis. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;31:15–24. doi:10.1016/J.DRUGPO.2016.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamblen S, Miller T. Inhalant initiation and the relationship of inhalant use to the use of other substances. J Drug Educ. 2012;42(3):327–46. doi:10.2190/DE.42.3.E
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedenthal S, Vaughn MG, Jenson JM, Howard MO. Inhalant use and suicidality among incarcerated youth. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;90(1):81–8. doi:10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2007.02.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ameno K, Fuke C, Ameno S, Kiriu T, Sogo K, Ijiri I. A fatal case of oral ingestion of toluene. Forensic Sci Int. 1989;41(3):255–60. doi:10.1016/0379-0738(89)90218-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tran KMH, Hinther K, Bueti J, Karpinski M, Hingwala J. Toluene toxicity: a case report of transdermal exposure causing hypokalemic paralysis. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:1–6. doi:10.1177/2054358119871594.
   Google Scholar
• Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, Cummings JL, Chertkow H. The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2005;53:695–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnier JJ, Kienle G, Altman DG, Moher D, Sox H, Riley D, CARE Group The CARE guidelines: consensus-based clinical case report guideline development. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014;67(1):46–51. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.08.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covidence systematic review software. Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia. www.covidence.org.
   Google Scholar
• Aydin K, Kircan S, Sarwar S, Okur O, Balaban E. Smaller gray matter volumes in frontal and parietal cortices of solvent abusers correlate with cognitive deficits. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(10):1922–8. doi:10.3174/AJNR.A1728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydin K, Sencer S, Ogel K, Genchellac H, Demir T, Minareci O. Single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy in toluene abuse. Magn Reson Imaging. 2003;21(7):777–85. doi:10.1016/S0730-725X(03)00175-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takebayashi K, Sekine Y, Takei N, Minabe Y, Isoda H, Takeda H, Nishimura K, Nakamura K, Suzuki K, Iwata Y, et al. Metabolite alterations in basal ganglia associated with psychiatric symptoms of abstinent toluene users: a proton MRS study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004;29(5):1019–26. doi:10.1038/SJ.NPP.1300426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornazzari L, Wilkinson DA, Kapur BM, Carlen PL. Cerebellar, cortical and functional impairment in toluene abusers. Acta Neurol Scand. 1983;67(6):319–29. doi:10.1111/J.1600-0404.1983.TB03149.X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada S, Yamanouchi N, Kodama K, Uchida Y, Hirai S, Sakamoto T, Noda S, Komatsu N, Sato T. Regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities in chronic solvent abusers. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;53(3):351–6. doi:10.1046/J.1440-1819.1999.00557.X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairney S, O'Connor N, Dingwall KM, Maruff P, Shafiq-Antonacci R, Currie J, Currie BJ. A prospective study of neurocognitive changes 15 years after chronic inhalant abuse. Addiction. 2013;108(6):1107–14. doi:10.1111/ADD.12124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zur J, Yule W. Chronic solvent abuse. 1. Cognitive sequelae. Child Care Health Dev. 1990;16(1):1–20. doi:10.1111/J.1365-2214.1990.TB00635.X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hormes JT, Filley CM, Rosenberg NL. Neurologic sequelae of chronic solvent vapor abuse. Neurology. 1986;36(5):698–702. doi:10.1212/WNL.36.5.698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg NL, Spitz MC, Filley CM, Davis KA, Schaumburg HH. Central nervous system effects of chronic toluene abuse–clinical, brainstem evoked response and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1988;10(5):489–95. doi:10.1016/0892-0362(88)90014-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingwall KM, Lewis MS, Maruff P, Cairney S. Assessing cognition following petrol sniffing for indigenous Australians. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010;44(7):631–9. doi:10.3109/00048671003627405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perron BE, Howard MO. Adolescent inhalant use, abuse and dependence. Addiction. 2009;104(7):1185–92. doi:10.1111/J.1360-0443.2009.02557.X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu LR, Tsai SJ. Long-term glue sniffing: report of six cases. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2003;33(2):163–8. doi:10.2190/GLKT-PW17-PP05-5XNB.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dingwall KM, Maruff P, Clough AR, Maruff M. Factors associated with continued solvent use in Indigenous petrol sniffers following treatment. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2012;31(1):40–6. doi:10.1111/J.1465-3362.2010.00279.X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yücel M, Zalesky A, Takagi MJ, Bora E, Fornito A, Ditchfield M, Egan GF, Pantelis C, Lubman DI. White-matter abnormalities in adolescents with long-term inhalant and cannabis use: a diffusion magnetic resonance imaging study. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2010;35(6):409–12. doi:10.1503/JPN.090177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuncu Z, Zorlu N, Saatcioglu H, Basay B, Basay O, Zorlu PK, Kitis O, Gelal F. Abnormal white matter integrity and impairment of cognitive abilities in adolescent inhalant abusers. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2015;47:89–95. doi:10.1016/J.NTT.2014.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydin K, Sencer S, Demir T, Ogel K, Tunaci A, Minareci O. Cranial MR findings in chronic toluene abuse by inhalation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002;23(7):1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi M, Yücel M, Cotton SM, Baliz Y, Tucker A, Elkins K, Lubman DI. Verbal memory, learning, and executive functioning among adolescent inhalant and cannabis users. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2011;72(1):96–105. doi:10.15288/JSAD.2011.72.96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilar-López R, Takagi M, Lubman DI, Cotton SM, Bora E, Verdejo-García A, Yücel M. The effects of inhalant misuse on attentional networks. Dev Neuropsychol. 2013;38(2):126–36. doi:10.1080/87565641.2012.745547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard MO, Balster RL, Cottler LB, Wu LT, Vaughn MG. Inhalant use among incarcerated adolescents in the United States: prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;93(3):197–209. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priya GM, Anjana R, Jaisoorya TS. View of solvent use and its management - an overview. Kerala J Psychiatry. 2015;28:42–51.
   Google Scholar
• Perron BE, Howard MO, Maitra S, Vaughn MG. Prevalence, timing, and predictors of transitions from inhalant use to inhalant use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;100(3):277–84. doi:10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2008.10.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perron BE, Glass JE, Ahmedani BK, Vaughn MG, Roberts DE, Wu L-T. The prevalence and clinical significance of inhalant withdrawal symptoms among a national sample. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2011;2011(2):69–76. doi:10.2147/SAR.S14937.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verdejo-Garcia A, Garcia-Fernandez G, Dom G. Cognition and addiction. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2019;21(3):281–90. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2019.21.3/GDOM.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekhtiari H, Rezapour T, Aupperle RL, Paulus MP. Neuroscience-informed psychoeducation for addiction medicine: a neurocognitive perspective. Prog Brain Res. 2017;235:239–64. doi:10.1016/BS.PBR.2017.08.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezapour T, DeVito EE, Sofuoglu M, Ekhtiari H. Perspectives on neurocognitive rehabilitation as an adjunct treatment for addictive disorders: from cognitive improvement to relapse prevention. Prog Brain Res. 2016;224:345–69. doi:10.1016/BS.PBR.2015.07.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baydala L. Inhalant abuse. Paediatr Child Health (Oxford). 2010;15(7):443–8. doi:10.1093/pch/15.7.443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar