Environmental and Health Risks of Sulfuryl Fluoride, a Fumigant Replacement for Methyl Bromide

REFERENCES

• Prather , M J and Hsu , J . 2008 . NF3, the greenhouse gas missing from Kyoto . Geophys Res Lett. , 35 L12810, doi:10.1029/2008GL034542
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsai , W T . 2008 . Environmental and health risk analysis of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), a toxic and potent greenhouse gas . J Hazard Mater. , 159 : 257 – 263 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell , C H . 2002 . Replacing methyl bromide use for premises and commodities . Intern Pest Control. , 44 : 115 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Ha , W , Youn , J I and Kim , Y J . 2006 . Environmentally conscious gas mixtures for magnesium melt protection . Mater Sci Forum. , : 510 – 511 . 806 – 809 .
   Google Scholar
• Dillon , T J , Horowitz , A and Crowley , J N . 2008 . The atmospheric chemistry of sulfuryl fluoride, SO2F2 . Atmos Chem Phys. , 8 : 1547 – 1557 .
   Google Scholar
• Muhle , J , Huang , J , Weiss , R F , Prinn , R G , Miller , B R , Salameh , P K , Harth , C M , Fraser , P J , Porter , L W , Greally , B R , O’Doherty , S and Simmonds , P G . 2009 . Sulfuryl fluoride in the global atmosphere . J Geophys Res. , 114:D05306, doi:10.1029/2008JD011162
   Google Scholar
• Papadimitriou , V C , Portmann , R W , Fahey , D W , Muhle , J , Weiss , R F and Burkholder , J B . 2008 . Experimental and theoretical study of the atmospheric chemistry and global warming potential of SO2F2 . J Phys Chem. , 112 : 12657 – 12666 .
   Google Scholar
• Krieger , RI. 2001 . Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, 2nd edition. , San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) . Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices . Cincinnati, Ohio : ACGIH .
   Google Scholar
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) . 2003 . “ Safety and Health Topics: Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) ” . Washington, DC : OSHA .
   Google Scholar
• Cotton , F A , Wilkinson , G , Murillo , C A and Bochmann , M . 1999 . Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th edition. , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Cady , G H and Misra , S . 1974 . Hydrolysis of sulfuryl fluoride . Inorg Chem. , 13 : 837 – 841 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai , W T . 2007 . The decomposition products of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6): reviews of environmental and health risk analysis . J Fluorine Chem. , 128 : 1345 – 1352 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulbaek Andersen , M P , Blake , D R , Rowland , F S , Hurley , M D and Wallington , T J . 2009 . Atmospheric chemistry of sulfuryl fluoride: reaction with OH radicals, Cl atoms and O3, atmospheric lifetime, IR spectrum, and global warming potential . Environ Sci Technol. , 43 : 1067 – 1070 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lide , D R Jr , Mann , D E and Fristrom , R M . 1957 . Microwave spectrum and structure of sulfuryl fluoride . J Chem Phys. , 26 : 734 – 739 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muetterties , E L and Richardson , R D . 1960 . Sulfuryl fluoride . Inorg Synthesis. , 6 : 158 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Derrick , M R , Burgess , H D , Baker , M T and Binnie , N E . 1990 . Sulfuryl fluoride (Vikane): a review of its use as a fumigant . J Am Inst Conserv. , 29 : 77 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Heuser , S G . 1963 . Volumetric determination of concentrations of sulfuryl fluoride in air . Anal Chem. , 35 : 1476 – 1479 .
   Google Scholar
• Bockhoff , F J , Petrella , R V and Pace , E L . 1960 . Thermodynamic properties of sulfuryl fluoride from 12K to its boiling point. Entropy from molecular and spectroscopic data . J Chem Phys. , 32 : 799 – 804 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenaga , E F . 1957 . Some biological, chemical and physical properties of sulfuryl fluoride as an insecticidal fumigant . J Econ Entomol. , 50 : 1 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neil , M J . 2006 . The Merck Index, 14th edition. , Whitehouse Station, NJ : Merck .
   Google Scholar
• Poling , B E , Prausnitz , J M and O’Connell , J P . 2001 . The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 5th edition. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs , J P . Sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2): an alternative to SF6 for blanketing in the Mg industry. 2nd International Conference on SF6 and the Environment, Nov. 21–22 . San Diego, Cal. USA
   Google Scholar
• Tucceri , M E , Badenes , M P and Cobos , C J . 2002 . Ab initio and density functional theory study of enthalpies of formation of F2SOx and FClSOx (x = 1, 2) . J Fluorine Chem. , 116 : 135 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Cartwright , M and Woolf , A A . 1977 . Heat of formation of sulfuryl fluoride and stability of fluorosulphates . J Fluorine Chem. , 9 : 492 – 493 .
   Google Scholar
• Tomlin , C DS . 1994 . The Pesticide Manual, 10th edition , Farnham, Surry, UK : British Crop Protection Council .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , C H . 2000 . Fumigation in the 21st century . Crop Protection , 19 : 563 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartholomaeus , A R and Haritos , V S . 2005 . Review of the toxicology of carbonyl fluoride, a new grain fumigant . Food Chem Toxicol. , 43 : 1687 – 1701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashiwagi , D , Takai , A , Takubo , T , Nagaoka , K , Inoue , T and Takita , Y . 2009 . Metal phosphate catalysts effective for degradation of sulfur hexafluoride . Ind Eng Chem Res. , 48 : 632 – 640 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvert , G M , Mueller , C A , Fajen , J M , Chrislip , D W , Russo , J , Briggle , T , Fleming , L E , Suruda , A J and Steenland , K . 1998 . Health effects associated with sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide exposure among structural fumigation workers . Am J Public Health. , 88 : 1774 – 1780 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexeeff , G V and Kilgore , W W . 1983 . Methyl bromide . Residue Rev. , 88 : 101 – 153 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nitschke , K D and Eisenbrandt , D L . 2001 . “ Sulfuryl fluoride ” . In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology , 2nd ed , Edited by: Krieger , RI. 1881 – 1896 . San Diego, Cal., USA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mattsson , J L , Albee , R R , Eisenbrandt , D L and Chang , L W . 1988 . Subchronic neurotoxicity in rats of the structural fumigant, Sulfuryl fluoride . Neurotoxicol Teratol. , 10 : 127 – 133 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schneir , A , Clark , R F , Kene , M and Betten , D . 2005 . Systemic fluoride poisoning and death from inhalational exposure to sulfuryl fluoride . Clin Toxicol. , 46 : 850 – 854 .
   Google Scholar
• Mendrala , A L , Markham , D A and Eisenbrandt , D L . 2005 . Rapid uptake, metabolism, and elimination of inhaled sulfuryl fluoride fumigant by rats . Toxicol Sci. , 86 : 239 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean , JA. 1999 . Lang's Handbook of Chemistry, 15th edition. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• 1999 . Genium's Handbook of Safety, Health, and Environmental Data for Common Hazardous Substances. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) . 2004 . NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards , Atlanta, GA : NIOSH .
   Google Scholar
• Nuckolls , J G , Smith , D C , Walls , W E , Oxley , D W , Hackler , R L , Tripathi , R K , Armstron , C W and Miller , G B . 1987 . Fatalities resulting from sulfuryl fluoride exposure after home fumigation- Virginia . JAMA. , 258 : 2041 – 2044 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anger , W K , Moody , L , Burg , J , Brightwell , W S , Taylor , B J , Russo , J M , Dickerson , N , Setzer , J V , Johnson , B L and Hicks , K . 1986 . Neurobehavioral evaluation of soil and structural fumigators using methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride . Neurotoxicology. , 7 : 137 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2007 . “ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2007—The Scientific Basis ” . Geneva, , Switzerland : IPCC .
   Google Scholar
• Scheffrahn , R H , Hsu , R C , Osbrink , W LA and Su , N Y . 1989 . Fluoride and sulfate residues in foods fumigated with sulfuryl fluoride . J Agric Food Chem. , 37 : 203 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheffrahn , R H , Bodalbhai , L and Su , N Y . 1992 . Residues of methyl bromide and sulfuryl fluoride in manufacturer-packaged household foods following fumigation . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. , 48 : 821 – 827 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar