Publication Cover
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C
Environmental Carcinogenesis and Ecotoxicology Reviews
Volume 31, 2013 - Issue 2
729
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Cancer: An Epidemiological Assessment

, , &
Pages 99-144 | Published online: 14 May 2013

REFERENCES

  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . 2000 . Toxicological profile for selected polychlorinated biphenyls-update , Atlanta , GA : US Department of Health and Social Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry .
  • Turyk , M , Anderson , H A , Hanrahan , L P , Falk , C , Steenport , D N Needham , L L . 2006 . Great Lakes Consortium. Relationship of serum levels of individual PCB, dioxin, and furan congeners and DDE with Great Lakes sport-caught fish consumption . Environ Res. , 100 ( 2 ) : 173 – 183 .
  • Kiviranta , H , Vartiainen , T , Verta , M , Tuomisto , J T and Tuomisto , J . 2000 . High fish-specific dioxin concentrations in Finland . Lancet. , 27 : 1883 – 1885 . 355, 9218
  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry . 2003 . Health consultation concerning polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and pesticides in soil, blood and air from Anniston, Alabama US Department of Health and Social Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, USA
  • Pavuk , M , Cerhan , J R , Lynch , C F , Schecter , A , Petrik , J , Chovancova , J and Kocan , A . 2004 . Environmental exposure to PCBs and cancer incidence in eastern Slovakia . Chemosphere. , 54 ( 10 ) : 1509 – 1520 .
  • Donato , F , Magoni , M , Bergonzi , R , Scarcella , C , Indelicato , A , Carasi , S and Apostoli , P . 2006 . Exposure to polychlorinated bipheniyls in residents near chemical factory in Italy: the food chain as main source of contamination . Chemosphere. , 64 ( 9 ) : 1562 – 1572 .
  • Zhao , X R , Qin , Z F , Yang , Z Z , Zhao , Q , Zhao , Y X Qin , X F . 2010 . Dual body burdens of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers among local residents in an e-waste recycling region in Southeast China . Chemosphere. , 78 ( 6 ) : 659 – 666 .
  • Covaci , A , Voorspoels , S , Roosens , L , Jacobs , W , Blust , R and Neels , H . 2008 . Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human liver and adipose tissue samples from Belgium . Chemosphere. , 73 ( 2 ) : 170 – 175 .
  • Hansen , L G . 1998 . Stepping backward to improve assessment of PCB congener toxicities . Environ Health Perspect. , 106 ( 1 ) : 171 – 189 .
  • Van den Berg , M , Birnbaum , L S , Denison , M , De Vito , M , Farland , W Feeley , M . 2006 . The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and Mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds . Toxicol Sci. , 93 ( 2 ) : 223 – 241 .
  • Wolff , M S , Camann , D , Gammon , M and Stellman , S D . 1997 . Proposed PCB congener groupings for epidemiological studies . Environ Health Perspect. , 105 ( 1 ) : 13 – 14 .
  • Cocco , P , Brennan , P , Ibba , A , de Sanjosé Llongueras , S , Maynadié , M Nieters , A . 2008 . Plasma polychlorobiphenyl and organochlorine pesticide level and risk of major lymphoma subtypes . Occup Environ Med. , 65 ( 2 ) : 132 – 140 .
  • Safe , S . 1989 . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): mutagenicity and carcinogenicity . Mutat Res. , 220 ( 1 ) : 31 – 47 .
  • IARC, 1987 . Working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans . Polychlorinated biphenyls , IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 18. Subsequent evaluation: Supplement 7, Last updated: February 11, 1998. http://www.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol18/polychlorinatedbiphenyls.html (Accessed December 2012)
  • Knerr , S and Schrenk , D . 2006 . Carcinogenicity of “non-dioxinlike” polychlorinated biphenyls . Crit Rev Toxicol. , 36 ( 9 ) : 663 – 694 .
  • Integrated Risk Information System, US Environmental Protection Agency . 2012 . Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) . Update , http://www.epa.gov/IRIS/subst/0294.htm (Accessed December 20, 2012)
  • Baan , R , Grosse , Y , Straif , K , Secretan , B , El Ghissassi , F Bouvard , V . 2009 . WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. A review of human carcinogens—Part F: chemical agents and related occupations . Lancet Oncol. , 10 ( 12 ) : 1143 – 1144 .
  • Der Simonian , R and Laird , N . 1986 . Meta-analysis in clinical trials . Controlled Clinical Trials. , 7 : 177 – 188 .
  • Guo , Y L , Lambert , G H , Hsu , C C and Hsu , M M . 2004 . Yucheng: health effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans . Int Arch Occup Environ Health. , 77 ( 3 ) : 153 – 158 .
  • Onozuka , D , Yoshimura , T , Kaneko , S and Furue , M . 2009 . Mortality after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzofurans: a 40-year follow-up study of Yusho patients . Am J Epidemiol. , 169 : 86 – 95 .
  • Masuda , Y . 1996 . Approach to risk assessment of chlorinated dioxins from Yusho PCB poisoning . Chemosphere. , 32 ( 3 ) : 583 – 594 .
  • Yu , M L , Guo , Y L , Hsu , C C and Rogan , W J . 1997 . Increased mortality from chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 13 years after the Taiwan “yucheng” (“oil disease”) incident . Am J Ind Med. , 31 ( 2 ) : 172 – 175 .
  • Tsai , P C , Ko , Y C , Huang , W , Liu , H S and Guo , Y L . 2007 . Increased liver and lupus mortalities in 24-year follow-up of the Taiwanese people highly exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans . Sci Total Environ. , 374 : 216 – 222 .
  • Hsu , S T , Ma , C I , Hsu , S K , Wu , S S , Hsu , N H , Yeh , C C and Wu , S B . 1985 . Discovery and epidemiology of PCB poisoning in Taiwan: a four-year followup . Environ Health Perspect. , 59 : 5 – 10 .
  • Iida , T , Hirakawa , H , Matsueda , T , Takenaka , S , Yu , M L and Guo , Y L . 1999 . Recent trend of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and their related compounds in the blood and sebum of Yusho and Yu Cheng patients . Chemosphere. , 38 ( 5 ) : 981 – 993 .
  • Hsu , J F , Guo , Y L , Yang , S Y and Liao , P C . 2005 . Congener profiles of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in Yucheng victims fifteen years after exposure to toxic rice-bran oils and their implications for epidemiologic studies . Chemosphere. , 61 ( 9 ) : 1231 – 1243 .
  • Hsieh , S F , Yen , Y Y , Lan , S J , Hsieh , C C , Lee , C H and Ko , Y C . 1996 . A cohort study on mortality and exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls . Arch Environ Health. , 51 : 417 – 424 .
  • Li , M C , Tsai , P C , Chen , P C , Hsieh , C J , Leon Guo , Y L and Rogan , W J . 2012 . Mortality after exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans: 30 years after the “Yucheng Accident . Environ Res. , S0013–9351 ( 12 ) : 00276 – 9 .
  • Kuratsune , M , Ikeda , M , Nakamura , Y and Hirohata , T . 1987 . A cohort study on mortality of “yusho” patients: a preliminary report . Princess Takamatsu Symp. , 18 : 61 – 66 .
  • Yoshimura , T . 2012 . Yusho: 43 years later . Kaohsiung J Med Sci. , 28 ( Suppl 7 ) : S49 – 52 .
  • Gustavsson , P and Hogstedt , C . 1997 . A cohort study of Swedish capacitor manufacturing workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) . Am J Ind Med. , 32 ( 3 ) : 234 – 239 .
  • Tironi , A , Pesatori , A , Consonni , D , Zocchetti , C and Bertazzi , P A . 1996 . The mortality of female workers exposed to PCBs [In Italian] . Epidemiol Prev. , 20 ( 2–3 ) : 200 – 202 .
  • Bertazzi , P A , Riboldi , L , Pesatori , A , Radice , L and Zocchetti , C . 1987 . Cancer mortality of capacitor manufacturing workers . Am J Ind Med. , 11 : 165 – 176 .
  • Ruder , A M , Hein , M J , Nilsen , N , Waters , M A , Laber , P , Davis-King , K , Prince , M M and Whelan , E . 2006 . Mortality among workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in an electrical capacitor manufacturing plant in Indiana: an update . Environ Health Perspect. , 114 : 18 – 23 .
  • Prince , M M , Ruder , A M , Hein , M J , Waters , M A , Whelan , E A and Nilsen , N . 2006 . Mortality and exposure response among 14,458 electrical capacitor manufacturing workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) . Environ Health Perspect. , 114 : 1508 – 1514 .
  • Prince , M M , Hein , M J , Ruder , A M , Waters , M A , Laber , P A and Whelan , E A . 2006 . Update: cohort mortality study of workers highly exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) during the manufacture of electrical capacitors, 1940–1998 . Environ Health Perspect. , 5 : 13
  • Mallin , K , McCann , K , D’Aloisio , A , Freels , S , Piorkowski , J , Dimos , J and Persky , V . 2004 . Cohort mortality study of capacitor manufacturing workers, 1944–2000 . J Occup Environ Med. , 46 : 565 – 576 .
  • Kimbrough , R D , Doemland , M L and Mandel , J S . 2003 . A mortality update of male and female capacitor workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls . J Occup Environ Med. , 45 : 271 – 282 .
  • Loomis , D , Browning , S R , Schenck , A P , Gregory , E and Savitz , D A . 1997 . Cancer mortality among electric utility workers exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls . Occup Environ Med. , 54 : 720 – 728 .
  • Yassi , A , Tate , R and Fish , D . 1994 . Cancer mortality in workers employed at a transformer manufacturing plant . Am J Ind Med. , 25 : 425 – 437 .
  • Liss , G M . 1989 . Mortality and cancer morbidity among transformer manufacturing workers , Toronto : Ontario Ministry of Labour Policy and Regulations Branch Health Studies Service .
  • Wolff , M S , Fischbein , A , Thornton , J , Rice , C , Lilis , R and Selikoff , I J . 1982 . Body burden of polychlorinated biphenyls among persons employed in capacitor manufacturing . Int Arch Occup Environ Health. , 49 ( 3–4 ) : 199 – 208 .
  • Acquavella , J F , Hanis , N M , Nicolich , M J and Phillips , S C . 1986 . Assessment of clinical, metabolic, dietary, and occupational correlations with serum polychlorinated biphenyl levels among employees at an electrical capacitor manufacturing plant . J Occup Med. , 28 ( 11 ) : 1177 – 1180 .
  • Greenland , S , Salvan , A , Wegman , D H , Hallock , M F and Smith , T J . 1994 . A case-control study of cancer mortality at a transformer-assembly facility . Int Arch Occup Environ Health. , 66 ( 1 ) : 49 – 54 .
  • Tynes , T , Reitan , J B and Andersen , A . 1994 . Incidence of cancer among workers in Norwegian hydroelectric power companies . Scand J Work Environ Health. , 20 ( 5 ) : 339 – 344 .
  • Ayotte , P , Dewailly , E , Ryan , J J , Bruneau , S and Lebel , G . 1997 . PCBs and dioxin-like compounds in plasma of adult Inuit living in Nunavik (Arctic Quebec) . Chemosphere. , 34 ( 5–7 ) : 1459 – 1468 .
  • Hanrahan , L P , Falk , C , Anderson , H A , Draheim , L , Kanarek , M S and Olson , J . 1999 . Serum PCB and DDE levels of frequent Great Lakes sport fish consumers-a first look . The Great Lakes Consortium. Environ Res. , 80 : S26 – S37 .
  • Turunen , A W , Verkasalo , P K , Kiviranta , H , Pukkala , E , Jula , A , Männistö , S , Räsänen , R , Marniemi , J and Vartiainen , T . 2008 . Mortality in a cohort with high fish consumption . Int J Epidemiol. , 37 ( 5 ) : 1008 – 1017 .
  • Maifredi , G , Donato , F , Magoni , M , Orizio , G , Gelatti , U , Maiolino , P , Zani , C , Vassallo , F and Scarcella , C . 2011 . Polychlorinated biphenyls and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case-control study in Northern Italy . Environ Res. , 111 ( 2 ) : 254 – 259 .
  • Freeman , M D and Kohles , S S . 2012 . Plasma levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and causation . J Environ Public Health. , 2012 : 258981
  • Kramer , S , Hikel , S M , Adams , K , Hinds , D and Moon , K . 2012 . Current status of the epidemiologic evidence linking polychlorinated biphenyls and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the role of immune dysregulation . Environ Health Perspect. , 120 ( 8 ) : 1067 – 1075 .
  • Rothman , N , Cantor , K P , Blair , A , Bush , D , Brock , J W Helzlsouer , K . 1997 . A nested case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and serum organochlorine residues . Lancet. , 350 ( 9073 ) : 240 – 244 .
  • Viel , J F , Floret , N , Deconinck , E , Focant , J F , De Pauw , E and Cahn , J Y . 2011 . Increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and serum organochlorine concentrations among neighbors of a municipal solid waste incinerator . Environ Int. , 37 ( 2 ) : 449 – 453 .
  • Hardell , K , Carlberg , M , Hardell , L , Björnfoth , H , Ericson Jogsten , I , Eriksson , M , Van Bavel , B and Lindström , G . 2009 . Concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titres of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens and the risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma . Oncol Rep. , 21 ( 6 ) : 1567 – 1576 .
  • Colt , J S , Rothman , N , Severson , R K , Hartge , P , Cerhan , J R Chatterjee , N . 2009 . Organochlorine exposure, immune gene variation, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma . Blood. , 113 ( 9 ) : 1899 – 1905 .
  • De Roos , A J , Hartge , P , Lubin , J H , Colt , J S , Davis , S Cerhan , J R . 2005 . Persistent organochlorine chemicals in plasma and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma . Cancer Res. , 65 ( 23 ) : 11214 – 11226 .
  • Spinelli , J J , Ng , C H , Weber , J P , Connors , J M , Gascoyne , R D Lai , A S . 2007 . Organochlorines and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma . Int J Cancer. , 121 ( 12 ) : 2767 – 2775 .
  • Hardell , E , Eriksson , M , Lindström , G , Van Bavel , B , Linde , A , Carlberg , M and Liljegren , G . 2001 . Case-control study on concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titers of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens in the etiology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma . Leuk Lymphoma. , 42 ( 4 ) : 619 – 629 .
  • Bräuner , E V , Sørensen , M , Gaudreau , E , LeBlanc , A , Eriksen , K T , Tjønneland , A , Overvad , K and Raaschou-Nielsen , O . 2012 . A prospective study of organochlorines in adipose tissue and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma . Environ Health Perspect. , 120 ( 1 ) : 105 – 111 .
  • Laden , F , Bertrand , K A , Altshul , L , Aster , J C , Korrick , S A and Sagiv , S K . 2010 . Plasma organochlorine levels and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the Nurses’ Health Study . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 19 ( 5 ) : 1381 – 1384 .
  • Bertrand , K A , Spiegelman , D , Aster , J C , Altshul , L M , Korrick , S A Rodig , S J . 2010 . Plasma organochlorine levels and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a cohort of men . Epidemiology. , 21 ( 2 ) : 172 – 180 .
  • Quintana , P J , Delfino , R J , Korrick , S , Ziogas , A , Kutz , F W , Jones , E L , Laden , F and Garshick , E . 2004 . Adipose tissue levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma . Environ Health Perspect. , 112 ( 8 ) : 854 – 861 .
  • Engel , L S , Laden , F , Andersen , A , Strickland , P T , Blair , A Needham , L L . 2007 . Polychlorinated biphenyl levels in peripheral blood and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a report from three cohorts . Cancer Res. , 67 ( 11 ) : 5545 – 5552 .
  • Nordström , M , Hardell , L , Lindström , G , Wingfors , H , Hardell , K and Linde , A . 2000 . Concentrations of organochlorines related to titers to Epstein-Barr virus early antigen IgG as risk factors for hairy cell leukemia . Environ Health Perspect. , 108 ( 5 ) : 441 – 445 .
  • Key , T , Appleby , P , Barnes , I and Reeves , G . 2002 . Endogenous hormones and breast cancer Collaborative Group. Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies . J Natl Cancer Inst. , 94 ( 8 ) : 606 – 616 .
  • Kaaks , R , Rinaldi , S , Key , T J , Berrino , F , Peeters , P H Biessy , C . 2005 . Postmenopausal serum androgens, oestrogens and breast cancer risk: the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition . Endocr Relat Cancer. , 12 ( 4 ) : 1071 – 1082 .
  • Jenkins , S , Betancourt , A M , Wang , J and Lamartiniere , C A . 2012 . Endocrine-active chemicals in mammary cancer causation and prevention . J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. , 129 ( 3–5 ) : 191 – 200 .
  • Liljegren , G , Hardell , L , Lindström , G , Dahl , P and Magnuson , A . 1998 . Case-control study on breast cancer and adipose tissue concentrations of congener specific polychlorinated biphenyls, DDE and hexachlorobenzene . Eur J Cancer Prev. , 7 ( 2 ) : 135 – 140 .
  • Pavuk , M , Cerhan , J R , Lynch , C F , Kocan , A , Petrik , J and Chovancova , J . 2003 . Case-control study of PCBs, other organochlorines and breast cancer in Eastern Slovakia . J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. , 13 ( 4 ) : 267 – 275 .
  • Ward , E M , Schulte , P , Grajewski , B , Andersen , A , Patterson , D G Jr Turner , W . 2000 . Serum organochlorine levels and breast cancer: a nested case-control study of Norwegian women . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 9 ( 12 ) : 1357 – 1367 .
  • Holford , T R , Zheng , T , Mayne , S T , Zahm , S H , Tessari , J D and Boyle , P . 2000 . Joint effects of nine polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners on breast cancer risk . Int J Epidemiol. , 29 ( 6 ) : 975 – 982 .
  • Millikan , R , DeVoto , E , Duell , E J , Tse , C K , Savitz , D A Beach , J . 2000 . Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene, polychlorinated biphenyls, and breast cancer among African-American and white women in North Carolina . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 9 ( 11 ) : 1233 – 1240 .
  • Stellman , S D , Djordjevic , M V , Britton , J A , Muscat , J E , Citron , M L , Kemeny , M , Busch , E and Gong , L . 2000 . Breast cancer risk in relation to adipose concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Long Island, New York . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 9 ( 11 ) : 1241 – 1249 .
  • Zheng , T , Holford , T R , Tessari , J , Mayne , S T , Owens , P H Ward , B . 2000 . Breast cancer risk associated with congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls . Am J Epidemiol. , 152 ( 1 ) : 50 – 58 .
  • Gammon , M D , Wolff , M S , Neugut , A I , Eng , S M , Teitelbaum , S L Britton , J A . 2002 . Environmental toxins and breast cancer on Long Island. II. Organochlorine compound levels in blood . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 11 ( 8 ) : 686 – 697 .
  • Gatto , N M , Longnecker , M P , Press , M F , Sullivan-Halley , J , McKean-Cowdin , R and Bernstein , L . 2007 . Serum organochlorines and breast cancer: a case-control study among African-American women . Cancer Causes Control. , 18 ( 1 ) : 29 – 39 .
  • Demers , A , Ayotte , P , Brisson , J , Dodin , S , Robert , J and Dewailly , E . 2002 . Plasma concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and the risk of breast cancer: a congener-specific analysis . Am J Epidemiol. , 155 ( 7 ) : 629 – 635 .
  • López-Carrillo , L , López-Cervantes , M , Torres-Sánchez , L , Blair , A , Cebrián , M E and García , R M . 2002 . Serum levels of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer in Mexican women . Eur J Cancer Prev. , 11 ( 2 ) : 129 – 135 .
  • Recio-Vega , R , Velazco-Rodriguez , V , Ocampo-Gómez , G , Hernandez-Gonzalez , S , Ruiz-Flores , P and Lopez-Marquez , F . 2011 . Serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in Mexican women and breast cancer risk . J Appl Toxicol. , 31 ( 3 ) : 270 – 278 .
  • Rubin , C H , Lanier , A , Kieszak , S , Brock , J W , Koller , K R Strosnider , H . 2006 . Breast cancer among Alaska Native women potentially exposed to environmental organochlorine chemicals . Int J Circumpolar Health. , 65 ( 1 ) : 18 – 27 .
  • Itoh , H , Iwasaki , M , Hanaoka , T , Kasuga , Y , Yokoyama , S Onuma , H . 2009 . Serum organochlorines and breast cancer risk in Japanese women: a case-control study . Cancer Causes Control. , 20 ( 5 ) : 567 – 580 .
  • Laden , F , Collman , G , Iwamoto , K , Alberg , A J , Berkowitz , G S Freudenheim , J L . 2001 . 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and polychlorinated biphenyls and breast cancer: combined analysis of five US studies . J Natl Cancer Inst. , 93 ( 10 ) : 768 – 776 .
  • Høyer , A P , Grandjean , P , Jørgensen , T , Brock , J W and Hartvig , H B . 1998 . Organochlorine exposure and risk of breast cancer . Lancet. , 352 ( 9143 ) : 1816 – 1820 .
  • Høyer , A P , Jørgensen , T , Grandjean , P and Hartvig , H B . 2000 . Repeated measurements of organochlorine exposure and breast cancer risk (Denmark) . Cancer Causes Control. , 11 ( 2 ) : 177 – 184 .
  • Raaschou-Nielsen , O , Pavuk , M , Leblanc , A , Dumas , P , Philippe Weber , J Olsen , A . 2005 . Adipose organochlorine concentrations and risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal Danish women . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 14 ( 1 ) : 67 – 74 .
  • Wolff , M S , Toniolo , P G , Lee , E W , Rivera , M and Dubin , N . 1993 . Blood levels of organochlorine residues and risk of breast cancer . J Natl Cancer Inst. , 85 ( 8 ) : 648 – 652 .
  • Krieger , N , Wolff , M S , Hiatt , R A , Rivera , M , Vogelman , J and Orentreich , N . 1994 . Breast cancer and serum organochlorines: a prospective study among white, black, and Asian women . J Natl Cancer Inst. , 86 ( 8 ) : 589 – 599 .
  • Helzlsouer , K J , Alberg , A J , Huang , H Y , Hoffman , S C , Strickland , P T Brock , J W . 1999 . Serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and the subsequent development of breast cancer . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 8 ( 6 ) : 525 – 532 .
  • Dorgan , J F , Brock , J W , Rothman , N , Needham , L L , Miller , R , Stephenson , H E Jr , Schussler , N and Taylor , P R . 1999 . Serum organochlorine pesticides and PCBs and breast cancer risk: results from a prospective analysis (USA) . Cancer Causes Control. , 10 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 .
  • Wolff , M S , Zeleniuch-Jacquotte , A , Dubin , N and Toniolo , P . 2000 . Risk of breast cancer and organochlorine exposure . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 9 ( 3 ) : 271 – 277 .
  • Demers , A , Ayotte , P , Brisson , J , Dodin , S , Robert , J and Dewailly , E . 2000 . Risk and aggressiveness of breast cancer in relation to plasma organochlorine concentrations . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 9 ( 2 ) : 161 – 166 .
  • Woolcott , C G , Aronson , K J , Hanna , W M , SenGupta , S K , McCready , D R , Sterns , E E and Miller , A B . 2001 . Organochlorines and breast cancer risk by receptor status, tumor size, and grade (Canada) . Cancer Causes Control. , 12 ( 5 ) : 395 – 404 .
  • Silver , S R , Whelan , E A , Deddens , J A , Steenland , N K , Hopf , N B Waters , M A . 2009 . Occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of breast cancer . Environ Health Perspect. , 117 ( 2 ) : 276 – 282 .
  • Wolff , M S and Toniolo , P G . 1995 . Environmental organochlorine exposure as a potential etiologic factor in breast cancer . Environ Health Perspect. , 103 ( Suppl 7 ) : 141 – 145 .
  • Moysich , K B , Shields , P G , Freudenheim , J L , Schisterman , E F , Vena , J E Kostyniak , P . 1999 . Polychlorinated biphenyls, cytochrome P4501A1 polymorphism, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 8 ( 1 ) : 41 – 44 .
  • Laden , F , Ishibe , N , Hankinson , S E , Wolff , M S , Gertig , D M , Hunter , D J and Kelsey , K T . 2002 . Polychlorinated biphenyls, cytochrome P450 1A1, and breast cancer risk in the Nurses’ Health Study . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 11 ( 12 ) : 1560 – 1565 .
  • Li , Y , Millikan , R C , Bell , D A , Cui , L , Tse , C K , Newman , B and Conway , K . 2005 . Polychlorinated biphenyls, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) polymorphisms, and breast cancer risk among African American women and white women in North Carolina: a population-based case-control study . Breast Cancer Res. , 7 ( 1 ) : R12 – 18 .
  • Zhang , Y , Wise , J P , Holford , T R , Xie , H , Boyle , P Zahm , S H . 2004 . Serum polychlorinated biphenyls, cytochrome P-450 1A1 polymorphisms, and risk of breast cancer in Connecticut women . Am J Epidemiol. , 160 ( 12 ) : 1177 – 1183 .
  • Hardell , L , Van Bavel , B , Lindström , G , Carlberg , M , Eriksson , M Dreifaldt , A C . 2004 . Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in blood and the risk for testicular cancer . Int J Androl. , 27 ( 5 ) : 282 – 290 .
  • Purdue , M P , Engel , L S , Langseth , H , Needham , L L , Andersen , A Barr , D B . 2009 . Prediagnostic serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and risk of testicular germ cell tumors . Environ Health Perspect. , 117 ( 10 ) : 1514 – 1519 .
  • McGlynn , K A , Quraishi , S M , Graubard , B I , Weber , J P , Rubertone , M V and Erickson , R L . 2009 . Polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of testicular germ cell tumors . Cancer Res. , 69 ( 5 ) : 1901 – 1909 .
  • Porta , M , Malats , N , Jariod , M , Grimalt , J O , Rifà , J Carrato , A . 1999 . Serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and K-ras mutations in exocrine pancreatic cancer . PANKRAS II Study Group. Lancet. , 354 ( 9196 ) : 2125 – 2129 .
  • Hoppin , J A , Tolbert , P E , Holly , E A , Brock , J W , Korrick , S A Altshul , L M . 2000 . Pancreatic cancer and serum organochlorine levels . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 9 ( 2 ) : 199 – 205 .
  • Ritchie , J M , Vial , S L , Fuortes , L J , Guo , H , Reedy , V E and Smith , E M . 2003 . Organochlorines and risk of prostate cancer . J Occup Environ Med. , 45 ( 7 ) : 692 – 702 .
  • Ritchie , J M , Vial , S L , Fuortes , L J , Robertson , L W , Guo , H , Reedy , V E and Smith , E M . 2005 . Comparison of proposed frameworks for grouping polychlorinated biphenyl congener data applied to a case-control pilot study of prostate cancer . Environ Res. , 98 ( 1 ) : 104 – 113 .
  • Hardell , L , Andersson , S O , Carlberg , M , Bohr , L , van Bavel , B , Lindström , G , Björnfoth , H and Ginman , C . 2006 . Adipose tissue concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and the risk of prostate cancer . J Occup Environ Med. , 48 ( 7 ) : 700 – 707 .
  • Sawada , N , Iwasaki , M , Inoue , M , Itoh , H , Sasazuki , S , Yamaji , T , Shimazu , T and Tsugane , S . 2010 . Plasma organochlorines and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in Japanese men: a nested case-control study . Environ Health Perspect. , 118 ( 5 ) : 659 – 665 .
  • Aronson , K J , Wilson , J W , Hamel , M , Diarsvitri , W , Fan , W Woolcott , C . 2010 . Plasma organochlorine levels and prostate cancer risk . J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. , 20 ( 5 ) : 434 – 445 .
  • Howsam , M , Grimalt , J O , Guinó , E , Navarro , M , Martí-Ragué , J , Peinado , M A , Capellá , G , Moreno , V and Bellvitge Colorectal Cancer Group . 2004 . Organochlorine exposure and colorectal cancer risk . Environ Health Perspect. , 112 ( 15 ) : 1460 – 1466 .
  • Sturgeon , S R , Brock , J W , Potischman , N , Needham , L L , Rothman , N , Brinton , L A and Hoover , R N . 1998 . Serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and endometrial cancer risk (United States) . Cancer Causes Control. , 9 ( 4 ) : 417 – 424 .
  • Weiderpass , E , Adami , H O , Baron , J A , Wicklund-Glynn , A , Aune , M , Atuma , S and Persson , I . 2000 . Organochlorines and endometrial cancer risk . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 9 ( 5 ) : 487 – 493 .
  • Recio-Vega , R , Mendez-Henandez , A , Gabriel , A P , Jacobo-Avila , A , Portales-Castanedo , A , Hernandez-Gonzalez , S , Gallegos-Arreola , M P and Ocampo-Gomez , G . 2012 . Potentially estrogenic polychlorinated biphenyls congeners serum levels and its relation with lung cancer . J Appl Toxicol. , doi:10.1002/jat.2763
  • Gallagher , R P , Macarthur , A C , Lee , T K , Weber , J P , Leblanc , A Mark Elwood , J . 2011 . Plasma levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a preliminary study . Int J Cancer. , 128 ( 8 ) : 1872 – 1880 .
  • Dalmasso , P , Pastore , G , Zuccolo , L , Maule , M M , Pearce , N , Merletti , F and Magnani , C . 2005 . Temporal trends in the incidence of childhood leukemia, lymphomas and solid tumors in north-west Italy, 1967–2001. A report of the Childhood Cancer Registry of Piedmont . Haematologica. , 90 ( 9 ) : 1197 – 1204 .
  • Kroll , M E , Draper , G J , Stiller , C A and Murphy , M F . 2006 . Childhood leukemia incidence in Britain, 1974–2000: time trends and possible relation to influenza epidemics . J Natl Cancer Inst. , 98 ( 6 ) : 417 – 420 .
  • Zahm , S H and Ward , M H . 1998 . Pesticides and childhood cancer . Environ Health Perspect. , 106 ( Suppl 3 ) : 893 – 908 .
  • Ward , M H , Colt , J S , Metayer , C , Gunier , R B , Lubin , J Crouse , V . 2009 . Residential exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia . Environ Health Perspect. , 117 ( 6 ) : 1007 – 1013 .
  • Dahl , P , Lindström , G , Wiberg , K and Rappe , C . 1995 Jun . Absorption of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans by breast-fed infants . Chemosphere. , 30 ( 12 ) : 2297 – 2306 .
  • Patandin , S , Dagnelie , P C , Mulder , P G , Op de Coul , E , van der Veen , J E , Weisglas-Kuperus , N and Sauer , P J . 1999 . Dietary exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins from infancy until adulthood: A comparison between breast-feeding, toddler, and long-term exposure . Environ Health Perspect. , 107 ( 1 ) : 45 – 51 .
  • Chovancová , J , Čonka , K , Kočan , A and Sejáková , Z S . 2011 May . PCDD, PCDF, PCB and PBDE concentrations in breast milk of mothers residing in selected areas of Slovakia . Chemosphere. , 83 ( 10 ) : 1383 – 1390 .
  • Longnecker , M P , Klebanoff , M A , Brock , J W and Guo , X . 2005 . Maternal levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in relation to preterm and small-for-gestational-age birth . Epidemiology. , 16 ( 5 ) : 641 – 647 .
  • Hertz-Picciotto , I , Charles , M J , James , R A , Keller , J A , Willman , E and Teplin , S . 2005 . In utero polychlorinated biphenyl exposures in relation to fetal and early childhood growth . Epidemiology. , 16 ( 5 ) : 648 – 656 .
  • Hardell , L , van Bavel , B , Lindström , G , Carlberg , M , Dreifaldt , A C Wijkström , H . 2003 . Increased concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, and chlordanes in mothers of men with testicular cancer . Environ Health Perspect. , 111 ( 7 ) : 930 – 934 .
  • Consonni , D , Sindaco , R and Bertazzi , P A . 2012 . Blood levels of dioxins, furans, dioxin-like PCBs, and TEQs in general populations: a review, 1989–2010 . Environ Int. , 44 : 151 – 162 .
  • Sandin , S , Hjalgrim , H , Glimelius , B , Rostgaard , K , Pukkala , E and Askling , J . 2006 . Incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Sweden, Denmark, and Finland from 1960 through 2003: an epidemic that was . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 15 ( 7 ) : 1295 – 1300 .
  • Clarke , C A and Glaser , S L . 2002 . Changing incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in the United States . Cancer. , 94 ( 7 ) : 2015 – 2023 .
  • Marcos-Gragera , R , Pollán , M , Chirlaque , M D , Gumà , J , Sanchez , M J , Garau , I. and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Working Group . 2010 . Attenuation of the epidemic increase in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in Spain . Ann Oncol. , 21 ( Suppl 3 ) : iii90 – 96 .
  • Hardell , L and Eriksson , M . 2003 . Is the decline of the increasing incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Sweden and other countries a result of cancer preventive measures? . Environ Health Perspect. , 111 ( 14 ) : 1704 – 1706 .
  • IARC . 1997 . Working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans . Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, vol. 69, http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol69/mono69.pdf (Accessed December 2012)
  • Cole , P , Trichopoulos , D , Pastides , H , Starr , T and Mandel , J S . 2003 . Dioxin and cancer: a critical review . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. , 38 ( 3 ) : 378 – 388 .
  • Boffetta , P , Mundt , K A , Adami , H O , Cole , P and Mandel , J S . 2011 . TCDD and cancer: a critical review of epidemiologic studies . Crit Rev Toxicol. , 41 ( 7 ) : 622 – 636 .
  • IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System), US Environmental Protection Agency . 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) . Update 2012. http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/1024.htm (Accessed December 20, 2012)
  • Salay , E and Garabrant , D . 2009 . Polychlorinated biphenyls and thyroid hormones in adults: a systematic review appraisal of epidemiological studies . Chemosphere. , 74 ( 11 ) : 1413 – 1419 .
  • Thayer , K A , Heindel , J J , Bucher , J R and Gallo , M A . 2012 . Role of environmental chemicals in diabetes and obesity: a National Toxicology Program workshop review . Environ Health Perspect. , 120 ( 6 ) : 779 – 789 .
  • Turrio-Baldassarri , L , Abate , V , Alivernini , S , Battistelli , C L , Carasi , S Casella , M . 2007 . A study on PCB, PCDD/PCDF industrial contamination in a mixed urban-agricultural area significantly affecting the food chain and the human exposure. Part I: soil and feed . Chemosphere. , 67 ( 9 ) : 1822 – 1830 .
  • Turrio-Baldassarri , L , Abate , V , Battistelli , C L , Carasi , S , Casella , M Iacovella , N . 2008 . PCDD/F and PCB in human serum of differently exposed population groups of an Italian city . Chemosphere. , 73 ( Suppl 1 ) : S228 – 234 .
  • Aoki , Y . 2001 . Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans as endocrine disrupters—what we have learned from Yusho disease . Environ Res. , 86 ( 1 ) : 2 – 11 .
  • Bosetti , C , Negri , E , Fattore , E and La Vecchia , C . 2003 . Occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and cancer risk . Eur J Cancer Prev. , 12 ( 4 ) : 251 – 255 .
  • Stellman , S D , Djordjevic , M V , Muscat , J E , Gong , L , Bernstein , D Citron , M L . 1998 . Relative abundance of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in adipose tissue and serum of women in Long Island, New York . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 7 : 489 – 496 .
  • Rusiecki , J A , Matthews , A , Sturgeon , S , Sinha , R , Pellizzari , E , Zheng , T and Baris , D . 2005 . A correlation study of organochlorine levels in serum, breast adipose tissue, and gluteal adipose tissue among breast cancer cases in India . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 14 ( 5 ) : 1113 – 1124 .
  • Bergonzi , R , Specchia , C , Dinolfo , M , Tomasi , C , De Palma , G , Frusca , T and Apostoli , P . 2009 . Distribution of persistent organochlorine pollutants in maternal and fetal tissues: data from an Italian polluted urban area . Chemosphere. , 76 : 747 – 754 .
  • Zani , C , Gelatti , U , Donato , F , Capelli , M , Portolani , N , Bergonzi , R and Apostoli , R . 2013 . Polychlorinated biphenyls in serum, liver and adipose tissue of subjects with hepatocellular carcinoma living in a high polluted area . Chemospere , 91 : 194 – 199 .
  • Negri , E , Bosetti , C , Fattore , E and La Vecchia , C . 2003 . Environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and breast cancer: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence . Eur J Cancer Prev. , 12 ( 6 ) : 509 – 516 .
  • Brody , J G , Moysich , K B , Humblet , O , Attfield , K R , Beehler , G P and Rudel , R A . 2007 . Environmental pollutants and breast cancer: epidemiologic studies . Cancer. , 109 ( Suppl 12 ) : 2667 – 2711 .
  • Hardell , L , Lindström , G , van Bavel , B , Wedrén , H and Melgaard , B . 2006 . High concentrations of organochlorines in a patient with kidney cancer and anorexia-cachexia syndrome . Med Chem. , 2 ( 6 ) : 607 – 610 .
  • Hardell , E , Carlberg , M , Nordström , M and van Bavel , B . 2010 . Time trends of persistent organic pollutants in Sweden during 1993–2007 and relation to age, gender, body mass index, breast-feeding and parity . Sci Total Environ. , 408 ( 20 ) : 4412 – 4419 .
  • Hagmar , L , Wallin , E , Vessby , B , Jönsson , B A , Bergman , A and Rylander , L . 2006 . Intra-individual variations and time trends 1991–2001 in human serum levels of PCB, DDE and hexachlorobenzene . Chemosphere. , 64 ( 9 ) : 1507 – 1513 .
  • Vo , T T , Gladen , B C , Cooper , G S , Baird , D D , Daniels , J L , Gammon , M D and Richardson , D B . 2008 . Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and polychlorinated biphenyls: intraindividual changes, correlations, and predictors in healthy women from the southeastern United States . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. , 17 ( 10 ) : 2729 – 2736 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.