Association of Maternal Serum CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, Homocysteine, Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Levels with the Severity of Preeclampsia and Fetal Birth Weight

REFERENCES

• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Hypertension in Pregnancy. The College; 1996. Technical Bulletin No: 219, Washington
   Google Scholar
• Redman CW, Sacks GP, Sargent IL. Preeclampsia: an excessive maternal inflammatory response to pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180: 499–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams MA, Farrand A, Mittendorf R, Sorensen TK, Zingheim RW, O'Reilly GC. Maternal second trimester serum tumor necrosis factor-α-soluble receptor p55 (sTNFp55) and subsequent risk of preeclampsia. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 323–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupferminc MJ, Peaceman AM, Aderka D, Wallach D, Socol ML. Soluble tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 levels in patients with severe preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 420–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks GP, Studena K, Sargent K, Redman CW. Normal pregnancy and preeclampsia both produce inflammatory changes in peripheral blood leukocytes akin to those of sepsis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 80–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Dadelszen P, Wilkins T, Redman CW. Maternal peripheral blood leukocytes in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 106: 576–581
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belo L, Santos-Silva A, Caslake M, Cooney J, Pereira-Leite L, Quintanilha A,. Neutrophil activation and C-reactive protein concentration in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2003; 22: 129–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vane J, Anggard E, Botting R. Regulatory functions of the vascular endothelium. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 27–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fichtlscherer S, Rosenberger G, Walter DH, Breuer S, Dimmeler S, Zeiher AM. Elevated C-reactive protein levels and impaired endothelial vasoreactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000; 102: 1000–1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savvidou MD, Lees CC, Parra M, Hingorani AD, Nicolaides KH. Levels of C-reactive protein in pregnant women who subsequently develop preeclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 109297–301
   Google Scholar
• Djurovic S, Clausen T, Wergeland R, Brosstad F, Berg K, Henriksen T. Absence of systemic inflammatory response at 18 weeks of gestation in women with subsequent preeclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002; 109: 759–764
   Google Scholar
• Kluft C, Maat MP. Sensitive markers of inflammation make it possible to study the chronic process: the rise of interest in low levels of C-reactive protein. Vascul Pharmacol 2002; 39: 99–104
   Google Scholar
• Teran E, Escudero C, Moya W, Flores M, Vallance P, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Elevated C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines in Andean women with preeclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2001; 75: 243–249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf MS, Kettyle EP, Ecker JL, Frigoletto FD, Thadhani RI. First trimester high resolution C-reactive protein and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Soc Gynecol Invest 2001; 8(Suppl)278A
   Google Scholar
• Tracey KJ, Cerami A. Tumor necrosis factor: a pleiotropic cytokine and therapeutic target. Annu Rev Med 1994; 45: 491–593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotz M. Interleukin-6: a comprehensive review. Cancer Treat Res 1995; 80: 209–233
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hague WM. Homocysteine and pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2003; 17: 459–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yudkin PL, Aboualfa M, Eyre JA, Redman CW, Wilkinson AR. Nw birthweight and head circumference centiles for gestational ages 24 to 42 weeks. Early Hum Dev 1987; 15: 45–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vince GS, Starkey PM, Austgulen R. Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, and soluble receptors in women with preeclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 102: 20–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madazli R, Aydin S, Uludag S, Vildan O, Tolun N. Maternal plasma levels of cytokines in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies and their relationship with diastolic blood pressure and fibronectin levels. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 797–802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkovic A, Catalano PM, Malinow MR. Elevated homocyst(e)ine levels with preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 168–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gershov D, Kim S, Brot N, Elkon KB. C-Reactive protein binds to apoptotic cells, protects the cells from assembly of the terminal complement components, and sustains an antiinflammatory innate immune response: implications for systemic autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2000; 192: 1353–1364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galazios G, Papazoglou D, Giagloglou K, Vassaras G, Maltezos E, Anastasiadis P. Interleukin-6 levels in umbilical artery serum in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002; 78: 147–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskowska M, Laskowska K, Leszcyńska-Gorzelak B, Oleszczuk J. Maternal and umbilical sTNF-R1 in preeclamptic pregnancies with intrauterine normal and growth retarded fetus. Hypertens Pregnancy 2007; 26: 13–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks GP, Seyani L, Lavery S, Trew G. Maternal C-reactive protein levels are raised at 4 weeks of gestation. Hum Reprod 2004; 27: 1–6
   Google Scholar
• Tjoa ML, van Vugt JMG, Go ATJJ, Blankenstein MA, Oudejans CBM, van Wijk IJ. Elevated C-reactive protein levels during first trimester of pregnancy are indicative of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. J Reprod Immunol 2003; 59: 29–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumru S, Godekmerdan A, Kutlu S, Ozcan Z. Correlation of maternal serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels with biochemical and clinical parameters in preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 124: 164–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serin IS, Ozcelik B, Basbug M, Kilic H, Okur D, Erez R. Predictive value of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in preeclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002; 100: 143–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyl W, Handt S, Reister F, Gehlen J, Schröder W, Mittermayer C, Rath W. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999; 86: 35–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaaja R, Laivuori H, Pulkki P, Tikkanen MJ, Hiilesmaa V, Ylikorkala O. Is there any link between insulin resistance and inflammation in established preeclampsia?. Metabolism 2004; 53: 1433–1435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar