405
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Organohalogenated contaminants (OHCs) in high-altitude environments: A review and implication for a black carbon relationship

, , , &
Pages 1143-1190 | Published online: 02 Nov 2017

References

  • Accardi-Dey, A., and Gschwend, P. M. (2002). Assessing the combined roles of natural organic matter and black carbon as sorbents in sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 21–29.
  • Accardi-Dey, A., and Gschwend, P. M. (2003). Reinterpreting literature sorption data considering both absorption into organic carbon and adsorption onto black carbon. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 99–106.
  • Alaee, M., Arias, P., Sjödin, A., and Bergman, Å. (2003). An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environment International, 29, 683–689.
  • Alcock, R. E., Sweetman, A. J., Prevedouros, K., and Jones, K. C. (2003). Understanding levels and trends of BDE-47 in the UK and North America: an assessment of principal reservoirs and source inputs. Environment International, 29, 691–698.
  • Ali, U., Mahmood, A., Syed, J. H., Li, J., Zhang, G., Katsoyiannis, A., Jones, K. C., and Malik, R. N. (2015a). Assessing the combined influence of TOC and black carbon in soil–air partitioning of PBDEs and DPs from the Indus River Basin, Pakistan. Environmental Pollution, 201, 131–140.
  • Ali, U., Syed, J. H., Junwen, L., Sánchez-García, L., Malik, R. N., Chaudhry, M.J.I., Arshad, M., Li, J., Zhang, G., and Jones, K. C. (2014a). Assessing the relationship and influence of black carbon on distribution status of organochlorines in the coastal sediments from Pakistan. Environmental Pollution, 190, 82–90.
  • Ali, U., Syed, J. H., Mahmood, A., Li, J., Zhang, G., Jones, K. C., and Malik, R. N. (2015b). Influential role of black carbon in the soil–air partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan. Chemosphere, 134, 172–180.
  • Ali, U., Syed, J. H., Malik, R. N., Katsoyiannis, A., Li, J., Zhang, G., and Jones, K. C. (2014b). Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in South Asian region: a review. Science of the Total Environment, 476, 705–717.
  • Andersson, P. L., Öberg, K., and Örn, U. (2006). Chemical characterization of brominated flame retardants and identification of structurally representative compounds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25, 1275–1282.
  • Angermann, J. E., Fellers, G. M., and Matsumura, F. (2002). Polychlorinated biphenyls and toxaphene in Pacific tree frog tadpoles (Hyla regilla) from the California Sierra Nevada, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 21, 2209–2215.
  • Arellano, L., Fernández, P., Tatosova, J., Stuchlik, E., and Grimalt, J. O. (2011). Long-range transported atmospheric pollutants in snowpacks accumulated at different altitudes in the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia). Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 9268–9275.
  • Arellano, L., Grimalt, J. O., Fernández, P., Lopez, J. F., Nickus, U., and Thies, H. (2014). Persistent organic pollutant accumulation in seasonal snow along an altitudinal gradient in the Tyrolean Alps. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21, 12638–12650.
  • Babu, S. S., Chaubey, J. P., Krishna Moorthy, K., Gogoi, M. M., Kompalli, S. K., Sreekanth, V., Bagare, S., Bhatt, B. C., Gaur, V. K., and Prabhu, T. P. (2011). High altitude (∼ 4520 m amsl) measurements of black carbon aerosols over western trans‐Himalayas: Seasonal heterogeneity and source apportionment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 116, D24201. DOI:10.1029/2011JD016722.
  • Bacci, E., Calamari, D., Gaggi, C., and Vighi, M. (1990). Bioconcentration of organic chemical vapors in plant leaves: experimental measurements and correlation. Environmental Science and Technology, 24, 885–889.
  • Bailey, R., Barrie, L., Halsall, C. J., Fellin, P., and Muir, D. (2000). Atmospheric organochlorine pesticides in the western Canadian Arctic: Evidence of transpacific transport. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 105, 11805–11811.
  • Ballschmiter, K. (1992). Transport and fate of organic compounds in the global environment. Angewandte Chemie International Edition ( in English), 31, 487–515.
  • Barber, J. L., Thomas, G. O., Kerstiens, G., and Jones, K. C. (2004). Current issues and uncertainties in the measurement and modelling of air–vegetation exchange and within-plant processing of POPs. Environmental Pollution, 128, 99–138.
  • Batterman, S., Chernyak, S., Gouden, Y., Hayes, J., Robins, T., and Chetty, S. (2009). PCBs in air, soil and milk in industrialized and urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Environmental Pollution, 157, 654–663.
  • Baughman, G., and Lassiter, R. (1978). Prediction of environmental pollutant concentration, Estimating the hazard of chemical substances to aquatic life. ASTM International.
  • Beegum, S. N., Moorthy, K. K., Babu, S. S., Satheesh, S., Vinoj, V., Badarinath, K., Safai, P., Devara, P., Singh, S., and Dumka, U. (2009). Spatial distribution of aerosol black carbon over India during pre-monsoon season. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 1071–1078.
  • Bettinetti, R., Galassi, S., Guilizzoni, P., and Quadroni, S. (2011). Sediment analysis to support the recent glacial origin of DDT pollution in Lake Iseo (Northern Italy). Chemosphere, 85, 163–169.
  • Bettinetti, R., Quadroni, S., Galassi, S., Bacchetta, R., Bonardi, L., and Vailati, G. (2008). Is meltwater from Alpine glaciers a secondary DDT source for lakes? Chemosphere, 73, 1027–1031.
  • Betts, K. (2008). New flame retardants detected in indoor and outdoor environments. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 6778–6778.
  • Betts, K. S., Cooney, C. M., Renner, R., and Thrall, L. (2006). A new flame retardant in the air| News Briefs: Assessing the technologies of the futureA new use for wikisUS plan requires CO2 emissions cutsStronger federal role for e-waste recyclingSub-Saharan Africa goes lead-freeGetting out in front of nanotechnology| Sustainable agriculture delivers the crops| Canada contemplates curbs on stain repellents| Rain gardens stem urban storm-water flows| Organic vegetables are not pesticide-free. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 1090–1095.
  • Beyer, A., Mackay, D., Matthies, M., Wania, F., and Webster, E. (2000). Assessing long-range transport potential of persistent organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 699–703.
  • Bhattacharya, B., Sarkar, S. K., and Mukherjee, N. (2003). Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments of a tropical mangrove estuary, India: implications for monitoring. Environment international, 29, 587–592.
  • Bice, K., Eil, A., Habib, B., Heijmans, P., Kopp, R., Nogues, J., Norcross, F., Sweitzer-Hamilton, M., and Whitworth, A. (2009). Black carbon: A review and policy recommendations. Princeton, NJ: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University.
  • Birgul, A., Katsoyiannis, A., Gioia, R., Crosse, J., Earnshaw, M., Ratola, N., Jones, K. C., and Sweetman, A. J. (2012). Atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution, 169, 105–111.
  • Birnbaum, L. S., and Staskal, D. F. (2004). Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern? Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 9.
  • Bizzotto, E., Villa, S., Vaj, C., and Vighi, M. (2009). Comparison of glacial and non-glacial-fed streams to evaluate the loading of persistent organic pollutants through seasonal snow/ice melt. Chemosphere, 74, 924–930.
  • Blais, J. M., Schindler, D. W., Muir, D. C., Kimpe, L. E., Donald, D. B., and Rosenberg, B. (1998). Accumulation of persistent organochlorine compounds in mountains of western Canada. Nature, 395, 585–588.
  • Blais, J. M., Schindler, D. W., Muir, D. C., Sharp, M., Donald, D., Lafreniere, M., Braekevelt, E., and Strachan, W. M. (2001). Melting glaciers: a major source of persistent organochlorines to subalpine Bow Lake in Banff National Park, Canada. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 30, 410–415.
  • Blais, J. M., Wilhelm, F., Kidd, K. A., Muir, D. C., Donald, D. B., and Schindler, D. W. (2003). Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in amphipods (Gammarus lacustris) along an elevation gradient in mountain lakes of western Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22, 2605–2613.
  • Bocio, A., Domingo, J. L., Falcó, G., and Llobet, J. M. (2007). Concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in fish and seafood from the Catalan (Spain) market: estimated human intake. Environment International, 33, 170–175.
  • Bogdal, C., Schmid, P., Zennegg, M., Anselmetti, F. S., Scheringer, M., and Hungerbühler, K. (2009). Blast from the past: melting glaciers as a relevant source for persistent organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 8173–8177.
  • Bond, T. C., Bhardwaj, E., Dong, R., Jogani, R., Jung, S., Roden, C., Streets, D. G., and Trautmann, N. M. (2007). Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy‐related combustion, 1850–2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 21.
  • Bond, T. C., Doherty, S. J., Fahey, D., Forster, P., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B., Flanner, M., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., and Koch, D. (2013). Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118, 5380–5552.
  • Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., Woo, J. H., and Klimont, Z. (2004). A technology‐based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 109, D14203. DOI:10.1029/2003JD003697.
  • Borghini, F., Grimalt, J. O., Sanchez-Hernandez, J. C., Barra, R., García, C.J.T., and Focardi, S. (2005). Organochlorine compounds in soils and sediments of the mountain Andean Lakes. Environmental Pollution, 136, 253–266.
  • Breivik, K., Sweetman, A., Pacyna, J. M., and Jones, K. C. (2002). Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners—a mass balance approach: 2. Emissions. Science of the Total Environment, 290, 199–224.
  • Brorström-Lundén, E., and Löfgren, C. (1998). Atmospheric fluxes of persistent semivolatile organic pollutants to a forest ecological system at the Swedish west coast and accumulation in spruce needles. Environmental Pollution, 102, 139–149.
  • Bucheli, T. D., Blum, F., Desaules, A., and Gustafsson, Ö. (2004). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland. Chemosphere, 56, 1061–1076.
  • Bucheli, T. D., and Gustafsson, Ö. (2000). Quantification of the soot-water distribution coefficient of PAHs provides mechanistic basis for enhanced sorption observations. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 5144–5151.
  • Burreau, S., Zebühr, Y., Broman, D., and Ishaq, R. (2004). Biomagnification of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) studied in pike (Esox lucius), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) from the Baltic Sea. Chemosphere, 55, 1043–1052.
  • Cairns, T., and Siegmund, E. G. (1981). PCBs. Regulatory history and analytical problems. Analytical Chemistry, 53, 1183A–1193A.
  • Calamari, D., Bacci, E., Focardi, S., Gaggi, C., Morosini, M., and Vighi, M. (1991). Role of plant biomass in the global environmental partitioning of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Technology, 25, 1489–1495.
  • Camarero, L., Catalan, J., Pla, S., Rieradevall, M., Jimenez, M., Prat, N., Rodriguez, A., Encina, L., Cruz-Pizarro, L., and Castillo, P. S. (1995). Remote mountain lakes as indicators of diffuse acidic and organic pollution in the Iberian Peninsula (AL: PE 2 studies). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 85, 487–492.
  • Carson, Rachel (1962). Silent Spring.USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S., Hales, J., Cess, R. D., COAKLEY, j. J., Hansen, J., and Hofmann, D. (1992). Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science, 255, 423–430.
  • Chen, D., Liu, W., Liu, X., Westgate, J. N., and Wania, F. (2008). Cold-trapping of persistent organic pollutants in the mountain soils of Western Sichuan, China. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 9086–9091.
  • Cheng, H., Zhang, G., Jiang, J. X., Li, X., Liu, X., Li, J., and Zhao, Y. (2007). Organochlorine pesticides, polybrominated biphenyl ethers and lead isotopes during the spring time at the Waliguan Baseline Observatory, northwest China: Implication for long-range atmospheric transport. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 4734–4747.
  • Chiou, C. T., Peters, L. J., and Freed, V. H. (1979). A physical concept of soil-water equilibria for nonionic organic compounds. Science, 206, 831–832.
  • Choi, S.-D., Shunthirasingham, C., Daly, G. L., Xiao, H., Lei, Y. D., and Wania, F. (2009). Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Canadian mountain air and soil are controlled by proximity to roads. Environmental Pollution, 157, 3199–3206.
  • Choi, S.-D., Staebler, R., Li, H., Su, Y., Gevao, B., Harner, T., and Wania, F. (2008). Depletion of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a forest canopy. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 4105–4113.
  • Chylek, P., Johnson, B., and Wu, H. (1992). Black carbon concentration in a Greenland Dye‐3 Ice Core. Geophysical Research Letters, 19, 1951–1953.
  • Chýlek, P., Ramaswamy, V., and Cheng, R. J. (1984). Effect of graphitic carbon on the albedo of clouds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 41, 3076–3084.
  • Cofala, J., Amann, M., Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., and Höglund-Isaksson, L. (2007). Scenarios of global anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants and methane until 2030. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 8486–8499.
  • Cornelissen, G., Elmquist, M., Groth, I., and Gustafsson, Ö. (2004). Effect of sorbate planarity on environmental black carbon sorption. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 3574–3580.
  • Cornelissen, G., and Gustafsson, Ö. (2004). Sorption of phenanthrene to environmental black carbon in sediment with and without organic matter and native sorbates. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 148–155.
  • Cornelissen, G., Haftka, J., Parsons, J., and Gustafsson, Ö. (2005). Sorption to black carbon of organic compounds with varying polarity and planarity. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 3688–3694.
  • Cornelissen, G., Rigterink, H., Ferdinandy, M. M., and van Noort, P. C. (1998). Rapidly desorbing fractions of PAHs in contaminated sediments as a predictor of the extent of bioremediation. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 966–970.
  • Covaci, A., Gheorghe, A., Hulea, O., and Schepens, P. (2006). Levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and biota from the Danube Delta, Romania. Environmental Pollution, 140, 136–149.
  • Covaci, A., Harrad, S., Abdallah, M.A.-E., Ali, N., Law, R. J., Herzke, D., and de Wit, C. A. (2011). Novel brominated flame retardants: a review of their analysis, environmental fate and behaviour. Environment International, 37, 532–556.
  • Crutzen, P. J., and Andreae, M. O. (1990). Biomass burning in the tropics: Impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science, 250, 1669–1678.
  • Daly, G. L., Lei, Y. D., Teixeira, C., Muir, D. C., Castillo, L. E., Jantunen, L. M., and Wania, F. (2007a). Organochlorine pesticides in the soils and atmosphere of Costa Rica. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 1124–1130.
  • Daly, G. L., Lei, Y. D., Teixeira, C., Muir, D. C., Castillo, L. E., and Wania, F. (2007b). Accumulation of current-use pesticides in neotropical montane forests. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 1118–1123.
  • Daly, G. L., Lei, Y. D., Teixeira, C., Muir, D. C., and Wania, F. (2007c). Pesticides in western Canadian mountain air and soil. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 6020–6025.
  • Daly, G. L., and Wania, F. (2005). Organic contaminants in mountains. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 385–398.
  • Davidson, D. A., Wilkinson, A. C., Blais, J. M., Kimpe, L. E., McDonald, K. M., and Schindler, D. W. (2003). Orographic cold-trapping of persistent organic pollutants by vegetation in mountains of western Canada. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 209–215.
  • de La Rosa, J. M., García, L. S., de Andrés, J. R., González-Vila, F. J., González-Pérez, J. A., and Knicker, H. (2011). Contribution of black carbon in recent sediments of the Gulf of Cadiz: Applicability of different quantification methodologies. Quaternary International, 243, 264–272.
  • de la Torre, A., Sanz, P., Navarro, I., and Martínez, M.Á. (2016). Time trends of persistent organic pollutants in spanish air. Environmental Pollution, 217, 26–32.
  • de Wit, C. A. (2002). An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere, 46, 583–624.
  • Deksissa Chuco, T. (2004). Dynamic integrated modelling of basic water quality and fate and effect of organic contaminants in rivers/door Tolessa Deksissa Chuco. Ghent, Belgium: Ghent University.
  • Demers, M. J., Kelly, E. N., Blais, J. M., Pick, F. R., St. Louis, V. L., and Schindler, D. W. (2007). Organochlorine compounds in trout from lakes over a 1600 meter elevation gradient in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 2723–2729.
  • Deribe, E., Rosseland, B. O., Borgstrøm, R., Salbu, B., Gebremariam, Z., Dadebo, E., Skipperud, L., and Eklo, O. M. (2014). Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in fish from Lake Awassa in the Ethiopian Rift Valley: human health risks. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 93, 238–244.
  • Di Guardo, A., Zaccara, S., Cerabolini, B., Acciarri, M., Terzaghi, G., and Calamari, D. (2003). Conifer needles as passive biomonitors of the spatial and temporal distribution of DDT from a point source. Chemosphere, 52, 789–797.
  • Dittmar, T., Paeng, J., Gihring, T. M., Suryaputra, I. G., and Huettel, M. (2012). Discharge of dissolved black carbon from a fire‐affected intertidal system. Limnology and Oceanography, 57, 1171–1181.
  • Domingo, J. L. (2012). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and human dietary exposure: a review of the recent scientific literature. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50, 238–249.
  • Domingo, J. L., and Bocio, A. (2007). Levels of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in edible marine species and human intake: a literature review. Environment International, 33, 397–405.
  • Domínguez, A. A., Law, R. J., Herzke, D., and de Boer, J. (2011). Bioaccumulation of brominated flame retardants, Brominated flame retardants (pp. 141–185). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Dumka, U., Moorthy, K. K., Kumar, R., Hegde, P., Sagar, R., Pant, P., Singh, N., and Babu, S. S. (2010). Characteristics of aerosol black carbon mass concentration over a high altitude location in the Central Himalayas from multi-year measurements. Atmospheric Research, 96, 510–521.
  • Elmquist, M., Cornelissen, G., Kukulska, Z., and Gustafsson, Ö. (2006). Distinct oxidative stabilities of char versus soot black carbon: Implications for quantification and environmental recalcitrance. Global biogeochemical cycles, 20, GB2009. DOI:10.1029/2005GB002629.
  • Estellano, V. H., Pozo, K., Harner, T., Franken, M., and Zaballa, M. (2008). Altitudinal and seasonal variations of persistent organic pollutants in the Bolivian Andes mountains. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 2528–2534.
  • Fang, Y., Chen, Y., Tian, C., Lin, T., Hu, L., Huang, G., Tang, J., Li, J., and Zhang, G. (2015). Flux and budget of BC in the continental shelf seas adjacent to Chinese high BC emission source regions. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 29, 957–972.
  • Fang, Z., Yang, W., Chen, M., Zheng, M., and Hu, W. (2016). Abundance and sinking of particulate black carbon in the western Arctic and Subarctic Oceans. Scientific Reports, 6, 29959.
  • Faroon, O., and Olson, J. (2000). Toxicological profile for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Atlanta.
  • Fernández, P., Carrera, G., and Grimalt, J. O. (2005). Persistent organic pollutants in remote freshwater ecosystems. Aquatic Sciences-Research Across Boundaries, 67, 263–273.
  • Fernández, P., and Grimalt, J. O. (2003). On the global distribution of persistent organic pollutants. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, 57, 514–521.
  • Finizio, A., Villa, S., Raffaele, F., and Vighi, M. (2006). Variation of POP concentrations in fresh-fallen snow and air on an Alpine glacier (Monte Rosa). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 63, 25–32.
  • Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Randerson, J. T., and Rasch, P. J. (2007). Present‐day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, (1984–2012), 112.
  • Forbes, M., Raison, R., and Skjemstad, J. (2006). Formation, transformation and transport of black carbon (charcoal) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment, 370, 190–206.
  • Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., and Myhre, G. (2007). Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. Chapter 2, Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis.
  • Frank, H., and Frank, W. (1989). Uptake of airborne tetrachloroethene by spruce needles. Environmental Science and Technology, 23, 365–367.
  • Friedman, C. L., and Selin, N. E. (2012). Long-range atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a global 3-D model analysis including evaluation of Arctic sources. Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 9501–9510.
  • Frignani, M., Piazza, R., Bellucci, L., Cu, N., Zangrando, R., Albertazzi, S., Moret, I., Romano, S., and Gambaro, A. (2007). Polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of the Tam Giang-Cau Hai Lagoon, Central Vietnam. Chemosphere, 67, 1786–1793.
  • Fu, S., Chu, S., and Xu, X. (2001). Organochlorine pesticide residue in soils from Tibet, China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 66, 171–177.
  • Gaggi, C., and Bacci, E. (1985). Accumulation of chlorinated hydrocarbon vapours in pine needles. Chemosphere, 14, 451–456.
  • Gai, N., Pan, J., Tang, H., Chen, S., Chen, D., Zhu, X., Lu, G., and Yang, Y. (2014a). Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soils from Ruoergai high altitude prairie, east edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Science of the Total Environment, 478, 90–97.
  • Gai, N., Pan, J., Tang, H., Tan, K.-Y., Chen, D.-Z., Zhu, X.-H., Lu, G.-H., Chen, S., Huang, Y., and Yang, Y.-L. (2014b). Selected organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in atmosphere at Ruoergai high altitude prairie in eastern edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their source identifications. Atmospheric Environment, 95, 89–95.
  • Gallego, E., Grimalt, J. O., Bartrons, M., Lopez, J. F., Camarero, L., Catalan, J., Stuchlik, E., and Battarbee, R. (2007). Altitudinal gradients of PBDEs and PCBs in fish from European high mountain lakes. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 2196–2202.
  • George, J., and Frear, D. (1966). Pesticides in the Antarctic. Journal of Applied Ecology, 155–167.
  • Gertler, C. G., Puppala, S. P., Panday, A., Stumm, D., and Shea, J. (2015). Black carbon and the Himalayan cryosphere: A review. Atmospheric Environment, 125, 404–417.
  • Ghosh, P., and Chakrabarti, A. (2000). Conducting carbon black filled EPDM vulcanizates: assessment of dependence of physical and mechanical properties and conducting character on variation of filler loading. European Polymer Journal, 36, 1043–1054.
  • Ghosh, U., Talley, J. W., and Luthy, R. G. (2001). Particle-scale investigation of PAH desorption kinetics and thermodynamics from sediment. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 3468–3475.
  • Goldberg, E. (1985). Black carbon in the environment.
  • Graf, C., Katsoyiannis, A., Jones, K. C., and Sweetman, A. J. (2016). The TOMPs ambient air monitoring network–Continuous data on UK air quality for over 20 years. Environmental Pollution, 217, 42–51.
  • Grannas, A., Bogdal, C., Hageman, K., Halsall, C., Harner, T., Hung, H., Kallenborn, R., Klán, P., Klánová, J., and Macdonald, R. (2013). The role of the global cryosphere in the fate of organic contaminants. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 3271–3305.
  • Grimalt, J. O., Borghini, F., Sanchez-Hernandez, J. C., Barra, R., Torres García, C. J., and Focardi, S. (2004). Temperature dependence of the distribution of organochlorine compounds in the mosses of the Andean mountains. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 5386–5392.
  • Grimalt, J. O., Fernandez, P., Berdie, L., Vilanova, R. M., Catalan, J., Psenner, R., Hofer, R., Appleby, P. G., Rosseland, B. O., and Lien, L. (2001). Selective trapping of organochlorine compounds in mountain lakes of temperate areas. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 2690–2697.
  • Grimalt, J. O., and Van Drooge, B. L. (2006). Polychlorinated biphenyls in mountain pine (Pinus uncinata) needles from Central Pyrenean high mountains (Catalonia, Spain). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 63, 61–67.
  • Grimalt, J. O., Van Drooge, B. L., Ribes, A., Vilanova, R. M., Fernandez, P., and Appleby, P. (2004). Persistent organochlorine compounds in soils and sediments of European high altitude mountain lakes. Chemosphere, 54, 1549–1561.
  • Gusev, A., Mantseva, E., Rozovskaya, O., Shatalov, V., Vulykh, N., Aas, W., and Breivik, K. (2009). Persistent organic pollutants in the environment. EMEP Status Report, 3.
  • Gustafsson, Ö., and Gschwend, P. M. (1998). The flux of black carbon to surface sediments on the New England continental shelf. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62, 465–472.
  • Gustafsson, Ö., Kruså, M., Zencak, Z., Sheesley, R. J., Granat, L., Engström, E., Praveen, P., Rao, P., Leck, C., and Rodhe, H. (2009). Brown clouds over South Asia: biomass or fossil fuel combustion? Science, 323, 495–498.
  • Guzzella, L., Poma, G., De Paolis, A., Roscioli, C., and Viviano, G. (2011). Organic persistent toxic substances in soils, waters and sediments along an altitudinal gradient at Mt. Sagarmatha, Himalayas, Nepal. Environmental Pollution, 159, 2552–2564.
  • Hale, R. C., Alaee, M., Manchester-Neesvig, J. B., Stapleton, H. M., and Ikonomou, M. G. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment. Environment International, 29, 771–779.
  • Hammes, K., Torn, M. S., Lapenas, A. G., and Schmid, M. (2008). Centennial black carbon turnover observed in a Russian steppe soil. Biogeosciences, 5, 1339–1350.
  • Han, Y., Cao, J., Lee, S., Ho, K., and An, Z. (2010). Different characteristics of char and soot in the atmosphere and their ratio as an indicator for source identification in Xi'an, China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 595–607.
  • Hansen, J., and Nazarenko, L. (2004). Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 423–428.
  • Harrad, S. (2001). Persistent organic pollutants: Environmental behaviour and pathways of human exposure. Springer Science & Business Media, US.
  • Harrad, S., and Hunter, S. (2006). Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in air and soil on a rural-urban transect across a major UK conurbation. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 4548–4553.
  • Hawthorne, S. B., Grabanski, C. B., and Miller, D. J. (2007). Measured partition coefficients for parent and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 114 historically contaminated sediments: Part 2. Testing the KOCKBC two carbon–type model. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 26, 2505–2516.
  • Hellström, A., Kylin, H., Strachan, W. M., and Jensen, S. (2004). Distribution of some organochlorine compounds in pine needles from Central and Northern Europe. Environmental Pollution, 128, 29–48.
  • Herbert, B., Halsall, C., Fitzpatrick, L., Villa, S., Jones, K., and Thomas, G. (2004). Use and validation of novel snow samplers for hydrophobic, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). Chemosphere, 56, 227–235.
  • Herbert, B., Villa, S., and Halsall, C. (2006). Chemical interactions with snow: Understanding the behavior and fate of semi-volatile organic compounds in snow. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 63, 3–16.
  • Hippelein, M., and McLachlan, M. S. (1998). Soil/air partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds. 1. Method development and influence of physical-chemical properties. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 310–316.
  • Hippelein, M., and McLachlan, M. S. (2000). Soil/air partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds. 2. Influence of temperature and relative humidity. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 3521–3526.
  • Hoh, E., Zhu, L., and Hites, R. A. (2005). Novel flame retardants, 1, 2-bis (2, 4, 6-tribromophenoxy) ethane and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentabromoethylbenzene, in United States' environmental samples. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 2472–2477.
  • Hoh, E., Zhu, L., and Hites, R. A. (2006). Dechlorane Plus, a chlorinated flame retardant, in the Great Lakes. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 1184–1189.
  • Horstmann, M., and McLachlan, M. S. (1996). Evidence of a novel mechanism of semivolatile organic compound deposition in coniferous forests. Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 1794–1796.
  • Horstmann, M., and Mclachlan, M. S. (1998). Atmospheric deposition of semivolatile organic compounds to two forest canopies. Atmospheric Environment, 32, 1799–1809.
  • Huang, W., and Weber, W. J. (1998). A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. 11. Slow concentration-dependent sorption rates. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 3549–3555.
  • Hülster, A., and Marschner, H. (1993). Transfer of PCDD/PCDF from contaminated soils to food and fodder crop plants. Chemosphere, 27, 439–446.
  • Hung, H., Kallenborn, R., Breivik, K., Su, Y., Brorström-Lundén, E., Olafsdottir, K., Thorlacius, J. M., Leppänen, S., Bossi, R., and Skov, H. (2010). Atmospheric monitoring of organic pollutants in the Arctic under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): 1993–2006. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 2854–2873.
  • Hung, H., Katsoyiannis, A. A., Brorström-Lundén, E., Olafsdottir, K., Aas, W., Breivik, K., Bohlin-Nizzetto, P., Sigurdsson, A., Hakola, H., and Bossi, R. (2016a). Temporal trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in arctic air: 20 years of monitoring under the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP). Environmental Pollution, 217, 52–61.
  • Hung, H., Katsoyiannis, A. A., and Guardans, R. (2016b). Ten years of global monitoring under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Trends, sources and transport modelling. Environmental Pollution, 1–3.
  • Ikonomou, M. G., Rayne, S., and Addison, R. F. (2002). Exponential increases of the brominated flame retardants, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, in the Canadian Arctic from 1981 to 2000. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 1886–1892.
  • Jaward, F. M., Di Guardo, A., Nizzetto, L., Cassani, C., Raffaele, F., Ferretti, R., and Jones, K. C. (2005). PCBs and selected organochlorine compounds in Italian mountain air: the influence of altitude and forest ecosystem type. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 3455–3463.
  • Jensen, S. (1969). DDT and PCB in marine animals from Swedish waters. Nature, 224, 247–250.
  • Jones, K. C., and De Voogt, P. (1999). Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): state of the science. Environmental Pollution, 100, 209–221.
  • Jonker, M. T., Hoenderboom, A. M., and Koelmans, A. A. (2004). Effects of sedimentary sootlike materials on bioaccumulation and sorption of polychlorinated biphenyls. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23, 2563–2570.
  • Jonker, M. T., and Koelmans, A. A. (2002). Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soot and sediment: solvent evaluation and implications for sorption mechanism. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 4107–4113.
  • Kallenborn, R. (2006). Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) as environmental risk factors in remote high-altitude ecosystems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 63, 100–107.
  • Kang, J.-H., Choi, S.-D., Park, H., Baek, S.-Y., Hong, S., and Chang, Y.-S. (2009). Atmospheric deposition of persistent organic pollutants to the East Rongbuk Glacier in the Himalayas. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 57–63.
  • Karickhoff, S. W. (1981). Semi-empirical estimation of sorption of hydrophobic pollutants on natural sediments and soils. Chemosphere, 10, 833–846.
  • Kierkegaard, A., Björklund, J., and Fridén, U. (2004). Identification of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane in the environment. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 3247–3253.
  • Kierkegaard, A., Sellström, U., and McLachlan, M. S. (2009). Environmental analysis of higher brominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 364–375.
  • Kilic, S. G., and Aral, M. M. (2009). A fugacity based continuous and dynamic fate and transport model for river networks and its application to Altamaha River. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 3855–3866.
  • Kirchgeorg, T., Dreyer, A., Gabrieli, J., Kehrwald, N., Sigl, M., Schwikowski, M., Boutron, C., Gambaro, A., Barbante, C., and Ebinghaus, R. (2013). Temporal variations of perfluoroalkyl substances and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in alpine snow. Environmental Pollution, 178, 367–374.
  • Kirchner, M., Faus-Kessler, T., Jakobi, G., Levy, W., Henkelmann, B., Bernhöft, S., Kotalik, J., Zsolnay, A., Bassan, R., and Belis, C. (2009). Vertical distribution of organochlorine pesticides in humus along Alpine altitudinal profiles in relation to ambiental parameters. Environmental Pollution, 157, 3238–3247.
  • Kleineidam, S., Schüth, C., and Grathwohl, P. (2002). Solubility-normalized combined adsorption-partitioning sorption isotherms for organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 4689–4697.
  • Klöpffer, W., and Wagner, B. O. (2007). Significance of photo-degradation in environmental risk assessment, atmospheric degradation of organic substances (pp. 1–20). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Germany.
  • Knoblauch, C., Maarifat, A.-A., Pfeiffer, E.-M., and Haefele, S. M. (2011). Degradability of black carbon and its impact on trace gas fluxes and carbon turnover in paddy soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43, 1768–1778.
  • Koelmans, A. A., Jonker, M. T., Cornelissen, G., Bucheli, T. D., Van Noort, P., and Gustafsson, Ö. (2006). Black carbon: the reverse of its dark side. Chemosphere, 63, 365–377.
  • Koh, C.-H., Khim, J., Kannan, K., Villeneuve, D., Senthilkumar, K., and Giesy, J. (2004). Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD equivalents (TEQs) in sediment from the Hyeongsan River, Korea. Environmental Pollution, 132, 489–501.
  • Kuhlbusch, T. A. (1998). Enhanced: Black carbon and the carbon cycle. Science, 280, 1903–1904.
  • Kumar, R., Barth, M., Nair, V., Pfister, G., Suresh Babu, S., Satheesh, S., Krishna Moorthy, K., Carmichael, G., Lu, Z., and Streets, D. (2015). Sources of black carbon aerosols in South Asia and surrounding regions during the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 5415–5428.
  • La Guardia, M. J., Hale, R. C., and Harvey, E. (2006). Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 6247–6254.
  • Lang, V. (1992). Polychlorinated biphenyls in the environment. Journal of Chromatography A, 595, 1–43.
  • Lewis, G. N. (1901). The law of physico-chemical change. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. JSTOR, pp. 49–69.
  • Li, X., Gan, Y., Yang, X., Zhou, J., Dai, J., and Xu, M. (2008). Human health risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in edible fish from Huairou Reservoir and Gaobeidian Lake in Beijing, China. Food Chemistry, 109, 348–354.
  • Li, X., Gao, Y., Wang, Y., and Pan, Y. (2014). Emerging persistent organic pollutants in Chinese Bohai Sea and its coastal regions. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
  • Light, B., Eicken, H., Maykut, G., and Grenfell, T. (1998). The effect of included participates on the spectral albedo of sea ice. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 103, 27739–27752.
  • Liu, W., Chen, D., Liu, X., Zheng, X., Yang, W., Westgate, J. N., and Wania, F. (2010). Transport of semivolatile organic compounds to the Tibetan Plateau: spatial and temporal variation in air concentrations in mountainous Western Sichuan, China. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 1559–1565.
  • Liu, X., Li, J., Zheng, Q., Bing, H., Zhang, R., Wang, Y., Luo, C., Liu, X., Wu, Y., and Pan, S. (2014). Forest filter effect versus cold trapping effect on the altitudinal distribution of PCBs: a case study of Mt. Gongga, Eastern Tibetan Plateau. Environmental Science and Technology, 48, 14377–14385.
  • Lohmann, R., and Jones, K. C. (1998). Dioxins and furans in air and deposition: a review of levels, behaviour and processes. Science of the Total Environment, 219, 53–81.
  • Lohmann, R., MacFarlane, J., and Gschwend, P. (2005). Importance of black carbon to sorption of native PAHs, PCBs, and PCDDs in Boston and New York harbor sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 141–148.
  • Luz, L. G., Carreira, R. S., Farias, C. O., Scofield, A.d.L., Nudi, A. H., and Wagener, A.d.L. (2010). Trends in PAH and black carbon source and abundance in a tropical mangrove system and possible association with bioavailability. Organic Geochemistry, 41, 1146–1155.
  • Ma, J., Hung, H., and Macdonald, R. W. (2016). The influence of global climate change on the environmental fate of persistent organic pollutants: A review with emphasis on the Northern Hemisphere and the Arctic as a receptor. Global and Planetary Change, 146, 89–108.
  • Macdonald, R., Harner, T., and Fyfe, J. (2005). Recent climate change in the Arctic and its impact on contaminant pathways and interpretation of temporal trend data. Science of the Total Environment, 342, 5–86.
  • Mackay, D. (1979). Finding fugacity feasible. Environmental Science and Technology, 13, 1218–1223.
  • Mackay, D. (2001). Multimedia environmental models: the fugacity approach. CRC press.
  • MacKay, D. (2004). Finding fugacity feasible, fruitful, and fun. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 23, 2282–2289.
  • Mackay, D., Di Guardo, A., Paterson, S., and Cowan, C. E. (1996a). Evaluating the environmental fate of a variety of types of chemicals using the EQC model. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15, 1627–1637.
  • Mackay, D., Di Guardo, A., Paterson, S., Kicsi, G., Cowan, C. E., and Kane, D. M. (1996b). Assessment of chemical fate in the environment using evaluative, regional and local‐scale models: Illustrative application to chlorobenzene and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 15, 1638–1648.
  • Mackay, D., and Paterson, S. (1981). Calculating fugacity. Environmental Science and Technology, 15, 1006–1014.
  • Mackay, D., and Paterson, S. (1982). Fugacity revisited. Environmental Science and Technology, 16, 654A–660A.
  • Mackay, D., and Wania, F. (1995). Transport of contaminants to the Arctic: partitioning, processes and models. Science of the Total Environment, 160, 25–38.
  • MacLeod, M., Scheringer, M., McKone, T. E., and Hungerbuhler, K. (2010). The state of multimedia mass-balance modeling in environmental science and decision-making. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 8360–8364.
  • Maddalena, R. L., McKone, T. E., Layton, D. W., and Hsieh, D. P. (1995). Comparison of multi-media transport and transformation models: regional fugacity model vs. CalTOX. Chemosphere, 30, 869–889.
  • Mahmood, R., Salzen, K., Flanner, M., Sand, M., Langner, J., Wang, H., and Huang, L. (2016). Seasonality of global and Arctic black carbon processes in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme models. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121, 7100–7116.
  • Malik, R. N., Mehboob, F., Ali, U., Katsoyiannis, A., Schuster, J. K., Moeckel, C., and Jones, K. C. (2014). Organo-halogenated contaminants (OHCs) in the sediments from the Soan River, Pakistan: OHCs (adsorbed TOC) burial flux, status and risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 481, 343–351.
  • Man, Y. B., Lopez, B. N., Wang, H. S., Leung, A.O.W., Chow, K. L., and Wong, M. H. (2011). Cancer risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in former agricultural soils of Hong Kong. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 195, 92–99.
  • Mangano, M. C., Sara, G., and Corsolini, S. (2017). Monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in the polar regions: knowledge gaps & gluts through evidence mapping. Chemosphere, 172, 37–45.
  • Marenco, F., Bonasoni, P., Calzolari, F., Ceriani, M., Chiari, M., Cristofanelli, P., D'Alessandro, A., Fermo, P., Lucarelli, F., and Mazzei, F. (2006). Characterization of atmospheric aerosols at Monte Cimone, Italy, during summer 2004: source apportionment and transport mechanisms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111, D24202. DOI:10.1029/2006JD007145.
  • Marinoni, A., Cristofanelli, P., Laj, P., Duchi, R., Calzolari, F., Decesari, S., Sellegri, K., Vuillermoz, E., Verza, G., and Villani, P. (2010). Aerosol mass and black carbon concentrations, a two year record at NCO-P (5079 m, Southern Himalayas). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 8551–8562.
  • Masiello, C. (2004). New directions in black carbon organic geochemistry. Marine Chemistry, 92, 201–213.
  • Masiello, C. A., and Druffel, E. R. M. (1998). Black carbon in deep-sea sediments. Science, 280, 1911–1913.
  • Masiello, C., and Druffel, E. (2003). Organic and black carbon 13C and 14C through the Santa Monica Basin sediment oxic‐anoxic transition. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(4), 1185, DOI:10.1029/2002GL015050.
  • McConnell, J. R., Edwards, R., Kok, G. L., Flanner, M. G., Zender, C. S., Saltzman, E. S., Banta, J. R., Pasteris, D. R., Carter, M. M., and Kahl, J. D. (2007). 20th-century industrial black carbon emissions altered arctic climate forcing. Science, 317, 1381–1384.
  • McKone, T. (1993). CalTOX, a multimedia total exposure model for hazardous-waste sites. Part III: The Multiple Pathway Exposure Model. The Office of Scientific Affairs. Sacremento, CA: Department of Toxic Substances Control. California Environmental Protection Agency.
  • McLachlan, M. S., and Horstmann, M. (1998). Forests as filters of airborne organic pollutants: a model. Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 413–420.
  • Meire, R. O., Lee, S. C., Targino, A. C., Torres, J.P.M., and Harner, T. (2012). Air concentrations and transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in mountains of southeast and southern Brazil. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 3, 417–425.
  • Meyer, T., and Wania, F. (2007). What environmental fate processes have the strongest influence on a completely persistent organic chemical's accumulation in the Arctic? Atmospheric Environment, 41, 2757–2767.
  • Middelburg, J. J., Nieuwenhuize, J., and van Breugel, P. (1999). Black carbon in marine sediments. Marine Chemistry, 65, 245–252.
  • Miller, E. K., Panek, J. A., Friedland, A. J., Kadlecek, J., and Mohnen, V. A. (1993). Atmospheric deposition to a high‐elevation forest at Whiteface Mountain, New York, USA. Tellus B, 45, 209–227.
  • Ming, J., Cachier, H., Xiao, C., Qin, D., Kang, S., Hou, S., and Xu, J. (2008). Black carbon record based on a shallow Himalayan ice core and its climatic implications. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8, 1343–1352.
  • Ming, J., Xiao, C., Cachier, H., Qin, D., Qin, X., Li, Z., and Pu, J. (2009). Black Carbon (BC) in the snow of glaciers in west China and its potential effects on albedos. Atmospheric Research, 92, 114–123.
  • Ming, J., Xiao, C., Sun, J., Kang, S., and Bonasoni, P. (2010). Carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere and precipitation of the Nam Co region, central Tibet. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 22, 1748–1756.
  • Mizukawa, H., Nomiyama, K., Nakatsu, S., Yachimori, S., Hayashi, T., Tashiro, Y., Nagano, Y., and Tanabe, S. (2013). Species-specific differences in the accumulation features of organohalogen contaminants and their metabolites in the blood of Japanese terrestrial mammals. Environmental Pollution, 174, 28–37.
  • Moermond, C. T., Zwolsman, J. J., and Koelmans, A. A. (2005). Black carbon and ecological factors affect in situ biota to sediment accumulation factors for hydrophobic organic compounds in flood plain lakes. Environmental Science and Technology, 39, 3101–3109.
  • Möller, A., Xie, Z., Cai, M., Sturm, R., and Ebinghaus, R. (2012). Brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the marine atmosphere from Southeast Asia toward Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology, 46, 3141–3148.
  • Möller, A., Xie, Z., Sturm, R., and Ebinghaus, R. (2010). Large-scale distribution of dechlorane plus in air and seawater from the Arctic to Antarctica. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 8977–8982.
  • Muir, D. C., and Howard, P. H. (2006). Are there other persistent organic pollutants? A challenge for environmental chemists. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 7157–7166.
  • Muir, D. C., and Norstrom, R. (1994). Persistent organic contaminants in Arctic marine and freshwater ecosystems. Arctic Research of the United States, 8, 136–146.
  • Nam, J. J., Gustafsson, O., Kurt-Karakus, P., Breivik, K., Steinnes, E., and Jones, K. C. (2008). Relationships between organic matter, black carbon and persistent organic pollutants in European background soils: Implications for sources and environmental fate. Environmental Pollution, 156, 809–817.
  • Ni, M., Huang, J., Lu, S., Li, X., Yan, J., and Cen, K. (2014). A review on black carbon emissions, worldwide and in China. Chemosphere, 107, 83–93.
  • Nizzetto, L., Cassani, C., and Di Guardo, A. (2006). Deposition of PCBs in mountains: The forest filter effect of different forest ecosystem types. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 63, 75–83.
  • Nyeki, S., Baltensperger, U., Colbeck, I., Jost, D., Weingartner, E., and Gäggeler, H. (1998). The Jungfraujoch high‐alpine research station (3454 m) as a background clean continental site for the measurement of aerosol parameters. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103, 6097–6107.
  • Gwen O'Sullivan and Court Sandau (2013). Environmental forensics for persistent organic pollutants. Elsevier Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  • Offenthaler, I., Bassan, R., Belis, C., Jakobi, G., Kirchner, M., Kräuchi, N., Moche, W., Schramm, K.-W., Sedivy, I., and Simončič, P. (2009). PCDD/F and PCB in spruce forests of the Alps. Environmental Pollution, 157, 3280–3289.
  • Penner, J. E., and Novakov, T. (1996). Carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere: A historical perspective to the Fifth International Conference on Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 101, 19373–19378.
  • Perga, M.-E., Nellier, Y.-M., Cottin, N., Fanget, P., and Naffrechoux, E. (2017). Bioconcentration may be favoured over biomagnification for fish PCB contamination in high altitude lakes. Inland Waters, 7, 14–26.
  • Petzold, A., Ogren, J., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.-M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., and Sugimoto, N. (2013). Recommendations for reporting“ black carbon” measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13, 8365–8379.
  • Pirsaheb, M., Limoee, M., Namdari, F., and Khamutian, R. (2015). Organochlorine pesticides residue in breast milk: a systematic review. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 29, 228.
  • Poma, G., Salerno, F., Roscioli, C., Novati, S., and Guzzella, L. (2017). Persistent organic pollutants in sediments of high-altitude Alpine ponds within Stelvio National Park, Italian Alps. Inland Waters, 7, 34–44.
  • Pozo, K., Harner, T., Wania, F., Muir, D. C., Jones, K. C., and Barrie, L. A. (2006). Toward a global network for persistent organic pollutants in air: results from the GAPS study. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 4867–4873.
  • Qi, H., Liu, L., Jia, H., Li, Y.-F., Ren, N.-Q., You, H., Shi, X., Fan, L., and Ding, Y. (2010). Dechlorane Plus in surficial water and sediment in a northeastern Chinese river. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 2305–2308.
  • Qing Li, Q., Loganath, A., Seng Chong, Y., Tan, J., and Philip Obbard, J. (2006). Persistent organic pollutants and adverse health effects in humans. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 69, 1987–2005.
  • Qiu, X., and Hites, R. A. (2007). Dechlorane plus and other flame retardants in tree bark from the northeastern United States. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 31–36.
  • Ramanathan, V., and Carmichael, G. (2008). Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nature Geoscience, 1, 221–227.
  • Ramanathan, V., Chung, C., Kim, D., Bettge, T., Buja, L., Kiehl, J., Washington, W., Fu, Q., Sikka, D., and Wild, M. (2005). Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 5326–5333.
  • Ramanathan, V., Li, F., Ramana, M., Praveen, P., Kim, D., Corrigan, C., Nguyen, H., Stone, E. A., Schauer, J. J., and Carmichael, G. (2007a). Atmospheric brown clouds: Hemispherical and regional variations in long‐range transport, absorption, and radiative forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 112, D22S21. DOI:10.1029/2006JD008124.
  • Ramanathan, V., Ramana, M. V., Roberts, G., Kim, D., Corrigan, C., Chung, C., and Winker, D. (2007b). Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption. Nature, 448, 575–578.
  • Rehman, I., Ahmed, T., Praveen, P., Kar, A., and Ramanathan, V. (2011). Black carbon emissions from biomass and fossil fuels in rural India. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 7289–7299.
  • Reischl, A., Reissinger, M., and Hutzinger, O. (1987). Occurrence and distribution of atmospheric organic micropollutants in conifer needles. Chemosphere, 16, 2647–2652.
  • Ren, J., Wang, X., Wang, C., Gong, P., Wang, X., and Yao, T. (2017). Biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants along a high-altitude aquatic food chain in the Tibetan Plateau: Processes and mechanisms. Environmental Pollution, 220, 636–643.
  • Ren, J., Wang, X., Xue, Y., Gong, P., Joswiak, D. R., Xu, B., and Yao, T. (2014). Persistent organic pollutants in mountain air of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau: seasonal variations and implications for regional cycling. Environmental Pollution, 194, 210–216.
  • Ren, G., Yu, Z., Ma, S., Li, H., Peng, P., Sheng, G., and Fu, J. (2009). Determination of Dechlorane Plus in serum from electronics dismantling workers in South China. Environmental Science and Technology, 43, 9453–9457.
  • Ren, N., Sverko, E., Li, Y.-F., Zhang, Z., Harner, T., Wang, D., Wan, X., and McCarry, B. E. (2008). Levels and isomer profiles of Dechlorane Plus in Chinese air. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 6476–6480.
  • Renner, R. (2004). Government Watch: In U.S., flame retardants will be voluntarily phased out. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 14A–14A.
  • Ribes, S., Van Drooge, B., Dachs, J., Gustafsson, Ø., and Grimalt, J. O. (2003). Influence of soot carbon on the soil-air partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 2675–2680.
  • Ricklund, N., Kierkegaard, A., and McLachlan, M. S. (2008). An international survey of decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) in sewage sludge samples. Chemosphere, 73, 1799–1804.
  • Roberts, S. C., Macaulay, L. J., and Stapleton, H. M. (2012). In vitro metabolism of the brominated flame retardants 2-ethylhexyl-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) 2, 3, 4, 5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) in human and rat tissues. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 25, 1435–1441.
  • Roth, P. J., Lehndorff, E., Brodowski, S., Bornemann, L., Sanchez-García, L., Gustafsson, Ö., and Amelung, W. (2012). Differentiation of charcoal, soot and diagenetic carbon in soil: method comparison and perspectives. Organic Geochemistry, 46, 66–75.
  • Ruiz-Fernández, A. C., Ontiveros-Cuadras, J. F., Sericano, J. L., Sanchez-Cabeza, J.-A., Kwong, L.L.W., Dunbar, R. B., Mucciarone, D. A., Pérez-Bernal, L. H., and Páez-Osuna, F. (2014). Long-range atmospheric transport of persistent organic pollutants to remote lacustrine environments. Science of the Total Environment, 493, 505–520.
  • Safe, S. (1990). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related compounds: environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 21, 51–88.
  • Safe, S. H. (1994). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): environmental impact, biochemical and toxic responses, and implications for risk assessment. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 24, 87–149.
  • Sánchez-García, L., Cato, I., and Gustafsson, Ö. (2010). Evaluation of the influence of black carbon on the distribution of PAHs in sediments from along the entire Swedish continental shelf. Marine Chemistry, 119, 44–51.
  • Sánchez-García, L., de Andrés, J. R., Gélinas, Y., Schmidt, M. W., and Louchouarn, P. (2013). Different pools of black carbon in sediments from the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain): method comparison and spatial distribution. Marine Chemistry, 151, 13–22.
  • Sánchez‐García, L., Cato, I., and Gustafsson, Ö. (2012). The sequestration sink of soot black carbon in the Northern European Shelf sediments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26, GB1001. DOI:10.1029/2010GB003956.
  • Schecter, A., Pavuk, M., Päpke, O., and Ryan, J. J. (2003). Dioxin, dibenzofuran, and coplanar PCB levels in Laotian blood and milk from agent orange-sprayed and nonsprayed areas, 2001. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A, 66, 2067–2075.
  • Scheringer, M., Wegmann, F., Fenner, K., and Hungerbühler, K. (2000). Investigation of the cold condensation of persistent organic pollutants with a global multimedia fate model. Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 1842–1850.
  • Schreder, E. D., and La Guardia, M. J. (2014). Flame retardant transfers from US households (dust and laundry wastewater) to the aquatic environment. Environmental Science and Technology, 48, 11575–11583.
  • Schuhmacher, M., Jones, K. C., and Domingo, J. L. (2006). Air-vegetation transfer of PCDD/PCDFs: an assessment of field data and implications for modeling. Environmental Pollution, 142, 143–150.
  • Semple, K. T., Riding, M. J., McAllister, L. E., Sopena-Vazquez, F., and Bending, G. D. (2013). Impact of black carbon on the bioaccessibility of organic contaminants in soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 261, 808–816.
  • Sharma, S., Andrews, E., Barrie, L. A., Ogren, J. A., and Lavoue, D. (2006). Variations and sources of the equivalent black carbon in the high Arctic revealed by long‐term observations at Alert and Barrow: 1989–2003. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111, D14208. DOI:10.1029/2005JD006581.
  • Shatalov, V., Breivik, K., Berg, T., Dutchak, S., and Pacyna, J. (2004). Persistent organic pollutants. EMEP assessment, Part, 1.
  • Shaw, G. E. (2007). Aerosols at a mountaintop observatory in Arizona. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 112, D07206. DOI:10.1029/2005JD006893.
  • Shen, L., Wania, F., Lei, Y. D., Teixeira, C., Muir, D. C., and Bidleman, T. F. (2004). Hexachlorocyclohexanes in the North American atmosphere. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 965–975.
  • Shrestha, G., Traina, S. J., and Swanston, C. W. (2010). Black carbon's properties and role in the environment: A comprehensive review. Sustainability, 2, 294–320.
  • Simonich, S. L., and Hites, R. A. (1994). Vegetation-atmosphere partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 939–943.
  • Simonich, S. L., and Hites, R. A. (1995a). Global distribution of persistent organochlorine compounds. Science, 269, 1851.
  • Simonich, S. L., and Hites, R. A. (1995b). Organic pollutant accumulation in vegetation. Environmental Science and Technology, 29, 2905–2914.
  • Singh, Z., Kaur, J., Kaur, R., and Hundal, S. S. (2016). Toxic Effects of Organochlorine Pesticides: A Review. American Journal of BioScience, 4, 11–18.
  • Sjödin, A., Patterson, D. G., and Bergman, Å. (2003). A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants—particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environment International, 29, 829–839.
  • Smith, W. H., Hale, R. C., Greaves, J., and Huggett, R. J. (1993). Trace organochlorine contamination of the forest floor of the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire. Environmental Science and Technology, 27, 2244–2246.
  • Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., M. Marquis, Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L. (2007). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p.996. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: New York, USA.
  • Song, J., Peng, P. a., and Huang, W. (2002). Black carbon and kerogen in soils and sediments. 1. Quantification and characterization. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 3960–3967.
  • Stapleton, H. M., Allen, J. G., Kelly, S. M., Konstantinov, A., Klosterhaus, S., Watkins, D., McClean, M. D., and Webster, T. F. (2008). Alternate and new brominated flame retardants detected in US house dust. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 6910–6916.
  • Stubbins, A., Niggemann, J., and Dittmar, T. (2012). Photo-lability of deep ocean dissolved black carbon. Biogeosciences, 9, 1661–1670.
  • Suman, D. O., Kuhlbusch, T., and Lim, B. (1997). Marine sediments: a reservoir for black carbon and their use as spatial and temporal records of combustion, Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change (pp. 271–293). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Sverko, E., Tomy, G. T., Reiner, E. J., Li, Y.-F., McCarry, B. E., Arnot, J. A., Law, R. J., and Hites, R. A. (2011). Dechlorane Plus and related compounds in the environment: a review. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 5088–5098.
  • Szczybelski, A. S., van den Heuvel-Greve, M. J., Kampen, T., Wang, C., van den Brink, N. W., and Koelmans, A. A. (2016). Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene by three Arctic benthic species from Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, Norway). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 112, 65–74.
  • Tao, S., Wang, W., Liu, W., Zuo, Q., Wang, X., Wang, R., Wang, B., Shen, G., Yang, Y., and He, J.-s. (2011). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in surface soils from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 13, 175–181.
  • Tasdemir, Y., Salihoglu, G., Salihoglu, N. K., and Birgül, A. (2012). Air–soil exchange of PCBs: Seasonal variations in levels and fluxes with influence of equilibrium conditions. Environmental Pollution, 169, 90–97.
  • Tato, L., Tremolada, P., Ballabio, C., Guazzoni, N., Parolini, M., Caccianiga, M., and Binelli, A. (2011). Seasonal and spatial variability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in vegetation and cow milk from a high altitude pasture in the Italian Alps. Environmental Pollution, 159, 2656–2664.
  • Teran Guerrero, T. D. (2015). Emissions of anthropogenic pollutants and their environmental concentrations in Alpine areas: trends under climate change assumptions. (PhD Dissertation). Scuola Dottorale di Ateneo Graduate School. Università Ca' Foscari.
  • Teran, T., Lamon, L., and Marcomini, A. (2012). Climate change effects on POPs' environmental behaviour: a scientific perspective for future regulatory actions. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 3, 466–476.
  • Tremolada, P., Parolini, M., Binelli, A., Ballabio, C., Comolli, R., and Provini, A. (2009). Preferential retention of POPs on the northern aspect of mountains. Environmental Pollution, 157, 3298–3307.
  • Tremolada, P., Villa, S., Bazzarin, P., Bizzotto, E., Comolli, R., and Vighi, M. (2008). POPs in mountain soils from the Alps and Andes: suggestions for a ‘precipitation effect'on altitudinal gradients. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 188, 93–109.
  • Usenko, S., Landers, D. H., Appleby, P. G., and Simonich, S. L. (2007). Current and historical deposition of PBDEs, pesticides, PCBs, and PAHs to rocky mountain national park. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 7235–7241.
  • Van Drooge, B. L., and Grimalt Obrador, J. (2004). Long-range atmospheric transport and fate of persistent organic pollutants in remote mountain areas. Barcelona, Spain: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
  • Van Drooge, B. L., Grimalt, J. O., Camarero, L., Catalan, J., Stuchlík, E., and Torres García, C. J. (2004). Atmospheric semivolatile organochlorine compounds in European high-mountain areas (central Pyrenees and high Tatras). Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 3525–3532.
  • Vecchiato, M., Argiriadis, E., Zambon, S., Barbante, C., Toscano, G., Gambaro, A., and Piazza, R. (2015). Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Antarctica: occurrence in continental and coastal surface snow. Microchemical Journal, 119, 75–82.
  • Venier, M., Wierda, M., Bowerman, W. W., and Hites, R. A. (2010). Flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in bald eagle plasma from the Great Lakes region. Chemosphere, 80, 1234–1240.
  • Verardo, D. J., and Ruddiman, W. F. (1996). Late Pleistocene charcoal in tropical Atlantic deep-sea sediments: climatic and geochemical significance. Geology, 24, 855–857.
  • Vilanova, R., Fernández, P., Martínez, C., and Grimalt, J. O. (2001). Organochlorine pollutants in remote mountain lake waters. Journal of Environmental Quality, 30, 1286–1295.
  • Villa, A. L., Quintero, A., and Pemberthy, D. (2016). Dioxins and Furans: Environmental Contamination and Regulatory Status in Colombia, Persistent Organic Chemicals in the Environment: Status and Trends in the Pacific Basin Countries II Temporal Trends. ACS Publications, pp. 49–72.
  • Villa, S., Negrelli, C., Finizio, A., Flora, O., and Vighi, M. (2006). Organochlorine compounds in ice melt water from Italian Alpine rivers. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 63, 84–90.
  • Walker, K., Vallero, D. A., and Lewis, R. G. (1999). Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachlorocyclohexanes in the environment. Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 4373–4378.
  • Wang, X., Gong, P., Wang, C., Ren, J., and Yao, T. (2016). A review of current knowledge and future prospects regarding persistent organic pollutants over the Tibetan Plateau. Science of the Total Environment, 573, 139–154.
  • Wang, B., Iino, F., Huang, J., Lu, Y., Yu, G., and Morita, M. (2010). Dechlorane Plus pollution and inventory in soil of Huai'an City, China. Chemosphere, 80, 1285–1290.
  • Wang, X.-p., Sheng, J.-j., Gong, P., Xue, Y.-g., Yao, T.-d., and Jones, K. C. (2012). Persistent organic pollutants in the Tibetan surface soil: spatial distribution, air–soil exchange and implications for global cycling. Environmental Pollution, 170, 145–151.
  • Wang, P., Zhang, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, T., Li, X., Li, Y., Ding, L., and Jiang, G. (2009). Altitude dependence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface soil from Tibetan Plateau, China. Chemosphere, 76, 1498–1504.
  • Wang, F., Zhu, T., Xu, B., and Kang, S. (2007). Organochlorine pesticides in fresh-fallen snow on East Rongbuk Glacier of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest). Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 50, 1097–1102.
  • Wania, F. (2003). Assessing the potential of persistent organic chemicals for long-range transport and accumulation in polar regions. Environmental Science and Technology, 37, 1344–1351.
  • Wania, F. (2006). Potential of degradable organic chemicals for absolute and relative enrichment in the Arctic. Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 569–577.
  • Wania, F., and Mackay, D. (1993). Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorine compounds in polar regions. Ambio, 22(1), 10–18.
  • Wania, F., and Mackay, D. (1995). A global distribution model for persistent organic chemicals. Science of the Total Environment, 160, 211–232.
  • Wania, F., and Mackay, D. (1996). Peer reviewed: tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants. Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 390A–396A.
  • Wania, F., and Mackay, D. (1999). The evolution of mass balance models of persistent organic pollutant fate in the environment. Environmental Pollution, 100, 223–240.
  • Wania, F., and Mackay, D. (2000). The global distribution model. A non-steady state multi-compartmental mass balance model of the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the global environment. Technical Report, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON.
  • Wania, F., and McLachlan, M. S. (2001). Estimating the influence of forests on the overall fate of semivolatile organic compounds using a multimedia fate model. Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 582–590.
  • Wania, F., and Su, Y. (2004). Quantifying the global fractionation of polychlorinated biphenyls. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 33, 161–168.
  • Wania, F., and Westgate, J. N. (2008). On the mechanism of mountain cold-trapping of organic chemicals. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 9092–9098.
  • Warren, S. G., and Wiscombe, W. J. (1980). A model for the spectral albedo of snow. II: Snow containing atmospheric aerosols. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 2734–2745.
  • Watanabe, I., Kashimoto, T., and Tatsukawa, R. (1986). Hexabromobenzene and its debrominated compounds in river and estuary sediments in Japan. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 36, 778–784.
  • Watanabe, I., and Sakai, S.-i. (2003). Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants. Environment International, 29, 665–682.
  • Wegmann, F., Scheringer, M., and Hungerbühler, K. (2006). First investigations of mountainous cold condensation effects with the CliMoChem model. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 63, 42–51.
  • Weiss, P., Lorbeer, G., and Scharf, S. (1998). Persistent organic pollutants in remote Austrian forests-Altitude-related results. Environmental Science and Pollution Research Special Issue, 1, 46–52.
  • Werner, D., Hale, S. E., Ghosh, U., and Luthy, R. G. (2009). Polychlorinated biphenyl sorption and availability in field-contaminated sediments†. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 2809–2815.
  • Westgate, J. N. (2013). Proximity to potential source regions and mountain cold-trapping of semi-volatile organic contaminants. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto.
  • Westgate, J. N., and Wania, F. (2013). Model-based exploration of the drivers of mountain cold-trapping in soil. Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts, 15, 2220–2232.
  • Wu, J.-P., Zhang, Y., Luo, X.-J., Wang, J., Chen, S.-J., Guan, Y.-T., and Mai, B.-X. (2009). Isomer-specific bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of Dechlorane Plus in the freshwater food web from a highly contaminated site, South China. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 606–611.
  • Wu, S., Xia, X., Yang, L., and Liu, H. (2011). Distribution, source and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in urban soils of Beijing, China. Chemosphere, 82, 732–738.
  • Xia, G., and Ball, W. P. (1999). Adsorption-partitioning uptake of nine low-polarity organic chemicals on a natural sorbent. Environmental Science and Technology, 33, 262–269.
  • Xian, Q., Siddique, S., Li, T., Feng, Y.-l., Takser, L., and Zhu, J. (2011). Sources and environmental behavior of dechlorane plus—a review. Environment International, 37, 1273–1284.
  • Xiao, H., Kang, S., Zhang, Q., Han, W., Loewen, M., Wong, F., Hung, H., Lei, Y. D., and Wania, F. (2010). Transport of semivolatile organic compounds to the Tibetan Plateau: Monthly resolved air concentrations at Nam Co. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115, D16310. DOI:10.1029/2010JD013972.
  • Xu, W., Wang, X., and Cai, Z. (2013). Analytical chemistry of the persistent organic pollutants identified in the Stockholm Convention: A review. Analytica Chimica Acta, 790, 1–13.
  • Yamaguchi, Y., Kawano, M., Tatsukawa, R., and Moriwaki, S. (1988). Hexabromobenzene and its debrominated compounds in human adipose tissues of Japan. Chemosphere, 17, 703–707.
  • Yang, W., and Guo, L. (2014). Abundance, distribution, and isotopic composition of particulate black carbon in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 7619–7625.
  • Yang, R., Zhang, S., Li, A., Jiang, G., and Jing, C. (2013). Altitudinal and spatial signature of persistent organic pollutants in soil, lichen, conifer needles, and bark of the southeast Tibetan Plateau: Implications for sources and environmental cycling. Environmental Science and Technology, 47, 12736–12743.
  • Yogui, G., and Sericano, J. (2009). Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the US marine environment: a review. Environment International, 35, 655–666.
  • Yu, X.-Y., Ying, G.-G., and Kookana, R. S. (2006). Sorption and desorption behaviors of diuron in soils amended with charcoal. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 8545–8550.
  • Zhang, L., Dickhut, R., DeMaster, D., Pohl, K., and Lohmann, R. (2013). Organochlorine pollutants in Western Antarctic peninsula sediments and benthic deposit feeders. Environmental Science and Technology, 47, 5643–5651.
  • Zhang, Q., Huang, J., and Yu, G. (2008). Prediction of soot–water partition coefficients for selected persistent organic pollutants from theoretical molecular descriptors. Progress in Natural Science, 18, 867–872.
  • Zhang, S., Xu, X., Wu, Y., Ge, J., Li, W., and Huo, X. (2014). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in residential and agricultural soils from an electronic waste polluted region in South China: distribution, compositional profile, and sources. Chemosphere, 102, 55–60.
  • Zheng, J., Wang, J., Luo, X.-J., Tian, M., He, L.-Y., Yuan, J.-G., Mai, B.-X., and Yang, Z.-Y. (2010). Dechlorane Plus in human hair from an e-waste recycling area in South China: comparison with dust. Environmental Science and Technology, 44, 9298–9303.
  • Zheng, Q., Nizzetto, L., Li, J., Mulder, M. D., S´ñka, O. e., Lammel, G., Bing, H., Liu, X., Jiang, Y., and Luo, C. (2015). Spatial distribution of old and emerging flame retardants in Chinese forest soils: sources, trends and processes. Environmental Science and Technology, 49, 2904–2911.
  • Zhou, J., Maskaoui, K., Qiu, Y., Hong, H., and Wang, Z. (2001). Polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine insecticides in the water column and sediments of Daya Bay, China. Environmental Pollution, 113, 373–384.
  • Zhu, J., Feng, Y.-l., and Shoeib, M. (2007). Detection of Dechlorane Plus in residential indoor dust in the city of Ottawa, Canada. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 7694–7698.
  • Zhu, N., Schramm, K.-W., Wang, T., Henkelmann, B., Zheng, X., Fu, J., Gao, Y., Wang, Y., and Jiang, G. (2014). Environmental fate and behavior of persistent organic pollutants in Shergyla Mountain, southeast of the Tibetan Plateau of China. Environmental Pollution, 191, 166–174.
  • Zimmerman, J. R., Ghosh, U., Millward, R. N., Bridges, T. S., and Luthy, R. G. (2004). Addition of carbon sorbents to reduce PCB and PAH bioavailability in marine sediments: Physicochemical tests. Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 5458–5464.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.