186
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Attitudes toward substance use among females on parole: the effects of relationship quality between parole/probation officers and female offenders

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 01 Mar 2022, Accepted 29 Nov 2022, Published online: 29 Dec 2022

References

  • Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 30(1), 47–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
  • Alarid, L. F., & Rangel, L. M., Jr. (2018). Completion and recidivism rates of high-risk youth on probation: Do home visits make a difference? The Prison Journal, 98(2), 143–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885517753152
  • Andrew, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct (5th ed.). Mathew Bender.
  • Andrews, D., & Kiessling, J. (1980). Program structure and effective correctional practice: A summary of CaVic research. In R. Ross, & P. Gendreau (Eds.), Effective correctional treatment (pp. 439–463). Butterworths.
  • Andrews, D. A. (2011). The impact of nonprogrammatic factors on criminal-justice interventions. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 16(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1348/135532510X521485
  • Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (1998). The psychology of criminal conduct (2nd ed.). Anderson Publishing Co.
  • Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Hoge, R. D. (1990). Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17(1), 19–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854890017001004
  • Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2006). The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705281756
  • Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2011). The risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model: Does adding the good lives model contribute to effective crime prevention? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(7), 735–755. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811406356
  • Apel, R., & Horney, J. (2017). How and why does work matter? Employment conditions, routine activities, and crime among adult male offenders. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 55(2), 307–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12134
  • Baillargeon, J., Hoge, S. K., & Penn, J. V. (2010). Addressing the challenge of community reentry among released inmates with serious mental illness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(3-4), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9345-6
  • Belenko, S. (2006). Assessing released inmates for substance-abuse-related service needs. Crime & Delinquency, 52(1), 94–113. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705281755
  • Belenko, S., & Peugh, J. (2005). Estimating drug treatment needs among state prison inmates. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77(3), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.023
  • Bennett, T., Holloway, K., & Farrington, D. (2008). The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.001
  • Blasko, B. L., Friedmann, P. D., Rhodes, A. G., & Taxman, F. S. (2015). The parolee–parole officer relationship as a mediator of criminal justice outcomes. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42(7), 722–740. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814562642
  • Boduszek, D., Mclaughlin, C., & Hyland, P. (2011). Criminal attitudes of ex-prisoners: The role of personality, anti-social friends and recidivism. The Internet Journal of Criminology, 9, 1–10.
  • Boman, J. H., IV, & Mowen, T. J. (2017). Building the ties that bind, breaking the ties that don’t: Family support, criminal peers, and reentry success. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(3), 753–774. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12307
  • Bonczar, T. P., & Glaze, L. E. (2009). Probation and parole in the United States, 2008. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
  • Bonta, J., & Andrews, D. A. (2017). The psychology of criminal conduct (6th ed.). Anderson.
  • Bourgon, G., Bonta, J., Rugge, T., & Scott, T. L. (2010). The role of program design, implementation, and evaluation in evidence-based real world community supervision. Federal Probation, 74, 2–15.
  • Bray, J. W., Zarkin, G. A., Dennis, M. L., & French, M. T. (2000). Symptoms of dependence, multiple substance use, and labor market outcomes*. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 26(1), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1081/ADA-100100592
  • Brewer, D. D., Catalano, R. F., Haggerty, K., Gainey, R. R., & Fleming, C. B. (1998). A meta-analysis of predictors of continued drug use during and after treatment for opiate addiction. Addiction, 93(1), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.931738.x
  • Brown, P. D., & O’Leary, K. D. (2000). Therapeutic alliance: Predicting continuance and success in group treatment for spouse abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(2), 340–345. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.2.340
  • Castillo, E. D., & Alarid, L. (2011). Factors associated with recidivism among offenders with mental illness. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(1), 98–117.
  • Caudy, M. S., Folk, J. B., Stuewig, J. B., Wooditch, A., Martinez, A., Maass, S., . . . , Taxman, F. S. (2015). Does substance misuse moderate the relationship between criminal thinking and recidivism?. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(1), 12–19.
  • Chamberlain, A. W., Gricius, M., Wallace, D. M., Borjas, D., & Ware, V. M. (2018). Parolee–parole officer rapport: Does it impact recidivism? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(11), 3581–3602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X17741593
  • Chandler, D., Meisel, J., Jordan, P., Rienzi, B. M., & Goodwin, S. N. (2004). Substance abuse, employment, and welfare tenure. Social Service Review, 78(4), 628–651. https://doi.org/10.1086/424547
  • Cnaan, R. A., & Woida, K. (2020). Power, anxiety, and relationships between returning citizens and parole officers. Journal of Social Work, 20(5), 576–598. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017319852692
  • Comerford, A. W. (1999). Work dysfunction and addiction: Common roots. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 16(3), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(98)00070-1
  • Connors, G. J., Carroll, K. M., DiClemente, C. C., Longabaugh, R., & Donovan, D. M. (1997). The therapeutic alliance and its relationship to alcoholism treatment participation and outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(4), 588–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.65.4.588
  • Constantine, R. J., Petrila, J., Andel, R., Givens, E. M., Becker, M., Robst, J., & Howe, A. (2010). Arrest trajectories of adult offenders with a serious mental illness. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 16(4), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020852
  • Dawes, M. A., Antelman, S. M., Vanyukov, M. M., Giancola, P., Tarter, R. E., Susman, E. J., & Clark, D. B. (2000). Developmental sources of variation in liability to adolescent substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 61(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00120-4
  • DeLisi, M., Vaughn, M. G., Salas-Wright, C. P., & Jennings, W. G. (2015). Drugged and dangerous: Prevalence and variants of substance use comorbidity among seriously violent offenders in the United States. Journal of Drug Issues, 45(3), 232–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042615579237
  • Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The brief symptom inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13(3), 595–605. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700048017
  • Di Placido, C., Simon, T. L., Witte, T. D., Gu, D., & Wong, S. C. (2006). Treatment of gang members can reduce recidivism and institutional misconduct. Law and Human Behavior, 30(1), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-006-9003-6
  • Dowden, C., & Andrews, D. A. (2000). Effective correctional treatment and violent reoffending: A meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 42(4), 449–467. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjcrim.42.4.449
  • Dowden, C., & Andrews, D. A. (2004). The importance of staff practice in delivering effective correctional treatment: A metaanalytic review of core correctional practice. International Journal of Offender Therapy and comparative criminology, 48(2), 203–214.
  • Finn, M. A., Prevost, J. P., Braucht, G. S., Hawk, S., Meredith, T., & Johnson, S. (2017). Home visits in community supervision: A qualitative analysis of theme and tone. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(10), 1300–1316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854817711209
  • Gendreau, P., Goggin, C., & Smith, P. (2002). Is the PCL-R really the “unparalleled” measure of offender risk? A lesson in knowledge cumulation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29(4), 397–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854802029004004
  • Ginexi, E. M., Foss, M. A., & Scott, C. K. (2003). Transitions from treatment to work: Employment patterns following publicly funded substance abuse treatment. Journal of Drug Issues, 33(2), 497–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260303300210
  • Greiner, L. E., Law, M. A., & Brown, S. L. (2015). Using dynamic factors to predict recidivism among women: A four-wave prospective study. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42(5), 457–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814553222
  • Grella, C. E., & Rodriguez, L. (2011). Motivation for treatment among women offenders in prison-based treatment and longitudinal outcomes among those who participate in community aftercare. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(sup1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2011.602275
  • Gunter, T. D., Arndt, S., Wenman, G., Allen, J., Loveless, P., Sieleni, B., & Black, D. W. (2008). Frequency of mental and addictive disorders among 320 men and women entering the Iowa prison system: Use of the MINI-Plus. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 36(1), 27–34.
  • Hammer, T., Ravndal, E., & Vaglum, P. (1985). Work is not enough: A quasi-experimental study of a vocational training programme for young drug and alcohol abusers. Journal of Drug Issues, 15(3), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204268501500308
  • Hanson, R. K., Bourgon, G., Helmus, L., & Hodgson, S. (2009). The principles of effective correctional treatment also apply to sexual offenders: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(9), 865–891. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809338545
  • Hanson, R. K., & Harris, A. J. (2000). Where should we intervene? Dynamic predictors of sexual offense recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(1), 6–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854800027001002
  • Haynie, D. L. (2003). Contexts of risk? Explaining the link between girls’ pubertal development and their delinquency involvement. Social Forces, 82(1), 355–397. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0093
  • Henderson, M. L. (2001). Employment and crime: What is the problem and what can be done about it from the inmate’s perspective? Corrections Management Quarterly, 5, 46–52 .
  • Henning, K. R., & Frueh, B. C. (1996). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of incarcerated offenders: An evaluation of the Vermont Department of Corrections’ Cognitive Self-Change Program. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23(4), 523–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854896023004001
  • Hilton, N. Z., & Radatz, D. L. (2018). The criminogenic and noncriminogenic treatment needs of intimate partner violence offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(11), 3247–3259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X17740015
  • Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. University of California Press.
  • Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender accounts of successful reentry from prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
  • James, D. J., & Glaze, L. E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
  • Kemp, K., Savitz, B., Thompson, W., & Zanis, D. A. (2004). Developing employment services for criminal justice clients enrolled in drug user treatment programs. Substance Use & Misuse, 39(13-14), 2491–2511. https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-200034691
  • Kennealy, P. J., Skeem, J. L., Manchak, S. M., & Eno Louden, J. (2012). Firm, fair, and caring officer-offender relationships protect against supervision failure. Law and Human Behavior, 36(6), 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093935
  • Kidorf, M., Hollander, J. R., King, V. L., & Brooner, R. K. (1998). Increasing employment of opioid dependent outpatients: An intensive behavioral intervention. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 50(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00005-2
  • Klepfisz, G., Daffern, M., & Day, A. (2017). Understanding protective factors for violent reoffending in adults. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 32, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.12.001
  • Kubak, F. A., & Salekin, R. T. (2009). Psychopathy and anxiety in children and adolescents: New insights on developmental pathways to offending. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(4), 271–284.
  • Lawrence, T. I. (2022). The effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), mental illness, and personality differences on attitudes toward self-efficacy among females on parole/probation. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 0306624X221132232.
  • Link, N. W., & Hamilton, L. K. (2017). The reciprocal lagged effects of substance use and recidivism in a prisoner reentry context. Health & Justice, 5(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-017-0053-2
  • Lochner, L. (2004). Education, work, and crime: A human capital approach. International Economic Review, 45(3), 811–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-6598.2004.00288.x
  • Lowenkamp, C. T., Paler, J., Smith, P., & Latessa, E. J. (2006). Adhering to the risk and need principles: Does it matter for supervision-based programs. Federal Probation, 70, 3–8.
  • Luong, D., & Wormith, J. S. (2011). Applying risk/need assessment to probation practice and its impact on the recidivism of young offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(12), 1177–1199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811421596
  • Lutze, F. E., Rosky, J. W., & Hamilton, Z. K. (2014). Homelessness and reentry: A multisite outcome evaluation of Washington State’s reentry housing program for high risk offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(4), 471–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854813510164
  • Marsh, J. C., Angell, B., Andrews, C. M., & Curry, A. (2012). Client-provider relationship and treatment outcome: A systematic review of substance abuse, child welfare, and mental health services research. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 3(4), 233–267. https://doi.org/10.5243/jsswr.2012.15
  • Matsueda, R. L. (1988). The current state of differential association theory. Crime & Delinquency, 34(3), 277–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128788034003005
  • Messina, N., Burdon, W., Hagopian, G., & Prendergast, M. (2006). Predictors of prison-based treatment outcomes: A comparison of men and women participants. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 32(1), 7–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990500328463
  • Miller, A. D., Jones, M. S., & Schleifer, C. (2019). The overall and gendered effects of postrelease supervision on recidivism: A propensity score analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(7), 1020–1043. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854819847697
  • Miller, J. M., & Miller, H. V. (2011). Considering the effectiveness of drug treatment behind bars: Findings from the South Carolina RSAT evaluation. Justice Quarterly, 28(1), 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2010.506880
  • Morash, M., Kashy, D. A., Smith, S. W., & Cobbina, J. E. (2015). The effects of probation or parole agent relationship style and women offenders’ criminogenic needs on offenders’ responses to supervision interactions. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42(4), 412–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814551602
  • Morash, M., Kashy, D. A., Smith, S. W., & Cobbina, J. E. (2016). The connection of probation/parole officer actions to women offenders’ recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(4), 506–524. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854815626490
  • Morgenstern, J., Hogue, A., Dasaro, C., Kuerbis, A., & Dauber, S. (2008). Characteristics of individuals screening positive for substance use in a welfare setting: Implications for welfare and substance-use disorders treatment systems. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(4), 561–570. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2008.69.561
  • Nally, J. M., Lockwood, S., Ho, T., & Knutson, K. (2014). Post-release recidivism and employment among different types of released offenders: A 5-year follow-up study in the United States. International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences, 9(1), 16.
  • Neff, J. L., & Waite, D. E. (2007). Male versus female substance abuse patterns among incarcerated juvenile offenders: Comparing strain and social learning variables. Justice Quarterly, 24(1), 106–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820701201024
  • Newman, D. A. (2014). Missing data: Five practical guidelines. Organizational Research Methods, 17(4), 372–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114548590
  • Nowotny, K. M., Belknap, J., Lynch, S., & DeHart, D. (2014). Risk profile and treatment needs of women in jail with co-occurring serious mental illness and substance use disorders. Women & Health, 54(8), 781–795. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2014.932892
  • Ogloff, J. R., & Davis, M. R. (2004). Advances in offender assessment and rehabilitation: Contributions of the risk–needs–responsivity approach. Psychology, Crime & Law, 10(3), 229–242.
  • O'Malley, P. (2000). Criminologies of catastrophe? Understanding criminal justice on the edge of the new millennium. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 33(2), 153–167.
  • Oxford, M. L., & Lee, J. O. (2011). The effect of family processes on school achievement as moderated by socioeconomic context. Journal of School Psychology, 49(5), 597–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2011.06.001
  • Pearl, N. R. (1998). Use of community based social services to reduce recidivism in female parolees. Women & Criminal Justice, 10(1), 27–52. https://doi.org/10.1300/J012v10n01_02
  • Peters, R. H., Greenbaum, P. E., Edens, J. F., Carter, C. R., & Ortiz, M. M. (1998). Prevalence of DSM-IV substance abuse and dependence disorders among prison inmates. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 24(4), 573–587. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952999809019608
  • Polaschek, D. L. (2012). An appraisal of the risk–need–responsivity (RNR) model of offender rehabilitation and its application in correctional treatment. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 17(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8333.2011.02038.x
  • Prendergast, M. L., Pearson, F. S., Podus, D., Hamilton, Z. K., & Greenwell, L. (2013). The Andrews’ principles of risk, needs, and responsivity as applied in drug treatment programs: Meta-analysis of crime and drug use outcomes. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 9(3), 275–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-013-9178-z
  • Proctor, S. L. (2012). Substance use disorder prevalence among female state prison inmates. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 38(4), 278–285. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2012.668596
  • Ricciardelli, R., & McKendy, L. (2020). Women parolees’ mental health in the context of reintegration. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 30(6), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2181
  • Robertson, A. A., Xu, X., & Stripling, A. (2010). Adverse events and substance use among female adolescent offenders: Effects of coping and family support. Substance Use & Misuse, 45(3), 451–472. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826080903452512
  • Robertson, A. G., Easter, M. M., Lin, H. J., Khoury, D., Pierce, J., Swanson, J., & Swartz, M. (2020). Gender-specific participation and outcomes among jail diversion clients with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 115, 108035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108035
  • Robinson, G. (2005). What works in offender management?1. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 44(3), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2005.00374.x
  • Ryan, R. M. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. Journal of Personality, 63(3), 397–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1995.tb00501.x
  • Sacks, J. Y. (2004). Women with co-occurring substance use and mental disorders (COD) in the criminal justice system: a research review. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22(4), 449–466.
  • Sacks, J. Y., Sacks, S., McKendrick, K., Banks, S., Schoeneberger, M., Hamilton, Z., Stommel, J., & Shoemaker, J. (2008). Prison therapeutic community treatment for female offenders: Profiles and preliminary findings for mental health and other variables (crime, substance use and HIV risk). Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 46(3-4), 233–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/10509670802143680
  • Salisbury, E. J., & Van Voorhis, P. (2009). Gendered pathways: A quantitative investigation of women probationers’ paths to incarceration. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(6), 541–566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809334076
  • Schlager, M. D., & Pacheco, D. (2011). An examination of changes in LSI-R scores over time: Making the case for needs-based case management. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(6), 541–553. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811402300
  • Schmidt, L., Zabkiewicz, D., Jacobs, L., & Wiley, J. (2007). Substance abuse and employment among welfare mothers: From welfare to work and back again? Substance Use & Misuse, 42(7), 1069–1087. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826080701409644
  • Schwalbe, C. S. (2012). Toward an integrated theory of probation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39(2), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854811430185
  • Seiter, R. P., & West, A. D. (2003). Supervision styles in probation and parole: An analysis of activities. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 38(2), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v38n02_04
  • Sells, D., Curtis, A., Abdur-Raheem, J., Klimczak, M., Barber, C., Meaden, C., Hasson, J., Fallon, P., & Emigh-Guy, M. (2020). Peer-mentored community reentry reduces recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47(4), 437–456. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854820901562
  • Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
  • Sinha, R., Fuse, T., Aubin, L. R., & O'Malley, S. S. (2000). Psychological stress, drug-related cues and cocaine craving. Psychopharmacology, 152(2), 140–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130000499
  • Skeem, J. L., Louden, J. E., Polaschek, D., & Camp, J. (2007). Assessing relationship quality in mandated community treatment: Blending care with control. Psychological Assessment, 19(4), 397–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.397
  • Sloas, L., Lerch, J., Walters, S., & Taxman, F. S. (2020). Individual-level predictors of the working relationship between probation officers and probationers. The Prison Journal, 100(6), 709–725. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885520968242
  • Smith, P., Gendreau, P., & Swartz, K. (2009). Validating the principles of effective intervention: A systematic review of the contributions of meta-analysis in the field of corrections. Victims & Offenders, 4(2), 148–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564880802612581
  • Smith, S. W., Cornacchione, J. J., Morash, M., Kashy, D., & Cobbina, J. (2016). Communication style as an antecedent to reactance, self-efficacy, and restoration of freedom for drug-and alcohol-involved women on probation and parole. Journal of Health Communication, 21(5), 504–511.
  • Stalans, L. J., & Lurigio, A. J. (2015). Parenting and intimate relationship effects on women offenders’ recidivism and noncompliance with probation. Women & Criminal Justice, 25(3), 152–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2014.909764
  • Steadman, H. J., Osher, F. C., Robbins, P. C., Case, B., & Samuels, S. (2009). Prevalence of serious mental illness among jail inmates. Psychiatric Services, 60(6), 761–765. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.6.761
  • Sullivan, C. J., Sullivan, C. J., McKendrick, K., Sacks, S., & Banks, S. (2007). Modified therapeutic community treatment for offenders with MICA disorders: Substance use outcomes. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 33(6), 823–832. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990701653800
  • Taxman, F. S., & Ainsworth, S. (2009). Correctional milieu: The key to quality outcomes. Victims & Offenders, 4(4), 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564880903227347
  • Tripodi, S. J., Kim, J. S., & Bender, K. (2010). Is employment associated with reduced recidivism? The complex relationship between employment and crime. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54(5), 706–720. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X09342980
  • Vaillant, G. E. (1988). What can long-term follow-up teach us about relapse and prevention of relapse in addiction? Addiction, 83(10), 1147–1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03021.x
  • Van Voorhis, P. (2012). On behalf of women offenders: Women’s place in the science of evidence-based practice. Criminology & Public Policy, 11(2), 111–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2012.00793.x
  • Van Voorhis, P., Wright, E. M., Salisbury, E., & Bauman, A. (2010). Women’s risk factors and their contributions to existing risk/needs assessment: The current status of a gender-responsive supplement. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 37(3), 261–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854809357442
  • Vidal, S., Oudekerk, B. A., Reppucci, N. D., & Woolard, J. (2015). Examining the link between perceptions of relationship quality with parole officers and recidivism among female youth parolees. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 13(1), 60–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204013507959
  • Vidal, S., & Woolard, J. (2017). Youth’s perceptions of parental support and parental knowledge as moderators of the association between youth–probation officer relationship and probation non-compliance. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(7), 1452–1471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0368-z
  • Walters, G. D. (1995). The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles: Part I: Reliability and preliminary validity. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22(3), 307–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854895022003008
  • Walters, G. D. (2015). Proactive criminal thinking and the transmission of differential association: A cross-lagged multi-wave path analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42(11), 1128–1144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854815582042
  • Walters, G. D. (2016). Working alliance between substance abusing offenders and their parole officers and counselors: Its impact on outcome and role as a mediator. Journal of Crime and Justice, 39(3), 421–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2015.1053967
  • Ward, T., Melser, J., & Yates, P. M. (2007). Reconstructing the Risk–Need–Responsivity model: A theoretical elaboration and evaluation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(2), 208–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.07.001
  • Ward, T., & Stewart, C. (2003). Criminogenic needs and human needs: A theoretical model. Psychology, Crime & Law, 9(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316031000116247
  • Welsh, W. N., & Zajac, G. (2004). A census of prison-based drug treatment programs: Implications for programming, policy, and evaluation. Crime & Delinquency, 50(1), 108–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128703259067
  • Wilson, J. L., Bandyopadhyay, S., Yang, H., Cerulli, C., & Morse, D. S. (2018). Identifying predictors of substance use and recidivism outcome trajectories among drug treatment court clients. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 45(4), 447–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854817737806
  • Wooditch, A., Tang, L. L., & Taxman, F. S. (2014). Which criminogenic need changes are most important in promoting desistance from crime and substance use? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(3), 276–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854813503543

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.