Morin hydrate attenuates CSE-induced lipid accumulation, ER stress, and oxidative stress in RPE cells: implications for age-related macular degeneration

References

• (a) Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, et al. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60(5):277–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b)Klein R, Chou CF, Klein BE, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the US population. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129(1):75–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• (a) Finn L, Markovic SN, Joseph RW. Therapy for metastatic melanoma: the past, present, and future. BMC Med. 2012;10:23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) Gehrs KM, Anderson DH, Johnson LV, et al. Age-related macular degeneration – emerging pathogenetic and therapeutic concepts. Ann Med. 2006;38(7):450–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• (a) Kanzler MH, Swetter SM. Malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;48(5):780–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
  (b) Curcio CA, Johnson M, Huang JD, et al. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in retinal aging and age-related macular degeneration. J Lipid Res. 2010;51(3):451–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris FL, Wilkinson CP, Bird A, et al. Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(4):844–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunchithapautham K, Atkinson C, Rohrer B. Smoke exposure causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and lipid accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium through oxidative stress and complement activation. J Biol Chem. 2014;289(21):14534–14546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki J, Yoshimura T, Simeonova M, et al. Aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide ameliorates experimental autoimmune uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(7):4158–4169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki J, Manola A, Murakami Y, et al. Inhibitory effect of aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) on endotoxin-induced uveitis in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(9):6565–6571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodoropoulou S, Kolovou PE, Morizane Y, et al. Retinoblastoma cells are inhibited by aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) partially through activation of AMP-dependent kinase. FASEB J. 2010;24(8):2620–2630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viollet B, Guigas B, Leclerc J, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase in the regulation of hepatic energy metabolism: from physiology to therapeutic perspectives. Acta Physiol. 2009;196(1):81–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi T, Hirshman MF, Kurth EJ, et al. Evidence for 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase mediation of the effect of muscle contraction on glucose transport. Diabetes. 1998;47(8):1369–1373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain AK, Jaiswal AK. GSK-3beta acts upstream of Fyn kinase in regulation of nuclear export and degradation of NF-E2 related factor 2. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(22):16502–16510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar M, Rojo AI, Velasco D, et al. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibits the xenobiotic and antioxidant cell response by direct phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of the transcription factor Nrf2. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(21):14841–14851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh K, Chiba T, Takahashi S, et al. An Nrf2/small Maf heterodimer mediates the induction of phase II detoxifying enzyme genes through antioxidant response elements. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997;236(2):313–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakhar R, Paul S, Chauhan AK, et al. Morin hydrate augments phagocytosis mechanism and inhibits LPS induced autophagic signaling in murine macrophage. Int Immunopharmacol. 2014;22(2):356–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carp H, Janoff A. Possible mechanisms of emphysema in smokers. In vitro suppression of serum elastase-inhibitory capacity by fresh cigarette smoke and its prevention by antioxidants. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978;118(3):617–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edirisinghe I, Yang SR, Yao H, et al. VEGFR-2 inhibition augments cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses leading to endothelial dysfunction. FASEB J. 2008;22(7):2297–2310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo Y, Wan R, Feng L, et al. Combination effects of cigarette smoke extract and ambient ultrafine particles on endothelial cells. Toxicol Vitro. 2012;26(2):295–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marella M, Seo BB, Matsuno-Yagi AM, et al. Mechanism of cell death caused by complex I defects in a rat dopaminergic cell line. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(33):24146–24156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cano M, Wang L, Wan J, et al. Oxidative stress induces mitochondrial dysfunction and a protective unfolded protein response in RPE cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;69:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CJ, Fischer TH. Particulate and vapor phase constituents of cigarette mainstream smoke and risk of myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis. 2001;158(2):257–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowles J, Dybing E. Application of toxicological risk assessment principles to the chemical constituents of cigarette smoke. Tob Control. 2003;12(4):424–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth F, Bindewald A, Holz FG. Keypathophysiologic pathways in age-related macular disease. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2004;242(8):710–716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty S, Koh H, Phil M, et al. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000;45(2):115–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai J, Nelson KC, Wu M, et al. Oxidative damage and protection of the RPE. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2000;19(2):205–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizvi F, Mathur A, Kakkar P. Morin mitigates acetaminophen-induced liver injury by potentiating Nrf2 regulated survival mechanism through molecular intervention in PHLPP2-Akt-Gsk3beta axis. Apoptosis. 2015;20(10):1296–1306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu TW, Zeng LH, Wu J, et al. Morin hydrate is a plant-derived and antioxidant-based hepatoprotector. Life Sci. 1993;53(13):PL213–PL218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curcio CA, Johnson M, Rudolf M, et al. The oil spill in ageing Bruch membrane. Br J Ophthalmol. 2011;95(12):1638–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Agellon LB, Vance DE. Phosphatidylcholine homeostasis and liver failure. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(45):37798–37802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolf M, Malek G, Messinger JD, et al. Sub-retinal drusenoid deposits in human retina: organization and composition. Exp Eye Res. 2008;87(5):402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treutiger CJ, Mullins GE, Johansson AS, et al. High mobility group 1 B-box mediates activation of human endothelium. J Intern Med. 2003;254(4):375–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tserentsoodol N, Gordiyenko NV, Pascual I, et al. Intraretinal lipid transport is dependent on high density lipoprotein-like particles and class B scavenger receptors. Mol Vis. 2006;12:1319–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng W, Reem RE, Omarova S, et al. Spatial distribution of the pathways of cholesterol homeostasis in human retina. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengoechea-Alonso MT, Ericsson J. SREBP in signal transduction: cholesterol metabolism and beyond. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2007;19(2):215–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberlé D, Hegarty B, Bossard P, et al. SREBP transcription factors: master regulators of lipid homeostasis. Biochimie. 2004;86(11):839–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferré P, Foufelle F. SREBP-1c transcription factor and lipid homeostasis: clinical perspective. Horm Res. 2007;68(2):72–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joo MS, Kim WD, Lee KY, et al. AMPK facilitates nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 by phosphorylating at serine 550. Mol Cell Biol. 2016;36(14):1931–1942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Chhipa RR, Nakano I, et al. The AMPK inhibitor compound C is a potent AMPK-independent antiglioma agent. Mol Cancer Ther. 2014;13(3):596–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar