854
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Has the mist been peered through? Revisiting the building blocks of human health risk assessment for electronic cigarette use

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 558-579 | Received 19 Jul 2015, Accepted 22 Sep 2015, Published online: 06 Jan 2016

References

  • AMESA. 2015. E-liquid Manufacturing Standards, Ver. 2.02: American E-Liquid Manufacturing Standards Association
  • Asgharian B, Price OT, Oldham M, et al. 2014. Computational modeling of nanoscale and microscale particle deposition, retention and dosimetry in the mouse respiratory tract. Inhal Toxicol 26(14): 829–42. doi:10.3109/08958378.2014.935535
  • Bahl V, Lin S, Xu N, et al. 2012. Comparison of electronic cigarette refill fluid cytotoxicity using embryonic and adult models. Reprod Toxicol 34(4):529–37. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.08.001
  • Baker RR and Bishop LJ. 2004. The pyrolysis of tobacco ingredients. J Analy Appl Pyrol 71(1):223–311
  • Baker RR, da Silva JRP, and Smith G. 2004. The effect of tobacco ingredients on smoke chemistry. Part I: Flavourings and additives. Food Chem Toxicol 42:3–37
  • Ballbè M, Martínez-Sánchez JM, Sureda X, et al. 2014. Cigarettes vs. e-cigarettes: Passive exposure at home measured by means of airborne marker and biomarkers. Environ Res 135:76–80. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.005
  • Behar R, Davis B, Wang Y, et al. 2014. Identification of toxicants in cinnamon-flavored electronic cigarette refill fluids. Toxicology in Vitro 28(2):198–208
  • Benowitz NL and Goniewicz ML. 2013. The regulatory challenge of electronic cigarettes. Jama-JAMA 310(7):685–6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.109501
  • Bhatnagar A, Whitsel LP, Ribisl KM, et al. 2014. Electronic cigarettes: A policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 130(16):1418–36
  • Burstyn I. 2014. Peering through the mist: Systematic review of what the chemistry of contaminants in electronic cigarettes tells us about health risks. BMC Publ Health 14. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-18
  • Bush D and Goniewicz ML. 2015. A pilot study on nicotine residues in houses of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users, tobacco smokers, and non-users of nicotine-containing products. Inter J Drug Policy 26(6):609–11
  • Cervellati F, Muresan XM, Sticozzi C, et al. 2014. Comparative effects between electronic and cigarette smoke in human keratinocytes and epithelial lung cells. Toxicol in Vitro 28(5): 999–1005. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.012
  • Chen IL. 2013. FDA Summary of adverse events on electronic cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Res 15(2):615–6. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts145
  • Cheng T. 2014. Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control 23(Suppl 2):ii11–17. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482
  • Choi K, Fabian L, Mottey N, et al. 2012. Young adults' favorable perceptions of snus, dissolvable tobacco products, and electronic cigarettes: Findings from a focus group study. Amer J Publ Health 102(11):2088–93
  • Costigan S. 2014. Contact sensitisation risk assessment for e-cigarette ingredients. Toxicol Lett 229: S128–S128. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.456
  • Costigan S, Lang B, and Collard J. 2014. Risk assessment approach for e-cigarette flavours. Toxicol Lett 229:S127–S128. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.455
  • Czogala J, Goniewicz ML, Fidelus B, et al. 2014. Secondhand exposure to vapors from electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tobacco Res: Official J Soc Res Nicotine Tobacco 16(6):655–62. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt203
  • Etter J-F. 2010. Electronic cigarettes: A survey of users. BMC Pub Health 10(1):231. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-231
  • Etter J-F. 2014. Levels of saliva cotinine in electronic cigarette users. Addiction 109(5):825–9. doi:10.1111/add.12475
  • Etter JF and Bullen C. 2011. Saliva cotinine levels in users of electronic cigarettes. Euro Resp J 38(5):1219–20. doi:10.1183/09031936.00066011
  • Etter JF, Zather E, and Svensson S. 2013. Analysis of refill liquids for electronic cigarettes. Addiction 108(9):1671–9. doi:10.1111/add.12235
  • Farsalinos KE, Romagana G, Allifranchini E, et al. 2013a. Comparison of the cytotoxic potential of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapour extract on cultured myocardial cells. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 10:5146–62
  • Farsalinos KE, Romagna G, Tsiapras D, et al. 2013b. Evaluation of electronic cigarette use (vaping) topography and estimation of liquid consumption: Implications for research protocol standards definition and for public health authorities' regulation. Inter J Environ Res Publ Health 10(6):2500–14. doi:10.3390/ijerph10062500
  • Farsalinos KE, Romagna G, and Le Houezec J. 2014. Comment on E-cigarettes and cardiovascular risk: Beyond science and mysticism. Seminars Thrombosis Hemostasis 40(4):517–18. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1375702
  • FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency). 2014. FEMA GRAS™ Flavoring Substance List. 27. Available at https://www.femaflavor.org/fema-gras%E2%84%A2-flavoring-substance-list
  • FEMA. 2015. The Safety Assessment and Regulatory Authority to Use Flavors—Focus on E-Cigarettes. Flavor & Extract Manufacturers Association. Available at https://www.femaflavor.org/safety-assessment-and-regulatory-authority-use-flavors-focus-e-cigarettes
  • Flouris AD, Chorti MS, Poulianiti KP, et al. 2013. Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal Toxicol 25(2):91–101. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2012.758197
  • Flouris AD, Poulianiti KP, Chorti MS, et al. 2012. Acute effects of electronic and tobacco cigarette smoking on complete blood count. Food Chem Toxicol 50(10):3600–3. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.025
  • Fuoco FC, Buonanno G, Stabile L, et al. 2014. Influential parameters on particle concentration and size distribution in the mainstream of e-cigarettes. Environ Pollut 184:523–9. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.010
  • Geiss O, Bianchi I, Barahona F, et al. 2015. Characterisation of mainstream and passive vapours emitted by selected electronic cigarettes. Inter J Hyg Environ Health 218(1):169–80. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.10.001
  • Goniewicz ML, Kuma T, Gawron M, et al. 2013. Nicotine levels in electronic cigarettes. Nicotine Tobacco Res 15(1):158–66. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts103
  • Ha MA, Smith GJ, Cichocki JA, et al. 2015. Menthol attenuates respiratory irritation and elevates blood cotinine in cigarette smoke exposed mice. PloS One 10(2):e0117128
  • Hadwiger ME, Trehy ML, Ye W, et al. 2010. Identification of amino-tadalafil and rimonabant in electronic cigarette products using high pressure liquid chromatography with diode array and tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatog A 1217(48):7547–55. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.018
  • Hajek P. 2014. Electronic cigarettes have a potential for huge public health benefit. BMC Med 9(12):225. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0225-z
  • Hua M, Alfi M, and Talbot P. 2013. Health-related effects reported by electronic cigarette users in online forums. J Med Internet Res 15(4). doi:10.2196/jmir.2324
  • Hureaux J, Drouet M, and Urban T. 2014. A case report of subacute bronchial toxicity induced by an electronic cigarette. Thorax 69(6):596–7. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204767
  • Ingebrethsen BJ, Cole SK, and Alderman SL. 2012. Electronic cigarette aerosol particle size distribution measurements. Inhal Toxicol 24(14):976–84. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2012.744781
  • Kaur N, Lacasse M, Roy J-P, et al. 2010. Evaluation of precision and accuracy of the Borgwaldt RM20S® smoking machine designed for in vitro exposure. Inhal Toxicol 22(14):1174–83
  • Kavvalakis MP, Stivaktakis PD, Tzatzarakis MN, et al. 2015. Multicomponent analysis of replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes using chromatographic techniques. J Analy Toxicol:bkv002
  • Kim HJ and Shin HS. 2013. Determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines in replacement liquids of electronic cigarettes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatog A 1291:48–55. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.035
  • King BA, Alam S, Promoff G, et al. 2013. Awareness and ever-use of electronic cigarettes among U.S. adults, 2010–2011. Nicotine Tobacco Res 15(9):1623–7. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt013
  • Kirschner RI, Gerona R, and Jacobitz KL. 2013. Nicotine content of liquid for electronic cigarettes. Clin Toxicol 51(7):684
  • Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Fik M, et al. 2014. Carbonyl compounds in electronic cigarette vapors: Effects of nicotine solvent and battery output voltage. Nicotine Tobacco Res 16(10):1319–26. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu078
  • Kubica P, Wasik A, Kot-Wasik A, et al. 2014. An evaluation of sucrose as a possible contaminant in e-liquids for electronic cigarettes by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Analy Bioanaly Chem 406(13):3013–8. doi: 10.1007/s00216-014-7690-2
  • Lerner CA, Sundar IK, Yao H, et al. 2015. Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PloS One 10:e0116732
  • Lim HB and Kim SH. 2014. Inhallation of e-cigarette cartridge solution aggravates Allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness in mice. Toxicol Res 30(1):13–8. doi:10.5487/tr.2014.30.1.013
  • Lisko JG, Tran H, Stanfill SB, et al. 2015. Chemical composition and evaluation of nicotine, Tobacco alkaloids, pH, and selected flavors in e-cigarette cartridges and refill solutions. Nicotine Tobacco Res: ntu279
  • Manigrasso M, Buonanno G, Fuoco FC, et al. 2015a. Aerosol deposition doses in the human respiratory tree of electronic cigarette smokers. Environ Pollut 196:257–67. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.013
  • Manigrasso M, Buonanno G, Stabile L, et al. 2015b. Particle doses in the pulmonary lobes of electronic and conventional cigarette users. Environ Pollut 202:24–31
  • Martinez RE, Dhawan S, Sumner W, et al. 2014. On-line chemical composition analysis of refillable electronic cigarette aerosol–measurement of nicotine and nicotyrine. Nicotine Tobacco Res: ntu334
  • McAuley TR, Hopke PK, Zhao J, et al. 2012. Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor and cigarette smoke on indoor air quality. Inhal Toxicol 24(12):850–7. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2012.724728
  • McCarthy M. 2013. E-cigarette use doubles among US middle and high school students. BMJ 347. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5543
  • McCauley L, Markin C, and Hosmer D. 2012. An unexpected consequence of electronic cigarette use. Chest 141(4):1110–3. doi:10.1378/chest.11-1334
  • McGrath-Morrow SA, Hayashi M, Aherrera A, et al. 2015. The effects of electronic cigarette emissions on systemic cotinine levels, weight and postnatal lung growth in neonatal mice. PloS One 10(2):e0118344
  • McKee SA and Weinberger AH. 2015. Innovations in translational sex and gender-sensitive tobacco research. Nicotine Tobacco Res 17(4):379–81
  • Moreno M. 2014. Electronic cigarettes. JAMA Ped 168(7):688–688. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.3355
  • Oldham MJ, Haussmann H-J, Gomm W, et al. 2012. Discriminatory power of standard toxicity assays used to evaluate ingredients added to cigarettes. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 62(1):49–61. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.11.018
  • Oncken CA, Litt MD, McLaughlin LD, et al. 2015. Nicotine concentrations with electronic cigarette use: Effects of sex and flavor. Nicotine Tobacco Res 17(4):473–8
  • Ordonez J, Forrester MB, and Kleinschmidt K. 2013. Electronic cigarette exposures reported to poison centers. Clin Toxicol 51(7):685
  • Pepper JK, Reiter PL, McRee AL, et al. 2013. Adolescent males' awareness of and willingness to try electronic cigarettes. J Adolesc Health 52(2):144–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.014
  • Phillips J, Kluss B, Richter A, et al. 2005. Exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to whole cigarette smoke: Qssessment of cellular responses. Altern Lab Anim 33(3):239–48
  • Pisinger C. 2014. Why public health people are more worried than excited over e-cigarettes. BMC Med 12:226. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0226-y
  • Romagna G, Allifranchini E, Bocchietto E, et al. 2013. Cytotoxicity evaluation of electronic cigarette vapor extract on cultured mammalian fibroblasts (ClearStream-LIFE): Comparison with tobacco cigarette smoke extract. Inhal Toxicol 25(6):354–61. doi: 10.3109/08958378.2013.793439
  • Saffari A, Daher N, Ruprecht A, et al. 2014. Particulate metals and organic compounds from electronic and tobacco-containing cigarettes: Comparison of emission rates and secondhand exposure. Environ Sci—Processes Impacts 16(10):2259–67. doi: 10.1039/c4em00415a
  • Schober W, Szendrei K, Matzen W, et al. 2014. Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) impairs indoor air quality and increases FeNO levels of e-cigarette consumers. Inter J Hyg Environ Health 217(6):628–37. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.11.003
  • Schripp T, Markewitz D, Uhde E, et al. 2013. Does e-cigarette consumption cause passive vaping? Indoor Air 23(1):25–31. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00792.x
  • Schroeder MJ and Hoffman AC. 2014. Electronic cigarettes and nicotine clinical pharmacology. Tobacco Control 23(Suppl 2):ii30–35. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051469
  • Sussan TE, Gajghate S, Thimmulappa RK, et al. 2015. Exposure to electronic cigarettes impairs pulmonary anti-bacterial and anti-viral defenses in a mouse model. PloS One 10(2):e0116861
  • Sutfin EL, McCoy TP, Morrell HER, et al. 2013. Electronic cigarette use by college students. Drug Alcohol Depend 131(3):214–221. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.001
  • Thota D and Latham E. 2014. Case report of electronic cigarettes possibly associated with eosinophilic pneumonitis in a previously healthy active-duty sailor. J Emer Med 47(1):15–7. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.09.034
  • Trehy ML, Ye W, Hadwiger ME, et al. 2011. Analysis of electronic cigarette cartridges, refill solutions, and smoke for nicotine and nicotine related impurities. J Liquid Chromatog Rel Technol 34(14):1442–58. doi:10.1080/10826076.2011.572213
  • Vansickel AR, Cobb CO, Weaver MF, et al. 2010. A clinical laboratory model for evaluating the acute effects of electronic “cigarettes”: Nicotine delivery profile and cardiovascular and subjective effects. Cancer Epidemiol Biom Prev 19(8):1945–53. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0288
  • Vardavas CI, Anagnostopoulos N, Kougias M, et al. 2012. Short-term pulmonary effects of using an electronic cigarette impact on respiratory flow resistance, impedance, and exhaled nitric oxide. Chest 141(6):1400–6. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2443
  • Varughese S, Teschke K, Brauer M, et al. 2005. Effects of theatrical smokes and fogs on respiratory health in the entertainment industry. Amer J Industr Med 47(5):411–8
  • Villa AF, Saviuc P, Gazin V, et al. 2012. Electronic cigarettes: Risk assessment. Clin Toxicol 50(4):309–10
  • Weerawatanakorn M, Wu JC, Pan MH, et al. 2015. Reactivity and stability of selected flavor compounds. J Food Drug Anal 23(2):176–90
  • WHO (World Health Organization). 2014. Electronic nicotine delivery systems. Available at http://apps.who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop6/FCTC_COP6_10-en.pdf
  • Wieslander G, Norbäck D, and Lindgren T. 2001. Experimental exposure to propylene glycol mist in aviation emergency training: Acute ocular and respiratory effects. Occup Environ Med 58(10):649–55
  • Willershausen I, Wolf T, Weyer V, et al. 2014. Influence of e-smoking liquids on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Head Face Med 10. doi:10.1186/1746-160x-10-39
  • Williams M, Villarreal A, Bozhilov K, et al. 2013. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. Plos One 8(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057987
  • Wu Q, Jiang D, Minor M, et al. 2014. Electronic cigarette liquid increases inflammation and virus infection in primary human airway epithelial cells. Plos One 9(9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108342
  • Yan XS and D'Ruiz C. 2015. Effects of using electronic cigarettes on nicotine delivery and cardiovascular function in comparison with regular cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 71(1):24–34. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.11.004
  • Yang L, Rudy SF, Cheng JM, et al. 2014. Electronic cigarettes: Incorporating human factors engineering into risk assessments. Tobacco Control 23(Suppl 2):ii47–53. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051479
  • Yingst JM, Veldheer S, Hrabovsky S, et al. (2015). Factors associated with electronic cigarette users' device preferences and transition from first generation to advanced generation devices. Nicotine & Tobacco Res, ntv052
  • Zhang YP, Sumner W, and Chen DR. 2013. In vitro particle size distributions in electronic and conventional cigarette aerosols suggest comparable deposition patterns. Nicotine Tobacco Res 15(2):501–8. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts165

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.