Sex Differences in Hookah-Related Images Posted on Tumblr: A Content Analysis

References

• Afifi, R. A., Khalil, J., Fouad, F., Hammal, F., Jarallah, Y., Farhat, H. A., & Nakkash, R. (2013). Social norms and attitudes linked to waterpipe use in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Social Science & Medicine, 98, 125–134. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akl, E. A., Gunukula, S. K., Aleem, S., Obeid, R., Jaoude, P., Honeine, R., & Irani, J. (2011). The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking among the general and specific populations: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 11, 244. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, J., & Smith, A. (2013). 72% of online adults are social networking site users. Retrieved from the Pew Research Center website: https://pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/social-networking-sites.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, M. V., Shensa, A., & Primack, B. A. (2013). A comparison of cigarette- and hookah-related videos on YouTube. Tobacco Control, 22(5), 319–323. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chary, M., Genes, N., McKenzie, A., & Manini, A. F. (2013). Leveraging social networks for toxicovigilance. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 9(2), 184–191. doi:10.1007/s13181-013-0299-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cobb, C., Ward, K. D., Maziak, W., Shihadeh, A., & Eissenberg, T. E. (2010). Waterpipe tobacco smoking: An emerging health crisis in the United States. American Journal of Health Behavior, 34(3), 275–285. doi:10.5993/AJHB.34.3.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46. doi:10.1177/001316446002000104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland, A. L., & Carney, C. E. (2003). Smoking expectencies as mediators between dietary restraint and disinhibition and smoking in college women. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11(3), 247–251. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.11.3.247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (1992). Doing qualitative research (3rd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, M. A., Sargent, J. D., Beach, M. L., Titus-Ernstoff, L., Gibson, J. J., Ahrens, M. B., … Heatherton, T. F. (2003). Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation: A cohort study. Lancet, 362(9380), 281–285. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13970-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, Z., Schifano, F., Corazza, O., & Deluca, P. (2012). e-Psychonauts: Conducting research in online drug forum communities. Journal of Mental Health, 21(4), 386–394. doi:10.3109/09638237.2012.682265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Merced, M. J., Bilton, N., & Perlroth, N. (2013, May 19). Yahoo to buy Tumblr for $1.1 billion. Retrieved from the New York Times website: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/20/technology/yahoo-to-buy-tumblr-for-1-1-billion.html
   Google Scholar
• Deluca, P., Davey, Z., Corazza, O., Di Furia, L., Farre, M., Flesland, L. H., & Schifano, F. (2012). Identifying emerging trends in recreational drug use; outcomes from the Psychonaut Web Mapping Project. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 39(2), 221–226. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSilver, D. (2013). 5 facts about Tumblr. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/05/20/5-facts-about-tumblr/
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, M. (2013). Microblogging: Tumblr and Pinterest. American Journal of Nursing, 113(6), 61–64. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000431274.68030.90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuRant, R. H., Rome, E. S., Rich, M., Allred, E., Emans, S. J., & Woods, E. R. (1997). Tobacco and alcohol use behaviors portrayed in music videos: A content analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 87(7), 1131–1135. doi:10.2105/ajph.87.7.1131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eissenberg, T. E., & Shihadeh, A. (2009). Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking: Direct comparison of toxicant exposure. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(6), 518–523. doi:10.1016/j. amepre.2009.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenbach, G. (2009). Infodemiology and infoveillance: Framework for an emerging set of public health informatics methods to analyze search, communication, and publication behavior on the Internet. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 11(1), e11. doi:10.2196/jmir.1157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth, S. R., & Malone, R. E. (2010). “I'll be your cigarette—Light me up and get on with it”: Examining smoking imagery on YouTube. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12(8), 810–816. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, S. A., Perry, C. L., Leon, G. R., & Fulkerson, J. A. (1994). Weight concerns, dieting behavior, and smoking initiation among adolescents: A prospective study. American Journal of Public Health, 84(11), 1818–1820. doi:10.2105/AJPH.84.11.1818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grekin, E. R., & Ayna, D. D. (2012). Waterpipe smoking among college students in the United States: A review of the literature. Journal of American College Health, 60(3), 244–249. doi:10.1080/07448481.2011.589419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines, R. J., Poland, B. D., & Johnson, J. L. (2009). Becoming a “real” smoker: Cultural capital in young women's accounts of smoking and other substance use. Sociology of Health & Illness, 31(1), 66–80. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01119.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenks, R. A., & Higgs, S. (2007). Associations between dieting and smoking-related behaviors in young women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88(2–3), 291–299. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Miech, R. A., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2014). Monitoring the Future results on drug use: 1975–2013: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Retrieved from http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/pubs/monographs/mtf-overview2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Khalil, J., Afifi, R., Fouad, F. M., Hammal, F., Jarallah, Y., Mohamed, M., & Nakkash, R. (2013). Women and waterpipe tobacco smoking in the eastern Mediterranean region: Allure or offensiveness. Women & Health, 53(1), 100–116. doi:10.1080/03630242.2012.753978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leighton, H. V., & Srivastava, J. (1999). First 20 precision among World Wide Web search services (search engines). Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(10), 870–881. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:10<870::AID-ASI4>3.0.CO;2-G
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, M. D., Marcus, M. D., & Perkins, K. A. (2003). A history of depression and smoking cessation outcomes among women concerned about post-cessation weight gain. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 5(1), 69–76. doi:10.1080/1462220021000060455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maziak, W. (2011). The global epidemic of waterpipe smoking. Addictive Behaviors, 36(1–2), 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee, S. A., Nhean, S., Hinson, R. E., & Mase, T. (2006). Smoking for weight control: Effect of priming for body image in female restrained eaters. Addictive Behaviors, 31(12), 2319–2323. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, A. W., Klesges, R. C., Winders, S. E., Ward, K. D., Peterson, B. A., & Eck, L. H. (1997). Are weight concerns predictive of smoking cessation? A prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(3), 448–452. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.3.448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myslín, M., Zhu, S. H., Chapman, W., & Conway, M. (2013). Using Twitter to examine smoking behavior and perceptions of emerging tobacco products. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(8), e174. doi:10.2196/jmir.2534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakkash, R. T., Khalil, J., & Afifi, R. A. (2011). The rise in narghile (shisha, hookah) waterpipe tobacco smoking: A qualitative study of perceptions of smokers and non smokers. BMC Public Health, 11, 315. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuzzo, E., Shensa, A., Kim, K. H., Fine, M. J., Barnett, T. E., Cook, R. L., & Primack, B. A. (2013). Associations between hookah tobacco smoking knowledge and hookah smoking behavior among US college students. Health Education Research, 28(1), 92–100. doi:10.1093/her/cys095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Neill, P. H. (2013). Teens on Tumblr can't stop bragging about Silk Road drug deals. Retrieved from http://www.dailydot.com/crime/tumblr-teens-silk-road-drug-deals/
   Google Scholar
• Poland, B., Frohlich, K., Haines, R. J., Mykhalovskiy, E., Rock, M., & Sparks, R. (2006). The social context of smoking: The next frontier in tobacco control? Tobacco Control, 15(1), 59–63. doi:10.1136/tc.2004.009886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primack, B. A., Fertman, C. I., Rice, K. R., Adachi-Mejia, A. M., & Fine, M. J. (2010). Waterpipe and cigarette smoking among college athletes in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 45–51. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.05.004. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3001225&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primack, B. A., Kim, K. H., Shensa, A., Sidani, J. E., Barnett, T. E., & Switzer, G. E. (2012). Tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol use in university students: A cluster analysis. Journal of American College Health, 60(5), 374–386. doi:10.1080/07448481.2012.663840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primack, B. A., Land, S. R., & Fine, M. J. (2008). Adolescent smoking and volume of exposure to various forms of media. Public Health, 122(4), 379–389. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.07.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primack, B. A., Rice, K. R., Shensa, A., Carroll, M. V., DePenna, E. J., Nakkash, R., & Barnett, T. E. (2012). U.S. hookah tobacco smoking establishments advertised on the Internet. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(2), 150–156. doi:10.1016/j. amepre.2011.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Kim, K. H., Carroll, M. V., Hoban, M. T., Leino, E. V., & Fine, M. J. (2013). Waterpipe smoking among U.S. university students. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(1), 29–35. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primack, B. A., Sidani, J. E., Agarwal, A. A., Shadel, W. G., Donny, E. C., & Eissenberg, T. E. (2008). Prevalence of and associations with waterpipe tobacco smoking among U.S. university students. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 36(1), 81–86. doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9047-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, A. L., Rosario, M., Calzo, J. P., Corliss, H. L., Frazier, L., & Austin, S. B. (2014). Masculine boys, feminine girls, and cancer risk behaviors: An 11-year longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 55(3), 373–379. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.02.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roskin, J., & Aveyard, P. (2009). Canadian and English students’ beliefs about waterpipe smoking: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 9, 10. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salameh, P., Khayat, G., & Waked, M. (2012). Lower prevalence of cigarette and waterpipe smoking, but a higher risk of waterpipe dependence in Lebanese adult women than in men. Women & Health, 52(2), 135–150. doi:10.1080/03630242.2012.656885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent, J. D., Beach, M. L., Adachi-Mejia, A. M., Gibson, J. J., Titus-Ernstoff, L. T., Carusi, C. P., … Dalton, M. A. (2005). Exposure to movie smoking: Its relation to smoking initiation among US adolescents. Pediatrics, 116(5), 1183–1191. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Barnett, T. E., Cook, R. L., & Primack, B. A. (2014). Knowledge, attitudes, and normative beliefs as predictors of hookah smoking initiation: A longitudinal study of university students. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16, 647–654. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, C. (2014). By the numbers: 23 Tumblr statistics and facts you need to know. Retrieved from http://expandedramblings.com/index.php/tumblr-user-stats-fact/#.UymPs87Y8tY
   Google Scholar
• Smith-Simone, S., Maziak, W., Ward, K. D., & Eissenberg, T. E. (2008). Waterpipe tobacco smoking: Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior in two U.S. samples. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 42(2), 393–398. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutfin, E. L., McCoy, T. P., Reboussin, B. A., Wagoner, K. G., Spangler, J., & Wolfson, M. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of waterpipe tobacco smoking by college students in North Carolina. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 115(1–2), 131–136. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumblr. (2014). Tumblr “about us.” Retrieved from http://www.tumblr.com/about
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger, A. H., & McKee, S. A. (2012). Gender differences in smoking following an implicit mood induction. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(5), 621–625. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, M. A., McKee, S. A., & O'Malley, S. S. (2007). Smoke and mirrors: magnified beliefs that cigarette smoking suppresses weight. Addictive Behaviors, 32(10), 2200–2210. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2005). TobReg advisory note: Waterpipe tobacco smoking: Health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulators. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
   Google Scholar