Attitudes and Perceived Social Norms toward Drug Use among Gay and Bisexual Men in Australia

References

• AIHW. (2017). National Drug Strategy Household Survey 2016: Detailed findings. Drug Statistics series no. 31. Cat. no. PHE 214. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne, A., Reid, D., Hickson, F., Torres-Rueda, S., & Weatherburn, P. (2015). Illicit drug use in sexual settings (‘chemsex’) and HIV/STI transmission risk behaviour among gay men in South London: Findings from a qualitative study. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 91(8), 564–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, J., Ellard, J., Fisher, D., & Treloar, C. (2012). The exposure and transition study: Exposure to injecting and hepatitis C among young people at risk. Sydney: National Centre in HIV Social Research, UNSW.
   Google Scholar
• Bryant, J., Hopwood, M., Dowsett, G. W., Aggleton, P., Holt, M., Lea, T., … Treloar, C. (2018). The rush to risk when interrogating the relationship between methamphetamine use and sexual practice among gay and bisexual men. International Journal of Drug Policy, 55, 242–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpiano, R. M., Kelly, B. C., Easterbrook, A., & Parsons, J. T. (2011). Community and drug use among gay men: The role of neighborhoods and networks. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(1), 74–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalmers, J., Lancaster, K., & Hughes, C. (2016). The stigmatisation of ‘ice’ and under-reporting of meth/amphetamine use in general population surveys: A case study from Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 36, 15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., Grella, C. E., & Mays, V. M. (2012). Do substance use norms and perceived drug availability mediate sexual orientation differences in patterns of substance use? Results from the California Quality of Life Survey II. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(4), 675–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Emilio, J. (1983). Sexual politics, sexual communities: The making of a homosexual minority in the United States, 1940-1970. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer, R. (2008). Privileging pleasure: Temazepam injection in a heroin marketplace. International Journal of Drug Policy, 19(5), 367–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faderman, L. (1992). Odd girls and twilight lovers: A history of lesbian life in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Flora, D. B., & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, A. I., & Halkitis, P. N. (2006). Crystal methamphetamine and sexual sociality in an urban gay subculture: An elective affinity. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 8, 317–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halkitis, P. N., Mukherjee, P. P., & Palamar, J. J. (2007). Multi‐level modeling to explain methamphetamine use among gay and bisexual men. Addiction, 102, 76–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, C. J., & Mahalik, J. R. (2009). Minority stress, masculinity, and social norms predicting gay men's health risk behaviors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammoud, M. A., Bourne, A., Maher, L., Jin, F., Haire, B., Lea, T., … Prestage, G. (2018). Intensive sex partying with gamma-hydroxybutyrate: Factors associated with using gamma-hydroxybutyrate for chemsex among Australian gay and bisexual men–results from the Flux Study. Sexual Health, 15(2), 123–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammoud, M. A., Jin, F., Degenhardt, L., Lea, T., Maher, L., Grierson, J., … Prestage, G. P. (2017). Following Lives Undergoing Change (Flux) study: Implementation and baseline prevalence of drug use in an online cohort study of gay and bisexual men in Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 41, 41–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, A. H., Bradley, K. A., Bowe, T., Henderson, P., & Moos, R. (2010). Associations between AUDIT-C and mortality vary by age and sex. Population Health Management, 13(5), 263–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, M., Lea, T., Mao, L., Zablotska, I., Lee, E., de Wit, J. B. F., & Prestage, G. (2017). Adapting behavioural surveillance to antiretroviral-based HIV prevention: Reviewing and anticipating trends in the Australian Gay Community Periodic Surveys. Sexual Health, 14(1), 72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurley, M., & Prestage, G. (2009). Intensive sex partying amongst gay men in Sydney. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 11(6), 597–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaiah Green, A. (2003). “Chem friendly”: The institutional basis of “club-drug” use in a sample of urban gay men. Deviant Behavior, 24(5), 427–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman, S. C., & Rompa, D. (1995). Sexual sensation seeking and sexual compulsivity scales: Validity, and predicting HIV risk behavior. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65(3), 586–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lea, T., Mao, L., Hopwood, M., Prestage, G., Zablotska, I., de Wit, J., & Holt, M. (2016). Methamphetamine use among gay and bisexual men in Australia: Trends in recent and regular use from the Gay Community Periodic Surveys. International Journal of Drug Policy, 29, 66–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lea, T., Prestage, G., Mao, L., Zablotska, I., Wit, J., & Holt, M. (2013). Trends in drug use among gay and bisexual men in Sydney, Melbourne and Queensland, Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 32(1), 39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, L. A., & Ross, M. W. (1995). A select body: The gay dance party subculture and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. London: Cassell.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, C. (2013). The stigmatization of problem drug users: A narrative literature review. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 20, 85–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahalik, J. R., Burns, S. M., & Syzdek, M. (2007). Masculinity and perceived normative health behaviors as predictors of men's health behaviors. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 2201–2209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansergh, G., Colfax, G. N., Marks, G., Rader, M., Guzman, R., & Buchbinder, S. (2001). The Circuit Party Men's Health Survey: Findings and implications for gay and bisexual men. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 953–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, S. E., Hughes, T. L., Bostwick, W. B., West, B. T., & Boyd, C. J. (2009). Sexual orientation, substance use behaviors and substance dependence in the United States. Addiction, 104(8), 1333–1345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, A. (2009). Consuming e: Ecstasy use and contemporary social life. Contemporary Drug Problems, 36(1–2), 175–191.
   Google Scholar
• Pennay, A., & Moore, D. (2010). Exploring the micro-politics of normalisation: Narratives of pleasure, self-control and desire in a sample of young Australian ‘party drug’ users. Addiction Research & Theory, 18, 557–571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Power, J., Mikołajczak, G., Bourne, A., Brown, G., Leonard, W., Lyons, A., … Lucke, J. (2018). Sex, drugs and social connectedness: Wellbeing among HIV-positive gay and bisexual men who use party-and-play drugs. Sexual Health, 15(2), 135–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prestage, G., Hammoud, M., Lea, T., Jin, F., & Maher, L. (2017). Measuring drug use sensation-seeking among Australian gay and bisexual men. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 49, 73–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prestage, G. P., Hudson, J., Down, I., Bradley, J., Corrigan, N., Hurley, M., … McInnes, D. (2009). Gay men who engage in group sex are at increased risk of HIV infection and onward transmission. AIDS and Behavior, 13(4), 724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Race, K. (2009). Pleasure consuming medicine: The queer politics of drugs. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Race, K., Lea, T., Murphy, D., & Pienaar, K. (2017). The future of drugs: Recreational drug use and sexual health among gay and other men who have sex with men. Sexual Health, 14(1), 42–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reback, C. J. (1997). The social construction of a gay drug: Methamphetamine use among gay and bisexual males in Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA: City of Los Angeles.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, R. (2002). From camp to queer: Re-making the Australian homosexual. Carlton South: Melbourne University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, M. W., Mattison, A. M., & Franklin, D. R. (2003). Club drugs and sex on drugs are associated with different motivations for gay circuit party attendance in men. Substance Use & Misuse, 38(8), 1173–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roxburgh, A., Lea, T., de Wit, J., & Degenhardt, L. (2016). Sexual identity and prevalence of alcohol and other drug use among Australians in the general population. International Journal of Drug Policy, 28, 76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayette, M. A., Creswell, K. G., Dimoff, J. D., Fairbairn, C. E., Cohn, J. F., Heckman, B. W., … Moreland, R. L. (2012). Alcohol and group formation: A multimodal investigation of the effects of alcohol on emotion and social bonding. Psychological Science, 23(8), 869–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibe, L. (2017). Visualising “junkies” and “meth heads”: A visual analysis of the persistent negative reputation of heroin and meth users. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 17(1), 40–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, J., & Willis, A. (2009). Coverage of methamphetamine in GLBT newspapers. Mass Communication and Society, 13(1), 30–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southgate, E., & Hopwood, M. (2001). The role of folk pharmacology and lay experts in harm reduction: Sydney gay drug using networks. International Journal of Drug Policy, 12(4), 321–335.
   Google Scholar
• Stardust, Z., Kolstee, J., Joksic, S., Gray, J., & Hannan, S. (2018). A community-led, harm-reduction approach to chemsex: Case study from Australia’s largest gay city. Sexual Health, 15, 179–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wotherspoon, G. (1991). City of the plain: History of a gay sub-culture. Sydney: Hale & Iremonger.
   Google Scholar