Mental Health, Academic Engagement, and Youths’ Nonmedical Use of Stimulants: A Latent Profile Analysis

References

• Andrews, J. A., & Westling, E. (2016). Substance use in emerging adulthood. In J. J. Arnett (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (pp. 521–542). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bavarian, N., Flay, B. R., Ketcham, P. L., & Smit, E. (2013). Illicit use of prescription stimulants in a college student sample: A theory-guided analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132(3), 665–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K. A., Samuel, S., & Patel, D. R. (2018). Pharmacologic management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A review for practitioners. Translational Pediatrics, 7(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp.2017.08.02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, A. L., Schulenberg, J. E., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Johnston, L. D. (2003). How academic achievement, attitudes, and behaviors relate to the course of substance use during adolescence: A 6‐year, multiwave national longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(3), 361–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1303005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland, M. J., Feinberg, M. E., Bontempo, D. E., & Greenberg, M. T. (2008). The role of risk and protective factors in substance use across adolescence. The Journal of Adolescent Health : official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 43(2), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway, K. P., Swendsen, J., Husky, M. M., He, J. P., & Merikangas, K. R. (2016). Association of lifetime mental disorders and subsequent alcohol and illicit drug use: Results from the national comorbidity survey–adolescent supplement. Journal of the American Acadademy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55, 280–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese, S., Adamo, N., Del Giovane, C., Mohr-Jensen, C., Hayes, A. J., Carucci, S., Atkinson, L. Z., Tessari, L., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Hollis, C., Simonoff, E., Zuddas, A., Barbui, C., Purgato, M., Steinhausen, H.-C., Shokraneh, F., Xia, J., & Cipriani, A. (2018). Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 5(9), 727–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30269-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler, K. A. (2014). Prescription stimulants are "A-okay": Applying neutralization theory to college students’ nonmedical prescription stimulant use. Journal of American College Health, 62(7), 478–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.929578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degenhardt, L., Coffey, C., Moran, P., Carlin, J. B., & Patton, G. C. (2007). The predictors and consequences of adolescent amphetamine use: Findings from the Victoria Adolescent Health Cohort Study. Addiction (Addiction), 102(7), 1076–1084. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01839.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The brief symptom inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13(3), 595–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, K. M., & Squeglia, L. M. (2018). Research review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied disciplines 59(6), 618–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, M. C., & Hoffman, M. E. (2018). Variable-centered, person-centered, and person-specific approaches: Where theory meets the method. Organizational Research Methods, 21(4), 846–876. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428117744021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilieva, I., & Farah, M. (2013). Enhancement stimulants: Perceived motivational and cognitive advantages. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7, Article 198. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2013.00198
   Google Scholar
• Johannsson, M., Einarsson, J. P., & Einarsson, O. B. (2018). Methylphenidate prescribed to over 10,000 in 2017. The Icelandic Medical Journal, 104, Article 108.
   Google Scholar
• Kaye, S., & Darke, S. (2012). The diversion and misuse of pharmaceutical stimulants: What do we know and why should we care?Addiction (Abingdon, England), 107(3), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03720.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler, K. S., Ohlsson, H., Fagan, A. A., Lichtenstein, P., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2018). Academic achievement and drug abuse risk assessed using instrumental variable analysis and co-relative designs. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(11), 1182–1188. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristjansson, A. L., Sigfusdottir, I. D., & Allegrante, J. P. (2013). Adolescent substance use and peer use: A multilevel analysis of cross-sectional population data. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 8, Article 27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G., & Engels, R. (2005). Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 841–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., Yang, K., Palmer, J., Kameg, B., Clark, L., & Greene, B. (2020). Substance use patterns among adolescents: A latent class analysis. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 26(6), 586–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390319858658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88(3), 767–778. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/88.3.767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynskey, M. T., Agrawal, A., Bucholz, K. K., Nelson, E. C., Madden, P. A. F., Todorov, A. A., Grant, J. D., Martin, N. G., & Heath, A. C. (2006). Subtypes of illicit drug users: A latent class analysis of data from an Australian twin sample. Twin Research and Human Genetics: Genetics, 9(4), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.9.4.523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier, L. J., Ferris, J. A., & Winstock, A. R. (2018). Pharmacological cognitive enhancement among non-ADHD individuals-A cross-sectional study in 15 countries. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 58, 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, S. E., Kloska, D. D., Veliz, P., Jager, J., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2016). Developmental course of non-medical use of prescription drugs from adolescence to adulthood in the United States: National longitudinal data. Addiction, 111(12), 2166–2176. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKetin, R., Leung, J., Stockings, E., Huo, Y., Foulds, J., Lappin, J. M., Cumming, C., Arunogiri, S., Young, J. T., Sara, G., Farrell, M., & Degenhardt, L. (2019). Mental health outcomes associated with the use of amphetamines: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 16, 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.09.014
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muthén, B. O., & Muthén, L. K. (2012). Mplus Version 7: User’s guide (5th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Novak, S. P., Håkansson, A., Martinez-Raga, J., Reimer, J., Krotki, K., & Varughese, S. (2016). Nonmedical use of prescription drugs in the European Union. BMC Psychiatry, 16, Article 274.
   Google Scholar
• Ponnet, K., Wouters, E., Walrave, M., Heirman, W., & Van Hal, G. (2015). Predicting students’ intention to use stimulants for academic performance enhancement. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(3), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.952446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattler, S., & Wiegel, C. (2013). Cognitive test anxiety and cognitive enhancement: The influence of students’ worries on their use of performance-enhancing drugs. Substance Use & Misuse, 48(3), 220–232. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2012.751426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher, D. L., & Clark, D. B. (2008). Adolescents at risk for substance use disorders: Role of psychological dysregulation, endophenotypes, and environmental influences. Alcohol Research & Health: The Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 31(2), 168–176.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timko, C., Han, X., Woodhead, E., Shelley, A., & Cucciare, M. A. (2018). Polysubstance use by stimulant users: health outcomes over three years. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 79(5), 799–807. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2018.79.799
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyandt, L. L., Oster, D. R., Marraccini, M. E., Gudmundsdottir, B. G., Munro, B. A., Rathkey, E. S., & McCallum, A. (2016). Prescription stimulant medication misuse: Where are we and where do we go from here?Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(5), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, G. A., & Kibowski, F. (2016). Latent class analysis and latent profile analysis. Handbook of Methodological Approaches to Community-Based Research: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods, 143–151.
   Google Scholar